Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14634988.2019.1668660
A. Carlson, W. Taylor, Jianguo Liu
Fisheries are coupled human and natural systems across space and time, involving movements of fish, money, and information in a globalized world. However, these social-ecological interactions over local to global scales are largely absent from the fisheries literature, as fisheries research to date has often been discipline- and location-specific. We analyzed this knowledge gap by using an emerging coupled human and natural systems research paradigm – the telecoupling framework – to investigate social-ecological interactions over distances (i.e. telecouplings) in the Great Lakes salmonine (i.e. Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha) fishery. Since the 1960s, this fishery has involved telecoupled movements of fish, money, and information over relatively long distances facilitated by numerous individual and organizational agents. These telecouplings have been characterized by diverse social-ecological causes (e.g. decline of commercial fisheries, rising incomes and greater leisure time for recreational fishing) and effects (e.g. salmonine stocking, creation of angling- and tourism-based economies). Telecouplings are critical for fisheries professionals to consider because they promote holistic understanding of fisheries management while occasionally confounding conservation efforts (e.g. salmonine stocking spreads diseases and parasites and changes fish community structure and genetic integrity). Hence, fisheries professionals will benefit from using the telecoupling framework to optimize favorable and reduce unfavorable telecouplings and thereby enhance fisheries management programs. Overall, the telecoupling framework advances fisheries science by enabling fisheries professionals to systematically understand the causes and consequences of complex social-ecological fisheries interactions and develop informed strategies for sustainable fisheries management and governance throughout the Great Lakes and the world.
渔业是跨越空间和时间的人类和自然系统的结合，涉及全球化世界中鱼、钱和信息的流动。然而，这些从地方到全球尺度的社会生态相互作用在渔业文献中很大程度上是缺失的，因为迄今为止的渔业研究往往是特定学科和特定地点的。我们利用一个新兴的人类和自然系统耦合研究范式——远耦合框架——来研究五大湖鲑(Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha)渔业的远距离社会生态相互作用(即远耦合)，分析了这一知识差距。自20世纪60年代以来，这种渔业涉及在许多个人和组织代理人的推动下，在相对较长的距离上进行鱼、钱和信息的耦合流动。这些远程耦合的特点是社会生态原因(例如商业渔业的减少、收入的增加和休闲钓鱼的闲暇时间的增加)和影响(例如鲑鱼放养、以钓鱼和旅游为基础的经济的创造)多种多样。远程耦合对于渔业专业人员来说是至关重要的，因为它们促进了对渔业管理的整体理解，但有时也会混淆保护工作(例如，鲑鱼放养会传播疾病和寄生虫，并改变鱼类群落结构和遗传完整性)。因此，渔业专业人员将受益于使用远耦合框架来优化有利和减少不利的远耦合，从而加强渔业管理计划。总体而言，通过使渔业专业人员能够系统地了解复杂的社会生态渔业相互作用的原因和后果，并为整个大湖区和全世界的可持续渔业管理和治理制定明智的战略，远耦合框架推动了渔业科学的发展。
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Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14634988.2019.1658423
Amanda G. Guthrie, W. Taylor, A. Muir, K. Frank, H. Regier
One of the mandated charges to the Great Lakes Fishery Commission is to facilitate the coordination of Great Lakes fishery management across jurisdictions. To do this, the Great Lakes Fishery Commission organized annual lake committee meetings among Great Lake fishery professionals since 1964. Our objective was to describe the role of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission in facilitating communication among fishery jurisdictions that fueled the development of ecosystem-based management principles in the basin. Meeting minutes from lake committee meetings and publications from the Great Lakes Fishery Commission-facilitated Salmonid Community of Oligotrophic Lakes workshop were coded based on 12 a priori ecosystem-based management principles. Meeting and workshop attendance data were analyzed through a bipartite network analysis (organizations connected to meetings) to determine if attendance at meetings were grouped, or clustered, within the fishery governance network. No significant clusters were detected, demonstrating that during 1970-75 fishery professionals in Great Lakes were cooperative in nature – in contrast to the prior half century where little cross-jurisdictional management was reported. Our analyses based on meeting attendance and coded discussions at the meetings demonstrated that three ecosystem-based management perspectives were discussed prior to 1972 (ecological integrity, hierarchical context, and humans embedded in nature) whereas discussions at lake committee meetings from 1972-74 and the Salmonid Community of Oligotrophic Lakes workshop influenced discussions about data collection, ecosystem boundaries, and hierarchical context at lake committee meetings in 1975. The Great Lakes Fishery Commission played a bridging role in facilitating communication among Great Lakes jurisdictions. These annual meetings were becoming a forum for professionals to collaboratively discuss fishery management issues, thereby advancing ecosystem-based management principles throughout the basin. Ultimately discussions at lake committee meetings helped contribute to the Great Lakes Fishery Commission and allied fishery management organizations agreeing to manage Great Lakes fisheries under ecosystem-based management through the ratification of A Joint Strategic Plan for Management of Great Lakes Fisheries in 1981.
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Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14634988.2019.1671128
H. Regier
Late in the 20th Century, participants in a trans-jurisdictional fisheries research network in the Great Laurentian Basin collaborated with participants of other research networks (waterfowl, piscivorous birds, benthic insects, plankton, bacteria, meteorology, hydrology, etc.) in a mega-scale happening during the years 1967 to 1992 that I call ‘The Great Laurentian Spring’. With a basin-wide version of adaptive management, the scientific researchers collaborated with citizen activists, private entrepreneurs, commission facilitators and governmental administrators in remediating harm done to the natural living features of the Great Laurentian Basin, particularly in the preceding 150 years. Like the degradation process that preceded it, the remediation process had features of a self-organizing movement that became complex beyond the ability of participants and observers to fully describe and explain it. Here I offer as an hypothesis, a rough sketch of how fisheries networkers in the Great Laurentian Basin came to play a role of helping to conserve valued fisheries and preserve vulnerable species during the degrading pre-Great Laurentian Spring period and then to help remediate harmful stresses, rehabilitate fisheries and prevent further degradation during the Great Laurentian Spring period and since then. In general fisheries researchers performed empirical science in responsible ways, with emphasis on the fish and on their habitats, and thus on the health of the aquatic ecosystems. Occasionally, the strongly modified natural system could be managed to produce major fisheries benefits, at least temporarily. The Scot T. Reid’s Common Sense science contributed to the American C.S. Peirce’s Pragmatism and together they informed the German A. Thienemann’s Limnology and the Canadians W.E. Ricker’s and F.E.J. Fry’s Fisheries Science. All along, mathematics of increasing sophistication played a role. Reputable criticisms of scientific inferences as well as untested and disreputable rhetoric of science deniers were taken seriously by the researchers.
{"title":"A candidate hypothesis about ecogenic science applied to fish and fisheries within the Great Laurentian Basin during the 19th and 20th Centuries","authors":"H. Regier","doi":"10.1080/14634988.2019.1671128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2019.1671128","url":null,"abstract":"Late in the 20th Century, participants in a trans-jurisdictional fisheries research network in the Great Laurentian Basin collaborated with participants of other research networks (waterfowl, piscivorous birds, benthic insects, plankton, bacteria, meteorology, hydrology, etc.) in a mega-scale happening during the years 1967 to 1992 that I call ‘The Great Laurentian Spring’. With a basin-wide version of adaptive management, the scientific researchers collaborated with citizen activists, private entrepreneurs, commission facilitators and governmental administrators in remediating harm done to the natural living features of the Great Laurentian Basin, particularly in the preceding 150 years. Like the degradation process that preceded it, the remediation process had features of a self-organizing movement that became complex beyond the ability of participants and observers to fully describe and explain it. Here I offer as an hypothesis, a rough sketch of how fisheries networkers in the Great Laurentian Basin came to play a role of helping to conserve valued fisheries and preserve vulnerable species during the degrading pre-Great Laurentian Spring period and then to help remediate harmful stresses, rehabilitate fisheries and prevent further degradation during the Great Laurentian Spring period and since then. In general fisheries researchers performed empirical science in responsible ways, with emphasis on the fish and on their habitats, and thus on the health of the aquatic ecosystems. Occasionally, the strongly modified natural system could be managed to produce major fisheries benefits, at least temporarily. The Scot T. Reid’s Common Sense science contributed to the American C.S. Peirce’s Pragmatism and together they informed the German A. Thienemann’s Limnology and the Canadians W.E. Ricker’s and F.E.J. Fry’s Fisheries Science. All along, mathematics of increasing sophistication played a role. Reputable criticisms of scientific inferences as well as untested and disreputable rhetoric of science deniers were taken seriously by the researchers.","PeriodicalId":8125,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","volume":"22 1","pages":"238 - 257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14634988.2019.1671128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46073002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14634988.2019.1641044
J. Dymond, H. H. Mackay, M. Burridge, E. Holm, Phillippa Bird
The history of the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), also referred to as Salmon below, in Lake Ontario is an accumulation of authentic published accounts, which were almost completed by J. R. Dymond before his death. H. H. MacKay completed the work on Dymond’s behalf (Dymond and MacKay, unpublished, 1966), but it remained largely unknown. The present authors (MEB, EH, PWB) have sought to present an updated subset of Dymond and MacKay’s work as the history of Lake Ontario Salmon is a crucial story in the history of the Great Lakes and its fisheries. The information provided should add materially to the knowledge of the causes that led to the decline and ultimate extirpation of a fascinating and valuable fish, notwithstanding all the efforts that were made to restore it by artificial means.
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Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14634988.2019.1664242
David Dempsey
If it is true that each generation stands on the shoulders of the one preceding, then our generation is indebted to Henry Regier for significantly elevating today’s, and tomorrow’s, Great Lakes fisheries and aquatic ecosystem science and policy community. It seems self-evident now that limnology and fisheries management are inextricably connected. But not so long ago, practitioners of the two scientific disciplines rarely communicated, or if they did, had trouble understanding each other. That is the divide Henry Regier did so much to bridge, and the Great Lakes are better understood and thus managed because of his work. I met Henry long after he had earned his reputation as one of the leading ecological scientists in the Great Lakes community. A generous host and natural mentor, he shared memories and witty observations about his life, his career, and the history of Great Lakes fisheries and aquatic ecosystem management and policy in general. One of the key topics we discussed was what he called, The Great Laurentian Spring of 19681993, during which the people most engaged in Great Lakes science and management made globallyrecognized breakthroughs in the understanding of these complex, but connected ecosystems. As a result, they devised cooperative relationships among scientists, management institutions, universities, and the public attacking Great Lakes problems and promoting positive solutions for both the Great Lakes ecosystems and the people that depended on them for their food security, livelihoods, and sense of well-being. In characteristic ‘Regier’ language, Henry later defined this spring as a “multi-stranded epistemic network and shared ecosystem praxis... a promising beginning.” Henry was modest about his role in what was more than a promising beginning. Henry was critical in that spring; he didn’t just have a front-row seat – he appeared on the Laurentian Great Lakes “stage” as both a member of the binational Great Lakes Fishery Commission (GLFC) and the International Joint Commission’s (IJC) Research Advisory Board (now the Science Advisory Board). Teaming with other scientists such as Jack Vallentyne and George Francis, he did much to pull these agencies and their conceptual frameworks together to confront the deterioration of the world’s biggest freshwater system. He was the right person working at the right time to promote the linkage of fisheries management with the “biological, chemical, and physical integrity of the Great Lakes Basin ecosystem,” a phrase inherent in the U.S.-Canada Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA), and the ecosystem approach of the 1978 version of the Agreement. He bridged not only science divides, but the divide between science and management and the public! Through his work and teachings, Henry insisted that fish and the quality of the water in which they live are part of a single, complex system. What Henry did with that notion helped reshape our understanding of fisheries management but, more bro
{"title":"Foreword","authors":"David Dempsey","doi":"10.1080/14634988.2019.1664242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2019.1664242","url":null,"abstract":"If it is true that each generation stands on the shoulders of the one preceding, then our generation is indebted to Henry Regier for significantly elevating today’s, and tomorrow’s, Great Lakes fisheries and aquatic ecosystem science and policy community. It seems self-evident now that limnology and fisheries management are inextricably connected. But not so long ago, practitioners of the two scientific disciplines rarely communicated, or if they did, had trouble understanding each other. That is the divide Henry Regier did so much to bridge, and the Great Lakes are better understood and thus managed because of his work. I met Henry long after he had earned his reputation as one of the leading ecological scientists in the Great Lakes community. A generous host and natural mentor, he shared memories and witty observations about his life, his career, and the history of Great Lakes fisheries and aquatic ecosystem management and policy in general. One of the key topics we discussed was what he called, The Great Laurentian Spring of 19681993, during which the people most engaged in Great Lakes science and management made globallyrecognized breakthroughs in the understanding of these complex, but connected ecosystems. As a result, they devised cooperative relationships among scientists, management institutions, universities, and the public attacking Great Lakes problems and promoting positive solutions for both the Great Lakes ecosystems and the people that depended on them for their food security, livelihoods, and sense of well-being. In characteristic ‘Regier’ language, Henry later defined this spring as a “multi-stranded epistemic network and shared ecosystem praxis... a promising beginning.” Henry was modest about his role in what was more than a promising beginning. Henry was critical in that spring; he didn’t just have a front-row seat – he appeared on the Laurentian Great Lakes “stage” as both a member of the binational Great Lakes Fishery Commission (GLFC) and the International Joint Commission’s (IJC) Research Advisory Board (now the Science Advisory Board). Teaming with other scientists such as Jack Vallentyne and George Francis, he did much to pull these agencies and their conceptual frameworks together to confront the deterioration of the world’s biggest freshwater system. He was the right person working at the right time to promote the linkage of fisheries management with the “biological, chemical, and physical integrity of the Great Lakes Basin ecosystem,” a phrase inherent in the U.S.-Canada Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA), and the ecosystem approach of the 1978 version of the Agreement. He bridged not only science divides, but the divide between science and management and the public! Through his work and teachings, Henry insisted that fish and the quality of the water in which they live are part of a single, complex system. What Henry did with that notion helped reshape our understanding of fisheries management but, more bro","PeriodicalId":8125,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","volume":"22 1","pages":"231 - 233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14634988.2019.1664242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43895352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14634988.2019.1657688
W. Taylor, M. Good, A. Carlson, Tomena Scholze, Heather A. Triezenberg, R. Lambe
Fisheries productivity in the Laurentian Great Lakes has changed dramatically over the past century. Invasions of non-native species and anthropogenically induced environmental changes in habitat quality and quantity have significantly altered the species composition and abundance of Great Lakes fishes, thereby affecting the social and economic well-being of coastal communities that rely on the good and services that these fishes provide. Our increased ability to locate, access, catch, preserve, and transport fish while modifying their habitats has resulted in the loss of native fish populations, which has profoundly impacted the ecological functioning and thus the productivity, structure, and services of Great Lakes ecosystems. Further, our lack of predictable scientific knowledge and control over factors affecting the productivity of the various Great Lakes fisheries, coupled with the failure of fisheries governance systems to manage these resources sustainably, have often left Great Lakes commercial, recreational, and subsistence fisheries and their local fishing communities impoverished and in disarray. In this paper, we discuss the environmental, cultural, and socioeconomic changes that have characterized the Great Lakes basin in the last century. We also share our perspectives and personal stories about the impacts of these changes on ecosystems, fisheries, and the local and regional communities and economies that depend on them for their health and well-being. A key lesson learned was, that if we are to ensure the integrity and productivity of Great Lakes fisheries in the future, we must become better stewards, possessing a more predictable scientific and ecosystem-based understanding of fishes and their habitats while communicating the value of fisheries in food, recreational opportunities, and the economic and social wealth of local communities. The fate of Great Lakes fisheries and the quality of life of the people who use these resources are inextricably linked and can only be sustained in productive, well-governed, and well-balanced fisheries managed holistically at the ecosystem level.
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Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14634988.2019.1652533
B. Knuth
Throughout his career, Dr. Henry Regier’s science and scholarship includes numerous contributions that cross disciplines and inform policy. This review of examples of his politically-relevant science publications spans six decades. Regier’s publications emphasize themes that cross the various boundaries of expert-layperson, state actors-society, public-private, and government-academic sectors. His writings provide several lessons for fishery and aquatic scientists and managers throughout the Great Lakes Basin and beyond: advocate, provoke, network and combine the dualities of idealism and pragmatism.
{"title":"Politically-relevant fisheries science: Reflections on the work of Henry Regier, or, lessons from the sassy scientist","authors":"B. Knuth","doi":"10.1080/14634988.2019.1652533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2019.1652533","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout his career, Dr. Henry Regier’s science and scholarship includes numerous contributions that cross disciplines and inform policy. This review of examples of his politically-relevant science publications spans six decades. Regier’s publications emphasize themes that cross the various boundaries of expert-layperson, state actors-society, public-private, and government-academic sectors. His writings provide several lessons for fishery and aquatic scientists and managers throughout the Great Lakes Basin and beyond: advocate, provoke, network and combine the dualities of idealism and pragmatism.","PeriodicalId":8125,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","volume":"22 1","pages":"258 - 262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14634988.2019.1652533","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41540021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14634988.2019.1669377
B. Morrison
The Lake Ontario drainage basin has been considered the most productive of all the deepwater Laurentian Great Lakes for fish production and extremely valuable for its historical commercial fisheries catches. Historical accounts are replete with this productivity, especially when referencing Atlantic Salmon populations. In addition to Atlantic Salmon, Lake Ontario contained a diverse coldwater fish community dominated by Lake Trout, whitefishes (Coregoninae), and Burbot along with rich cool and warmwater fish communities. Lake Ontario also contained marine relict species, such as Harbour Seal, Threespine Stickleback, and possibly Sea Lamprey, Rainbow Smelt and Alewife along with the catadromous American Eel. Following European colonization of the watershed, extensive land-use change, overfishing, dam construction, habitat degradation, pollution, and invasive species all contributed to the decline and extirpation of many native species and shifts in aquatic species communities. This chronology is meant to provide context and inform expectations regarding productivity of Lake Ontario and contributing watersheds for developing more comprehensive resource management plans, guidelines, and policy.
{"title":"Chronology of Lake Ontario ecosystem and fisheries","authors":"B. Morrison","doi":"10.1080/14634988.2019.1669377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2019.1669377","url":null,"abstract":"The Lake Ontario drainage basin has been considered the most productive of all the deepwater Laurentian Great Lakes for fish production and extremely valuable for its historical commercial fisheries catches. Historical accounts are replete with this productivity, especially when referencing Atlantic Salmon populations. In addition to Atlantic Salmon, Lake Ontario contained a diverse coldwater fish community dominated by Lake Trout, whitefishes (Coregoninae), and Burbot along with rich cool and warmwater fish communities. Lake Ontario also contained marine relict species, such as Harbour Seal, Threespine Stickleback, and possibly Sea Lamprey, Rainbow Smelt and Alewife along with the catadromous American Eel. Following European colonization of the watershed, extensive land-use change, overfishing, dam construction, habitat degradation, pollution, and invasive species all contributed to the decline and extirpation of many native species and shifts in aquatic species communities. This chronology is meant to provide context and inform expectations regarding productivity of Lake Ontario and contributing watersheds for developing more comprehensive resource management plans, guidelines, and policy.","PeriodicalId":8125,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","volume":"22 1","pages":"294 - 304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14634988.2019.1669377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46194680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-03DOI: 10.1080/14634988.2019.1635422
X. Bai, Yin Hao, Zhongbao Zhao, Xiaodan Liu, Keguo Li
Coastal wetlands in Qinhuangdao play a vital role in the regional ecological environment. The value of the ecosystem services of the coastal wetland was evaluated in terms of provision services, regulation services, culture services and supporting services by particular methods. Results indicated that coastal wetland area in Qinhuangdao was about 39,918.00 hm2 and annual value of ecosystem services in 2015 was around 174.32 × 108 yuan (yuan: Chinese Currency, 6.5 yuan = 1 USD as of 2015) (about $2.68 billion). The value of provision services, regulation services, culture services and supporting services accounted for 12.3%, 3.3%, 55.0% and 29.4% of the total value, respectively. Recreation value of culture services had the highest proportion (54.4%), which indicated that recreation service was the crucial role of the coastal wetland in Qinhuangdao. Coastal wetland ecosystem of Qinhuangdao provides tremendous value through ecological products and purposes every year and conservation should be enhanced. Meanwhile, cultural connotation construction, such as the creation of a locally characteristic culture, should be specially enhanced to fully unearth its recreation value.
{"title":"Valuation of ecosystem services of coastal wetlands in Qinhuangdao, China","authors":"X. Bai, Yin Hao, Zhongbao Zhao, Xiaodan Liu, Keguo Li","doi":"10.1080/14634988.2019.1635422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2019.1635422","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal wetlands in Qinhuangdao play a vital role in the regional ecological environment. The value of the ecosystem services of the coastal wetland was evaluated in terms of provision services, regulation services, culture services and supporting services by particular methods. Results indicated that coastal wetland area in Qinhuangdao was about 39,918.00 hm2 and annual value of ecosystem services in 2015 was around 174.32 × 108 yuan (yuan: Chinese Currency, 6.5 yuan = 1 USD as of 2015) (about $2.68 billion). The value of provision services, regulation services, culture services and supporting services accounted for 12.3%, 3.3%, 55.0% and 29.4% of the total value, respectively. Recreation value of culture services had the highest proportion (54.4%), which indicated that recreation service was the crucial role of the coastal wetland in Qinhuangdao. Coastal wetland ecosystem of Qinhuangdao provides tremendous value through ecological products and purposes every year and conservation should be enhanced. Meanwhile, cultural connotation construction, such as the creation of a locally characteristic culture, should be specially enhanced to fully unearth its recreation value.","PeriodicalId":8125,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","volume":"22 1","pages":"205 - 214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14634988.2019.1635422","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48218695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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