Pub Date : 2024-06-28DOI: 10.1080/1745039X.2024.2368284
Eva-Maria Saliu, Johannes Schulze Holthausen, Volker Wilke, Jürgen Zentek
Dietary fibre is mainly classified according to its chemical characteristics but structure and particle size of fibre-rich feedstuff can also be decisive for digestion and performance. So far, only few studies investigated this in pigs. This experiment aimed to compare coarse and finely ground dried hemp plants and apple pomace regarding performance and ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. Coarse or finely ground apple pomace or dried hemp plants were added to the diet of 56 nine weeks old growing pigs (DanBred x Duroc), housed in flat decks with each 2 animals. The growing pigs received the experimental diets for three weeks while performance was recorded. Eight pigs per group were sacrificed and digesta and organ tissue sampled. The stomach health was evaluated by visually scoring of the mucosa integrity. Apparent ileal (AID) and total tract digestibility (ATTD) were calculated using titanium dioxide as marker. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). The highest feed intake (fibre particle size, p = 0.018) and bodyweight gain (fibre particle size, p = 0.018; fibre source x particle size interaction, p = 0.040), was observed in animals fed finely ground apple pomace, while the feed conversion ratio was 8-12% lower in pigs fed finely ground fibre sources (p = 0.012). No differences in stomach mucosa integrity were detected between the groups. The relative pancreas (p = 0.045), stomach (p < 0.001), and jejunum (p = 0.010) weights were higher in animals fed diets containing apple pomace. In contrast, the relative liver, caecum and colon weights were not affected by fibre source or particle size. The AID of protein and amino acids was not affected, while ATTD was increased by fibre source (hemp vs. apple pomace) reducing faecal nitrogen excretion. The AID of calcium was increased when diets contained apple pomace (p < 0.001), while zinc AID and ATTD were enhanced when diets contained dried hemp (p = 0.016; p = 0.016, respectively). Our results suggest that the structure as well as the chemical characteristics should be considered in a future fibre evaluation system in pigs.
{"title":"Performance and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs fed highly or low fermentable coarse or finely ground fibre-rich feedstuffs.","authors":"Eva-Maria Saliu, Johannes Schulze Holthausen, Volker Wilke, Jürgen Zentek","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2024.2368284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2024.2368284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dietary fibre is mainly classified according to its chemical characteristics but structure and particle size of fibre-rich feedstuff can also be decisive for digestion and performance. So far, only few studies investigated this in pigs. This experiment aimed to compare coarse and finely ground dried hemp plants and apple pomace regarding performance and ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. Coarse or finely ground apple pomace or dried hemp plants were added to the diet of 56 nine weeks old growing pigs (DanBred x Duroc), housed in flat decks with each 2 animals. The growing pigs received the experimental diets for three weeks while performance was recorded. Eight pigs per group were sacrificed and digesta and organ tissue sampled. The stomach health was evaluated by visually scoring of the mucosa integrity. Apparent ileal (AID) and total tract digestibility (ATTD) were calculated using titanium dioxide as marker. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The highest feed intake (fibre particle size, <i>p</i> = 0.018) and bodyweight gain (fibre particle size, <i>p</i> = 0.018; fibre source x particle size interaction, <i>p</i> = 0.040), was observed in animals fed finely ground apple pomace, while the feed conversion ratio was 8-12% lower in pigs fed finely ground fibre sources (<i>p</i> = 0.012). No differences in stomach mucosa integrity were detected between the groups. The relative pancreas (<i>p</i> = 0.045), stomach (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and jejunum (<i>p</i> = 0.010) weights were higher in animals fed diets containing apple pomace. In contrast, the relative liver, caecum and colon weights were not affected by fibre source or particle size. The AID of protein and amino acids was not affected, while ATTD was increased by fibre source (hemp vs. apple pomace) reducing faecal nitrogen excretion. The AID of calcium was increased when diets contained apple pomace (<i>p</i> < 0.001), while zinc AID and ATTD were enhanced when diets contained dried hemp (<i>p</i> = 0.016; <i>p</i> = 0.016, respectively). Our results suggest that the structure as well as the chemical characteristics should be considered in a future fibre evaluation system in pigs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141465751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Africa, a wide variety of diets (forage + crop co-products or other agricultural by-products) is being used by livestock farmers in different production systems to adapt to climate change. This study aimed to assess the performance of various local feeding strategies on Sudanese Fulani zebu cattle. Two experiments were carried out on 10 steers aged initially 33 months (142 kg body weight - BW). The animals were fed eight different diets at an intake level of 3.2% LW in dry matter (DM), including two control diets of 100% rangeland forage (100% RF) and six experimental diets made up of forage and crop co-products (75:25 DM ratio). In the first experiment, the control diet was made up of rangeland forage (RF) and supplements consisted of four cereal co-products (CC), i.e. maize, sorghum, millet, and rice straws. In the second experiment, the control diet consisted of Panicum maximum (Pmax) hay, and the supplements tested were two legume co-products (LC), i.e. cowpea and peanut haulms. Each experiment lasted 3 weeks, including 2 weeks of adaptation to the diet and 1 week of data collection on individual animals (intake, apparent digestibility, and enteric methane). The NDF content of the diets was different within each experiment (p < 0.05). Among diets containing CC, DM intake [g/kg BW] was significantly higher (+31%; p = 0.025) for the diet containing rice straw than for the other diets, which showed similar levels to the RF diet. Among diets containing LC, intake was significantly higher (p = 0.004) than for the Pmax diet. Intake was higher for the peanut haulm diet than for the cowpea haulm diet. The DM digestibility was similar between the different diets in each experiment. Enteric methane (eCH4) yield [g/kg DMI] from the CC and LC-containing diets were reduced by an average of 23% and 20% compared to the RF and Pmax control diets respectively. Raising awareness among agro-pastoralists about the use of crop co-products offers real prospects for eCH4 emissions mitigation in the Sahel region.
{"title":"Supplementing zebu cattle with crop co-products helps to reduce enteric emissions in West Africa.","authors":"Gérard Xavier Gbenou, Mohamed Habibou Assouma, Denis Bastianelli, Timbilfou Kiendrebeogo, Laurent Bonnal, Nouhoun Zampaligre, Bérénice Bois, Souleymane Sanogo, Ollo Sib, Cécile Martin, Luc Hippolyte Dossa","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2024.2356326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2024.2356326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Africa, a wide variety of diets (forage + crop co-products or other agricultural by-products) is being used by livestock farmers in different production systems to adapt to climate change. This study aimed to assess the performance of various local feeding strategies on Sudanese Fulani zebu cattle. Two experiments were carried out on 10 steers aged initially 33 months (142 kg body weight - BW). The animals were fed eight different diets at an intake level of 3.2% LW in dry matter (DM), including two control diets of 100% rangeland forage (100% RF) and six experimental diets made up of forage and crop co-products (75:25 DM ratio). In the first experiment, the control diet was made up of rangeland forage (RF) and supplements consisted of four cereal co-products (CC), i.e. maize, sorghum, millet, and rice straws. In the second experiment, the control diet consisted of <i>Panicum maximum</i> (Pmax) hay, and the supplements tested were two legume co-products (LC), i.e. cowpea and peanut haulms. Each experiment lasted 3 weeks, including 2 weeks of adaptation to the diet and 1 week of data collection on individual animals (intake, apparent digestibility, and enteric methane). The NDF content of the diets was different within each experiment (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Among diets containing CC, DM intake [g/kg BW] was significantly higher (+31%; <i>p</i> = 0.025) for the diet containing rice straw than for the other diets, which showed similar levels to the RF diet. Among diets containing LC, intake was significantly higher (<i>p</i> = 0.004) than for the Pmax diet. Intake was higher for the peanut haulm diet than for the cowpea haulm diet. The DM digestibility was similar between the different diets in each experiment. Enteric methane (eCH<sub>4</sub>) yield [g/kg DMI] from the CC and LC-containing diets were reduced by an average of 23% and 20% compared to the RF and Pmax control diets respectively. Raising awareness among agro-pastoralists about the use of crop co-products offers real prospects for eCH<sub>4</sub> emissions mitigation in the Sahel region.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141439999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-26DOI: 10.1080/1745039X.2024.2350095
Kirsten Knoop, Jana Frahm, Susanne Kersten, Jeannette Kluess, Ulrich Meyer, Dirk von Soosten, Andreas Beineke, Janine Saltzmann, Sven Dänicke
Preserved feed from meadows contaminated with ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris, Gaertn.) may expose livestock to pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA). Dairy cows are considered to be very susceptible animals and a PA ingestion can lead to liver and further organ damages and even death. Due to the lack of data, the present study aimed to evaluate critical PA doses based on organ effects, with a special focus on liver lesions and on indicators of energy metabolism. Therefore, 16 dairy cows (n = 4 per group) were exposed to increasing PA doses (group: CONMolasses: <0.001 mg PA/kg body weight (BW)/day (d); PA1: 0.47 mg PA/kg BW/d; PA2: 0.95 mg PA/kg BW/d; PA3: 1.91 mg PA/kg BW/d) for 28 days. Constant dosing was ensured by a defined PA extract administered orally once daily. Histological examinations of the livers showed infiltration by immune cells, higher proportions of apoptotic cells and enlargement of hepatocyte nuclei in the highest exposed group. In addition, bile volume increased with PA dose, which may indicate a cholestasis. Despite the signs of incipient liver damage, liver lipid content and clinical chemical parameters related to energy metabolism, such as glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and βhydroxybutyrate, remained unaffected. Fat depot masses were also not significantly altered over time, suggesting that PA exposure did not induce a wasting syndrome. The liver showed slight microscopic changes already at a dosage of 0.95 mg PA/kg BW/d. However, the short-term metabolic indicators of energy status, lipolysis and ketogenesis, glucose, NEFA and BHB, as well as changes in fat depot, which serves as a longer-term indicator of lipolysis, remained unaffected in all treatment groups in the chosen scenario. These findings suggest that despite histopathological and clinical-chemical evidence of PA-associated hepatocellular lesions, liver function was not compromised.
来自被豚草(Jacobaea vulgaris, Gaertn.)污染的草地的腌制饲料可能会使牲畜接触到吡咯里西啶生物碱(PA)。奶牛被认为是非常容易受到影响的动物,摄入 PA 会导致肝脏和其他器官受损,甚至死亡。由于缺乏数据,本研究旨在根据器官效应评估 PA 的临界剂量,特别关注肝脏病变和能量代谢指标。因此,16 头奶牛(n = 每组 4 头)暴露于不断增加的 PA 剂量下(组:1 头奶牛;组:2 头奶牛;组:3 头奶牛;组:4 头奶牛):组:CONMolasses:
{"title":"Short-term exposure of dairy cows to pyrrolizidine alkaloids from tansy ragwort (<i>Jacobaea vulgaris</i> Gaertn.): effects on organs and indicators of energy metabolism.","authors":"Kirsten Knoop, Jana Frahm, Susanne Kersten, Jeannette Kluess, Ulrich Meyer, Dirk von Soosten, Andreas Beineke, Janine Saltzmann, Sven Dänicke","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2024.2350095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2024.2350095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Preserved feed from meadows contaminated with ragwort (<i>Jacobaea vulgaris</i>, Gaertn.) may expose livestock to pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA). Dairy cows are considered to be very susceptible animals and a PA ingestion can lead to liver and further organ damages and even death. Due to the lack of data, the present study aimed to evaluate critical PA doses based on organ effects, with a special focus on liver lesions and on indicators of energy metabolism. Therefore, 16 dairy cows (<i>n</i> = 4 per group) were exposed to increasing PA doses (group: CON<sub>Molasses</sub>: <0.001 mg PA/kg body weight (BW)/day (d); PA1: 0.47 mg PA/kg BW/d; PA2: 0.95 mg PA/kg BW/d; PA3: 1.91 mg PA/kg BW/d) for 28 days. Constant dosing was ensured by a defined PA extract administered orally once daily. Histological examinations of the livers showed infiltration by immune cells, higher proportions of apoptotic cells and enlargement of hepatocyte nuclei in the highest exposed group. In addition, bile volume increased with PA dose, which may indicate a cholestasis. Despite the signs of incipient liver damage, liver lipid content and clinical chemical parameters related to energy metabolism, such as glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and βhydroxybutyrate, remained unaffected. Fat depot masses were also not significantly altered over time, suggesting that PA exposure did not induce a wasting syndrome. The liver showed slight microscopic changes already at a dosage of 0.95 mg PA/kg BW/d. However, the short-term metabolic indicators of energy status, lipolysis and ketogenesis, glucose, NEFA and BHB, as well as changes in fat depot, which serves as a longer-term indicator of lipolysis, remained unaffected in all treatment groups in the chosen scenario. These findings suggest that despite histopathological and clinical-chemical evidence of PA-associated hepatocellular lesions, liver function was not compromised.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141154592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-03DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2024.2322201
C. A. (Carina) Steendam, Martin W.A. Verstegen, Wouter H. Hendriks
The aim was to determine ileal endogenous nitrogen losses (ENL) and true ileal N-digestibility (TD-N) under non-steady-state conditions of the 15N-isotope dilution technique (15N-IDT), using diets ...
{"title":"Determination of ileal endogenous nitrogen losses and true ileal nitrogen digestibility during non-steady-state conditions of the 15N-isotope dilution technique","authors":"C. A. (Carina) Steendam, Martin W.A. Verstegen, Wouter H. Hendriks","doi":"10.1080/1745039x.2024.2322201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2024.2322201","url":null,"abstract":"The aim was to determine ileal endogenous nitrogen losses (ENL) and true ileal N-digestibility (TD-N) under non-steady-state conditions of the 15N-isotope dilution technique (15N-IDT), using diets ...","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140593944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2023.2284530
Farshad Goodarzi Boroojeni, Yada Duangnumsawang, Damian Józefiak, Marta Pachocka, Dorthe Sandvang, Jürgen Zentek
This study examined the effects of a 3-strain Bacillus-based probiotic (BP; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and two Bacillus subtilis) in broiler diets with different rye levels on performance, mucus, v...
{"title":"Inclusion of a Bacillus-based probiotic in non-starch polysaccharides-rich broiler diets","authors":"Farshad Goodarzi Boroojeni, Yada Duangnumsawang, Damian Józefiak, Marta Pachocka, Dorthe Sandvang, Jürgen Zentek","doi":"10.1080/1745039x.2023.2284530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2023.2284530","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the effects of a 3-strain Bacillus-based probiotic (BP; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and two Bacillus subtilis) in broiler diets with different rye levels on performance, mucus, v...","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139669206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01Epub Date: 2024-03-04DOI: 10.1080/1745039X.2024.2312694
Songjun Wang, Tong Liu, Huasong Bai, Wenhui Gong, Zhanzhong Wang
Cassava protein (CP), barley protein (BP) and yellow pea protein (YPP) are important nutrient and integral constituent of staple in pet foods. It is known that the digestion of proteins directly influences their absorption and utilisation. In the present work, we performed in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion of three plant proteins as a staple for dog and cat food. The digestion rate of CP, BP and YPP in dog food was 56.33 ± 0.90%, 48.53 ± 0.91%, and 66.96 ± 0.37%, respectively, whereas the digestion rate of CP, BP, and YPP in cat food was 66.25 ± 0.72%, 43.42 ± 0.83%, and 58.05 ± 0.85%, respectively. Using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine the molecular weight (MW) of each protein and the products of their digestion, it was revealed that MW of digestion samples decreased, and MW during the small intestine phase was lower than that during the gastric phase. Peptide sequences of digested products were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and it was found that the total number of peptides in the small intestine digestion samples was higher than that in the gastric phase samples. The MW of peptides obtained from CP was within the range of 1000-1500 Da, while MW of peptides derived from BP and YPP was within the range of 400-2000 Da. In addition, free amino acids were mainly produced in the small intestine phase. Furthermore, the percentage of essential amino acids in the small intestine phase (63 ~ 82%) was higher than that in the gastric phase (37 ~ 63%). Taken together, these findings contribute to the current understanding of the utilisation of plant proteins in dog and cat foods and provide important insights into the selection and application of plant proteins as a staple in dog and cat foods.
{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> gastrointestinal simulated digestion of three plant proteins: determination of digestion rate, free amino acids and peptide contents.","authors":"Songjun Wang, Tong Liu, Huasong Bai, Wenhui Gong, Zhanzhong Wang","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2024.2312694","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1745039X.2024.2312694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cassava protein (CP), barley protein (BP) and yellow pea protein (YPP) are important nutrient and integral constituent of staple in pet foods. It is known that the digestion of proteins directly influences their absorption and utilisation. In the present work, we performed <i>in vitro</i> simulated gastrointestinal digestion of three plant proteins as a staple for dog and cat food. The digestion rate of CP, BP and YPP in dog food was 56.33 ± 0.90%, 48.53 ± 0.91%, and 66.96 ± 0.37%, respectively, whereas the digestion rate of CP, BP, and YPP in cat food was 66.25 ± 0.72%, 43.42 ± 0.83%, and 58.05 ± 0.85%, respectively. Using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine the molecular weight (MW) of each protein and the products of their digestion, it was revealed that MW of digestion samples decreased, and MW during the small intestine phase was lower than that during the gastric phase. Peptide sequences of digested products were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and it was found that the total number of peptides in the small intestine digestion samples was higher than that in the gastric phase samples. The MW of peptides obtained from CP was within the range of 1000-1500 Da, while MW of peptides derived from BP and YPP was within the range of 400-2000 Da. In addition, free amino acids were mainly produced in the small intestine phase. Furthermore, the percentage of essential amino acids in the small intestine phase (63 ~ 82%) was higher than that in the gastric phase (37 ~ 63%). Taken together, these findings contribute to the current understanding of the utilisation of plant proteins in dog and cat foods and provide important insights into the selection and application of plant proteins as a staple in dog and cat foods.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140020835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01Epub Date: 2024-03-21DOI: 10.1080/1745039X.2024.2321709
Elisabeth Beckmüller, Jeannette Kluess, Liane Hüther, Susanne Kersten, Mareike Kölln, Christian Visscher, Sven Dänicke, Angelika Grümpel-Schlüter
Farmgate balances are used as a tool for monitoring nutrient surpluses at farm level. In Germany, preparation of farmgate balances is legally mandatory and also requires data on chemical body composition, especially concentration of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), of farm animals. It is well known that increased N and P efficiency results in lowered N and P excretions with the manure and therefore mitigates negative consequences of high N and P release into the environment (e.g. eutrophication of surface waters), especially in areas with high livestock density. In this context, feeding N- and P-reduced diets can be a strategy for increasing N and P efficiency in fattening pigs. To investigate the influence of N- and P-reduced diets on chemical body composition of barrows and to update current used data basis, 8 barrows were slaughtered after a balance trial and their bodies were subjected to full body analysis. During the balance trial, pigs received the control diet (CON) meeting common nutrient requirements or the N- and P-reduced diet (NPred) in a three-phased feeding regimen (n = 4/diet, 3 weeks/phase). Pigs were slaughtered with an average live weight (LW) of 123.3 ± 7.5 kg and carcasses were manually dissected in four fractions. Fractions were analysed for nutrient concentration. Furthermore, organs were weighed individually and blood serum was sampled during exsanguination. Serum samples were analysed for clinical-chemical traits. Chemical body composition did not significantly differ between NPred- and CON-fed pigs. N concentration was 23.3 ± 0.3 and 24.5 ± 1.0 g/kg, P concentration was 5.2 ± 0.1 and 5.5 ± 0.4 g/kg in the empty body of NPred- and CON-fed pigs (p = 0.073, 0.164). N and P retention between the experiment's start and slaughter did not differ between the feeding groups (p = 0.641, 0.240). Variables related to liver integrity, energy metabolism and electrolytes were similar between CON- and NPred-fed pigs. Traits related to protein metabolism showed significantly reduced concentrations of urea and albumin in NPred-fed pigs (p = 0.013, 0.025), but no hypoalbuminaemia. Results suggest that N- and P-reduced feeding does not significantly affect chemical body composition of contemporary barrows.
{"title":"Influences of dietary-reduced nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on chemical body composition, N and P retention and health traits of contemporary barrows.","authors":"Elisabeth Beckmüller, Jeannette Kluess, Liane Hüther, Susanne Kersten, Mareike Kölln, Christian Visscher, Sven Dänicke, Angelika Grümpel-Schlüter","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2024.2321709","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1745039X.2024.2321709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Farmgate balances are used as a tool for monitoring nutrient surpluses at farm level. In Germany, preparation of farmgate balances is legally mandatory and also requires data on chemical body composition, especially concentration of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), of farm animals. It is well known that increased N and P efficiency results in lowered N and P excretions with the manure and therefore mitigates negative consequences of high N and P release into the environment (e.g. eutrophication of surface waters), especially in areas with high livestock density. In this context, feeding <i>N</i>- and <i>P</i>-reduced diets can be a strategy for increasing N and P efficiency in fattening pigs. To investigate the influence of <i>N</i>- and <i>P</i>-reduced diets on chemical body composition of barrows and to update current used data basis, 8 barrows were slaughtered after a balance trial and their bodies were subjected to full body analysis. During the balance trial, pigs received the control diet (CON) meeting common nutrient requirements or the <i>N</i>- and <i>P</i>-reduced diet (NPred) in a three-phased feeding regimen (<i>n</i> = 4/diet, 3 weeks/phase). Pigs were slaughtered with an average live weight (LW) of 123.3 ± 7.5 kg and carcasses were manually dissected in four fractions. Fractions were analysed for nutrient concentration. Furthermore, organs were weighed individually and blood serum was sampled during exsanguination. Serum samples were analysed for clinical-chemical traits. Chemical body composition did not significantly differ between NPred- and CON-fed pigs. N concentration was 23.3 ± 0.3 and 24.5 ± 1.0 g/kg, P concentration was 5.2 ± 0.1 and 5.5 ± 0.4 g/kg in the empty body of NPred- and CON-fed pigs (<i>p</i> = 0.073, 0.164). N and P retention between the experiment's start and slaughter did not differ between the feeding groups (<i>p</i> = 0.641, 0.240). Variables related to liver integrity, energy metabolism and electrolytes were similar between CON- and NPred-fed pigs. Traits related to protein metabolism showed significantly reduced concentrations of urea and albumin in NPred-fed pigs (<i>p</i> = 0.013, 0.025), but no hypoalbuminaemia. Results suggest that <i>N</i>- and <i>P</i>-reduced feeding does not significantly affect chemical body composition of contemporary barrows.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140179245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01Epub Date: 2024-01-17DOI: 10.1080/1745039X.2023.2292424
João Pedro Matiello, Anne Rosi Guadagnin, Elissa Forgiarini Vizzotto, Sheila Cristina Bosco Stivanin, Guilherme Heisler, Arthur Fernandes Bettencourt, Mariana Magalhães Campos, Thierry Ribeiro Tomich, Fernanda Samarini Machado, Luiz Gustavo Ribeiro Pereira, Vivian Fischer
This study aimed to evaluate intake, energy and nitrogen balance as well as methane emission in Holstein and ½ Holstein ½ Gyr (Girolando-F1) cows during the transition period. Twenty-four cows (12 Holstein and 12 Girolando-F1) were used to evaluate feed intake, apparent digestibility, heat production and methane emission, carried out in two periods: from 28 to 19 days pre-calving and from 15 to 23 days post-calving. A completely randomised design was used and data were analysed by ANOVA within periods (pre- and post-calving) considering the main effect of genetic groups. Girolando-F1cows presented greater body condition score (BCS) compared with Holstein. During pre-calving, there were no differences between genetic groups, except for highest heat production per kilogram of metabolic body weight for Holstein cows. After calving, Holstein cows had greater intake of DM, nitrogen, NDF per kg of BW and produced more heat per kg of metabolic body weight. Holstein cows yielded more milk and fat-corrected milk (FCM4%) compared with Girolando-F1 cows. Holstein cows presented higher methane emission per unit of BW and of metabolic weight. Emissions of enteric methane per kilogram of milk and per kilogram of FCM4% tended to be lower for Holstein compared with Girolando-F1 cows. Nitrogen and energy retention were similar for both Holstein and Girolando-F1 at pre- and post-calving. Despite differences in BCS, DMI, and milk yield, Girolando-F1 and Holstein cows present overall similar energy efficiency, albeit Holstein cows tended to present less methane emission per kg of eligible product (milk).
{"title":"Intake, digestibility, energy and nitrogen utilisation, and enteric methane emission in Holstein and Girolando-F1 cows during the transition period.","authors":"João Pedro Matiello, Anne Rosi Guadagnin, Elissa Forgiarini Vizzotto, Sheila Cristina Bosco Stivanin, Guilherme Heisler, Arthur Fernandes Bettencourt, Mariana Magalhães Campos, Thierry Ribeiro Tomich, Fernanda Samarini Machado, Luiz Gustavo Ribeiro Pereira, Vivian Fischer","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2023.2292424","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1745039X.2023.2292424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate intake, energy and nitrogen balance as well as methane emission in Holstein and ½ Holstein ½ Gyr (Girolando-F1) cows during the transition period. Twenty-four cows (12 Holstein and 12 Girolando-F1) were used to evaluate feed intake, apparent digestibility, heat production and methane emission, carried out in two periods: from 28 to 19 days pre-calving and from 15 to 23 days post-calving. A completely randomised design was used and data were analysed by ANOVA within periods (pre- and post-calving) considering the main effect of genetic groups. Girolando-F1cows presented greater body condition score (BCS) compared with Holstein. During pre-calving, there were no differences between genetic groups, except for highest heat production per kilogram of metabolic body weight for Holstein cows. After calving, Holstein cows had greater intake of DM, nitrogen, NDF per kg of BW and produced more heat per kg of metabolic body weight. Holstein cows yielded more milk and fat-corrected milk (FCM<sub>4%</sub>) compared with Girolando-F1 cows. Holstein cows presented higher methane emission per unit of BW and of metabolic weight. Emissions of enteric methane per kilogram of milk and per kilogram of FCM<sub>4%</sub> tended to be lower for Holstein compared with Girolando-F1 cows. Nitrogen and energy retention were similar for both Holstein and Girolando-F1 at pre- and post-calving. Despite differences in BCS, DMI, and milk yield, Girolando-F1 and Holstein cows present overall similar energy efficiency, albeit Holstein cows tended to present less methane emission per kg of eligible product (milk).</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139478142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01Epub Date: 2024-02-12DOI: 10.1080/1745039X.2024.2312700
Lucas Bassi Scarpim, Eloise Cristina de Ramos, Leticia Graziele Pacheco, Camila Goloni, Stephanie de Souza Theodoro, Thaís de Souza Ávida de Castro, Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi
Hydrolysed proteins have been shown to be potential ingredients in cat diets due to their high digestibility, presence of bioactive peptides, and relatively low antigenicity. The effects of the substitution of conventional low ash poultry byproduct meal (PBM) with hydrolysed poultry byproduct meal (HPM) as a protein source were evaluated in extruded cat diets. Five diets with similar nutrient contents were formulated: a control (CO) diet based on PBM and 4 diets with different inclusions of HPM (5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, on an as-fed basis) replacing PBM as the protein source. The total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients, faecal characteristics and microbial fermentation products, urine production and pH, nitrogen balance and urea renal excretion were evaluated using 30 healthy cats (15 males and 15 females; 4.18 ± 0.86 kg; 4.17 ± 1.38 years old), with 6 cats per diet in a complete randomised block design. When significant differences were found with the F test, the effects were evaluated by polynomial contrasts according to HPM inclusion (p < 0.05). The CTTADs of DM (89 ± 0.41%), CP (90 ± 0.36%), fat (93 ± 0.41%) and gross energy (90 ± 0.33%) were similar among treatments (p > 0.05). The faecal production, score, short-chain fatty acids and ammonia concentration were similar among treatments (p > 0.05). Isobutyric, isovaleric, valeric, and total branched-chain fatty acid contents increased quadratically (p < 0.05), with the highest level in the faeces of cats fed the diet with 20% HPM. Lactate concentration in faeces increased linearly with the inclusion of HPM (p < 0.05). Urine characteristics and urea renal excretion did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05). At 10% inclusion, HPM tended to increase the nitrogen retention of cats (p = 0.083), which may reflect the higher tryptophan, methionine, lysine, and available lysine contents of HPM in comparison to PBM. The inclusion of up to 30% HPM can be considered in cat formulations without affecting nutrient digestibility or faecal and urine characteristics. HPM tended to increase nitrogen retention and increased branched-chain fatty acids in faeces, aspects which deserves further studies.
{"title":"Hydrolysed poultry byproduct meal in extruded diets for cats.","authors":"Lucas Bassi Scarpim, Eloise Cristina de Ramos, Leticia Graziele Pacheco, Camila Goloni, Stephanie de Souza Theodoro, Thaís de Souza Ávida de Castro, Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2024.2312700","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1745039X.2024.2312700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrolysed proteins have been shown to be potential ingredients in cat diets due to their high digestibility, presence of bioactive peptides, and relatively low antigenicity. The effects of the substitution of conventional low ash poultry byproduct meal (PBM) with hydrolysed poultry byproduct meal (HPM) as a protein source were evaluated in extruded cat diets. Five diets with similar nutrient contents were formulated: a control (CO) diet based on PBM and 4 diets with different inclusions of HPM (5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, on an as-fed basis) replacing PBM as the protein source. The total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients, faecal characteristics and microbial fermentation products, urine production and pH, nitrogen balance and urea renal excretion were evaluated using 30 healthy cats (15 males and 15 females; 4.18 ± 0.86 kg; 4.17 ± 1.38 years old), with 6 cats per diet in a complete randomised block design. When significant differences were found with the F test, the effects were evaluated by polynomial contrasts according to HPM inclusion (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The CTTADs of DM (89 ± 0.41%), CP (90 ± 0.36%), fat (93 ± 0.41%) and gross energy (90 ± 0.33%) were similar among treatments (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The faecal production, score, short-chain fatty acids and ammonia concentration were similar among treatments (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Isobutyric, isovaleric, valeric, and total branched-chain fatty acid contents increased quadratically (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with the highest level in the faeces of cats fed the diet with 20% HPM. Lactate concentration in faeces increased linearly with the inclusion of HPM (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Urine characteristics and urea renal excretion did not differ among treatments (<i>p</i> > 0.05). At 10% inclusion, HPM tended to increase the nitrogen retention of cats (<i>p</i> = 0.083), which may reflect the higher tryptophan, methionine, lysine, and available lysine contents of HPM in comparison to PBM. The inclusion of up to 30% HPM can be considered in cat formulations without affecting nutrient digestibility or faecal and urine characteristics. HPM tended to increase nitrogen retention and increased branched-chain fatty acids in faeces, aspects which deserves further studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139721389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01Epub Date: 2024-03-15DOI: 10.1080/1745039X.2024.2319936
Fernanda de Kássia Gomes, Bruno Grossi Costa Homem, Bianca Costa Guimaraes, Marina de Arruda Camargo Danes, Glen A Broderick, Bruno José Rodrigues Alves, Robert Michael Boddey, Daniel Rume Casagrande
This study was performed to investigate the nitrogen (N) and carbohydrate digestive traits of grazing heifers. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Lavras. The treatments were a Marandu palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha [Syn, Brachiaria brizantha] Stapf. A. Rich. cv. Marandu) monoculture fertilised with 150 kg N/[ha ∙ year] (FP) or Marandu palisadegrass mixed pasture with forage peanut (MP). The pastures were grazed by six rumen-cannulated zebu heifers. A double cross-over design was used in four periods. Nutritive value, intake and apparent digestibility of forage, ruminal traits and kinetics and N balance were evaluated. Apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were greater for FP than for MP. There was no effect in apparent total-tract digestibility of N. The estimated intestinal digestibility of nutrients was greater on MP than FP. Even though N intake and faecal N output were greater on MP than FP, there was no effect in urine N output. The N balance tended to be greater on MP than FP. The forage peanut, which contains condensed tannins, decreased ruminal fibre degradation, apparent digestibility and ruminal protein degradation, increased N flow from the rumen. Inclusion of forage peanut in the mixed pasture decreased the ruminal fibre degradability but increased N retention by the animals.
{"title":"Carbohydrates and protein digestive traits in beef cattle grazing fertilised or mixed tropical pasture.","authors":"Fernanda de Kássia Gomes, Bruno Grossi Costa Homem, Bianca Costa Guimaraes, Marina de Arruda Camargo Danes, Glen A Broderick, Bruno José Rodrigues Alves, Robert Michael Boddey, Daniel Rume Casagrande","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2024.2319936","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1745039X.2024.2319936","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was performed to investigate the nitrogen (N) and carbohydrate digestive traits of grazing heifers. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Lavras. The treatments were a Marandu palisadegrass (<i>Urochloa brizantha</i> [Syn, <i>Brachiaria brizantha</i>] Stapf. A. Rich. cv. Marandu) monoculture fertilised with 150 kg N/[ha ∙ year] (FP) or Marandu palisadegrass mixed pasture with forage peanut (MP). The pastures were grazed by six rumen-cannulated zebu heifers. A double cross-over design was used in four periods. Nutritive value, intake and apparent digestibility of forage, ruminal traits and kinetics and N balance were evaluated. Apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were greater for FP than for MP. There was no effect in apparent total-tract digestibility of N. The estimated intestinal digestibility of nutrients was greater on MP than FP. Even though N intake and faecal N output were greater on MP than FP, there was no effect in urine N output. The N balance tended to be greater on MP than FP. The forage peanut, which contains condensed tannins, decreased ruminal fibre degradation, apparent digestibility and ruminal protein degradation, increased N flow from the rumen. Inclusion of forage peanut in the mixed pasture decreased the ruminal fibre degradability but increased N retention by the animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140130580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}