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The SARS-CoV-2 spike L452R-E484Q variant in the Indian B.1.617 strain showed significant reduction in the neutralization activity of immune sera. 印度 B.1.617 株中的 SARS-CoV-2 穗状 L452R-E484Q 变体显示免疫血清的中和活性显著降低。
IF 5.1 Pub Date : 2021-07-30 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbab016
Gen Li, Zhongcheng Zhou, Peng Du, Meixing Yu, Ning Li, Xinxin Xiong, Hong Huang, Zhihai Liu, Qinjin Dai, Jie Zhu, Chengbin Guo, Shanyun Wu, Daniel T Baptista-Hon, Man Miao, Lam Wai Ming, Yong Wu, Fanxin Zeng, Charlotte L Zhang, Edward D Zhang, Haifeng Song, Jianghai Liu, Johnson Yiu-Nam Lau, Andy P Xiang, Kang Zhang

To assess the impact of the key non-synonymous amino acid substitutions in the RBD of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617.1 (dominant variant identified in the current India outbreak) on the infectivity and neutralization activities of the immune sera, L452R and E484Q (L452R-E484Q variant), pseudotyped virus was constructed (with the D614G background). The impact on binding with the neutralizing antibodies was also assessed with an ELISA assay. Pseudotyped virus carrying a L452R-E484Q variant showed a comparable infectivity compared with D614G. However, there was a significant reduction in the neutralization activity of the immune sera from non-human primates vaccinated with a recombinant receptor binding domain (RBD) protein, convalescent patients, and healthy vaccinees vaccinated with an mRNA vaccine. In addition, there was a reduction in binding of L452R-E484Q-D614G protein to the antibodies of the immune sera from vaccinated non-human primates. These results highlight the interplay between infectivity and other biologic factors involved in the natural evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Reduced neutralization activities against the L452R-E484Q variant will have an impact on health authority planning and implications for the vaccination strategy/new vaccine development.

为了评估SARS-CoV-2变异体B.1.617.1(本次印度疫情中发现的主要变异体)尖峰蛋白RBD中的关键非同义氨基酸取代对L452R和E484Q(L452R-E484Q变异体)免疫血清的感染性和中和活性的影响,我们构建了伪型病毒(背景为D614G)。还用酶联免疫吸附试验评估了与中和抗体结合的影响。与 D614G 相比,携带 L452R-E484Q 变体的伪型病毒显示出相当的感染性。然而,接种了重组受体结合域(RBD)蛋白的非人灵长类动物、康复病人和接种了 mRNA 疫苗的健康接种者的免疫血清的中和活性明显降低。此外,L452R-E484Q-D614G 蛋白与接种过疫苗的非人灵长类动物免疫血清中抗体的结合率也有所下降。这些结果突显了感染性与 SARS-CoV-2 自然演化过程中的其他生物因素之间的相互作用。针对 L452R-E484Q 变体的中和活性降低将对卫生当局的规划产生影响,并对疫苗接种策略/新疫苗开发产生影响。
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引用次数: 0
Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Treatment Promotes Bone Growth and Chondrogenesis in Cultured Fetal Rat Metatarsal Bones. 径向体外冲击波治疗促进培养胎鼠跖骨的骨生长和软骨生成
Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.1097/CORR.0000000000001056
Sowmya Ramesh, Farasat Zaman, Vrisha Madhuri, Lars Sävendahl
<p><strong>Background: </strong>Substantial evidence exists to show the positive effects of radialextracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on bone formation. However, it is unknown whether rESWT can act locally at the growth plate level to stimulate linear bone growth. One way to achieve this is to stimulate chondrogenesis in the growth plate without depending on circulating systemic growth factors. We wished to see whether rESWT would stimulate metatarsal rat growth plates in the absence of vascularity and associated systemic growth factors.</p><p><strong>Questions/purposes: </strong>To study the direct effects of rESWT on growth plate chondrogenesis, we asked: (1) Does rESWT stimulate longitudinal bone growth of ex vivo cultured bones? (2) Does rESWT cause any morphological changes in the growth plate? (3) Does rESWT locally activate proteins specific to growth plate chondrogenesis?</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Metatarsal bones from rat fetuses were untreated (controls: n = 15) or exposed to a single application of rESWT at a low dose (500 impulses, 5 Hz, 90 mJ; n = 15), mid-dose (500 impulses, 5 Hz, 120 mJ; n = 14) or high dose (500 impulses, 10 Hz, 180 mJ; n = 34) and cultured for 14 days. Bone lengths were measured on Days 0, 4, 7, and 14. After 14 days of culturing, growth plate morphology was assessed with a histomorphometric analysis in which hypertrophic cell size (> 7 µm) and hypertrophic zone height were measured (n = 6 bones each). Immunostaining for specific regulatory proteins involved in chondrogenesis and corresponding staining were quantitated digitally by a single observer using the automated threshold method in ImageJ software (n = 6 bones per group). A p value < 0.05 indicated a significant difference.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The bone length in the high-dose rESWT group was increased compared with that in untreated controls (4.46 mm ± 0.75 mm; 95% confidence interval, 3.28-3.71 and control: 3.50 mm ± 0.38 mm; 95% CI, 4.19-4.72; p = 0.01). Mechanistic studies of the growth plate's cartilage revealed that high-dose rESWT increased the number of proliferative chondrocytes compared with untreated control bones (1363 ± 393 immunopositive cells per bone and 500 ± 413 immunopositive cells per bone, respectively; p = 0.04) and increased the diameter of hypertrophic chondrocytes (18 ± 3 µm and 13 ± 3 µm, respectively; p < 0.001). This was accompanied by activation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (1015 ± 322 immunopositive cells per bone and 270 ± 121 immunopositive cells per bone, respectively; p = 0.043) and nuclear factor-kappa beta signaling (1029 ± 262 immunopositive cells per bone and 350 ± 60 immunopositive cells per bone, respectively; p = 0.01) and increased levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins B-cell lymphoma 2 (718 ± 86 immunopositive cells per bone and 35 ± 11 immunopositive cells per bone, respectively; p < 0.001) and B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (107 ± 7 immunopositive cells per bone and 34 ± 6 immunopositive ce
背景:有大量证据表明,桡侧体外冲击波疗法(ESWT)对骨形成有积极作用。然而,桡侧体外冲击波疗法是否能在局部生长板水平发挥作用,刺激线性骨生长,目前尚不得而知。实现这一目标的方法之一是在不依赖循环系统生长因子的情况下刺激生长板中的软骨生成。我们希望了解 rESWT 是否能在没有血管和相关系统生长因子的情况下刺激跖骨大鼠的生长板:为了研究 rESWT 对生长板软骨生成的直接影响,我们提出了以下问题:(1)rESWT 是否会刺激体外培养骨骼的纵向骨生长?(2) rESWT 是否会引起生长板的形态变化?(3) rESWT 是否会在局部激活生长板软骨生成的特异性蛋白?大鼠胎儿的跖骨未经处理(对照组:n = 15)或暴露于低剂量(500 脉冲,5 赫兹,90 毫焦耳;n = 15)、中剂量(500 脉冲,5 赫兹,120 毫焦耳;n = 14)或高剂量(500 脉冲,10 赫兹,180 毫焦耳;n = 34)rESWT 的单次应用中,并培养 14 天。在第 0、4、7 和 14 天测量骨长。培养 14 天后,用组织形态分析法评估生长板形态,测量增生细胞大小(> 7 µm)和增生区高度(每种骨骼 6 个)。由一名观察者使用 ImageJ 软件中的自动阈值法对参与软骨形成的特异性调节蛋白的免疫染色和相应染色进行数字量化(每组 n = 6 根骨)。P值小于0.05表示差异显著:结果:与未经治疗的对照组相比,高剂量 rESWT 组的骨长度有所增加(4.46 mm ± 0.75 mm;95% 置信区间:3.28-3.71;对照组:3.50 mm ± 0.38 mm;95% 置信区间:4.19-4.72;P = 0.01)。对生长板软骨的机制研究显示,与未经处理的对照组骨骼相比,高剂量 rESWT 增加了增殖性软骨细胞的数量(分别为每块骨骼 1363 ± 393 个免疫阳性细胞和每块骨骼 500 ± 413 个免疫阳性细胞;p = 0.04),并增加了肥大性软骨细胞的直径(分别为 18 ± 3 µm 和 13 ± 3 µm;p < 0.001)。与此同时,胰岛素样生长因子-1(每块骨 1015 ± 322 个免疫阳性细胞,每块骨 270 ± 121 个免疫阳性细胞;p = 0.043)和核因子-kappa beta 信号传导(每块骨 1029 ± 262 个免疫阳性细胞,每块骨 350 ± 60 个免疫阳性细胞;p = 0.01)以及抗凋亡蛋白 B 细胞淋巴瘤 2(每骨 718 ± 86 个免疫阳性细胞,每骨 35 ± 11 个免疫阳性细胞;p < 0.001)和 B 细胞淋巴瘤-特大型(每骨 107 ± 7 个免疫阳性细胞,每骨 34 ± 6 个免疫阳性细胞;p < 0.001)的水平升高:在胎鼠跖骨培养模型中,rESWT 可通过局部诱导软骨生成来增加纵向骨生长。要验证 rESWT 是否也能在存在全身循环因素的情况下刺激骨生长,还需要进一步的研究:这项临床前概念验证研究表明,在培养的胎鼠跖骨中,高剂量 rESWT 可刺激纵向骨生长和生长板软骨生成。在进行任何临床研究之前,必须在骨骼尚未发育成熟的动物体内进行确证研究。
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引用次数: 0
Intelligence Revealed: Maps, Plans and Views at Horse Guards and the War Office, 1800–1880 情报揭露:1800-1880年骑兵卫队和陆军部的地图、计划和视图
Pub Date : 2012-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/00379816.2012.722539
A. Kent
created of the land market elsewhere in England in this period (including a study of the St Albans Abbey manors of Park and Codicote). None of the original Latin is reproduced, as is typical of modern editions, but Noy states that he has endeavoured to stay as close as possible to the Latin in his translation. Any English that has been added to the translation to make it more understandable is given in brackets. There will, however, always be elements of personal interpretation in such editions, and those familiar with the typical language of court rolls may appreciate the selective glossary of some of the more common words and phrases and the translations which have been used for consistency.
这一时期英格兰其他地方土地市场的研究(包括对帕克和科迪科特圣奥尔本斯修道院庄园的研究)。与现代版本的典型做法不同,原版的拉丁文没有一处被复制,但诺伊表示,他在翻译中尽可能地接近拉丁文。任何为使译文更容易理解而添加的英语都在括号中。然而,在这些版本中总是会有个人解释的因素,熟悉法庭卷子典型语言的人可能会欣赏一些比较常用的单词和短语的精选词汇表以及为保持一致性而使用的翻译。
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引用次数: 2
‘The Great Trial’: A Swaledale Lead Mining Dispute in the Court of Exchequer, 1705–1708 “大审判”:1705-1708年在财政法院的斯瓦尔岱尔铅矿纠纷
Pub Date : 2012-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/00379816.2012.722537
C. Williams
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引用次数: 1
Geoffrey Veysey (1934–2012) 杰弗里·维西(1934–2012)
Pub Date : 2012-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/00379816.2012.722544
C. Williams
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引用次数: 1
The Special Collections Handbook 特别馆藏手册
Pub Date : 2012-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/00379816.2012.722535
K. Hooper
otherwise be forgotten. To archivists and records managers, seeing the importance and value in the seemingly mundane and everyday is second-nature. However, to the average person trying to make space in their loft, these records are often another cardboard box to be dumped. Sassoon states that ‘seemingly insignificant documents are important chronicles of social history and are becoming a rich source of material for research and publication’. Indeed, many of the examples in the book are remarkable and include tales of glamorous shipping dynasties, exotic travel journals and tragic war diaries. She provides an inspiring collection of stories that would induce anyone to take a second look at that box of old school reports. Of course, not everyone is going to have such glamorous ancestors, but Sassoon demonstrates the various levels of ‘importance’—from personal sentiment to historic or national significance—using interesting and insightful anecdotes and her key message, that every item deserves a second look, is an important one. In addition to her discussion on the content and value of memorabilia, Sassoon successfully lays out some general guidance on exploring and preserving one’s own history. Various practical tips are provided throughout, and the final chapter, ‘Advice from the Professionals’, includes comments from conservation experts, academics and archivists. Glossy and filled with beautifully reproduced images, the book is clearly structured and enjoyable to read. The overall tone is one of positivity and encouragement and provides an inspiring introduction to archives, aimed at engaging new audiences. Sassoon emphasizes the work of professional archivists and records managers, whilst exploring how the general public can become involved and interested in their own personal histories. Overall Keeping Chronicles draws attention to the value of memorabilia as a historical source and the importance of preserving it in all its forms.
否则就会被遗忘。对于档案管理员和档案管理人员来说,在看似平凡的日常生活中看到重要性和价值是他们的第二天性。然而,对于试图在阁楼里腾出空间的普通人来说,这些唱片通常是另一个要扔掉的纸板箱。沙逊指出,“看似无关紧要的文件是社会历史的重要编年史,正在成为研究和出版的丰富材料来源”。事实上,书中的许多例子都很引人注目,包括迷人的航运王朝的故事,异国旅行日记和悲惨的战争日记。她提供了一个鼓舞人心的故事集,会促使任何人重新审视那盒旧学校的报告。当然,并不是每个人都有如此迷人的祖先,但沙逊用有趣而深刻的轶事和她的关键信息展示了不同程度的“重要性”——从个人情感到历史或国家意义——每件物品都值得再看一遍,这是重要的。除了讨论纪念品的内容和价值外,沙逊还成功地为探索和保存自己的历史提供了一些一般性的指导。全书提供了各种实用技巧,最后一章“专业人士的建议”包括保护专家、学者和档案管理员的评论。这本书有光泽,充满了精美的复制图像,结构清晰,读起来很有趣。整体基调是积极和鼓励的,并提供了一个鼓舞人心的介绍档案,旨在吸引新的观众。沙逊强调专业档案工作者和记录管理人员的工作,同时探索公众如何参与并对自己的个人历史感兴趣。总体保持编年史提请注意纪念品的价值,作为一个历史来源和保存它的所有形式的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Mary Cornelia Paget (1912–2010) and Marion Trenchard Roberts (1933–2008) 玛丽·科妮莉亚·佩吉特(1912-2010)和马里昂·特伦查德·罗伯茨(1933-2008)
Pub Date : 2012-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/00379816.2012.722542
Caroline Williams
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引用次数: 0
Masters of the Post: The Authorised History of the Royal Mail 《邮政大师:皇家邮政的授权历史》
Pub Date : 2012-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/00379816.2012.722540
Philip Bealle
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引用次数: 3
I, Digital: Personal Collections in the Digital Era 数字化:数字时代的个人收藏
Pub Date : 2012-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/00379816.2012.722533
Melissa Mhairi Terras
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引用次数: 7
The Currency of Art. A Collaboration Between the Baring Archive and the Graduate School of CCW, Bright3 艺术的货币。霸菱档案馆与中华文明大学研究生院的合作
Pub Date : 2012-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/00379816.2012.722536
A. Buchanan
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of the Society of Archivists. Society of Archivists (Great Britain)
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