Arthropod-Plant Interactions最新文献

Multitrophic interactions are inherent to the ecological networks of terrestrial ecosystems and can exhibit dynamic temporal changes within a season. In floral communities, pollen and nectar act as hubs for various microorganisms, including fungi that can alter plant–pollinator interactions. In mixed pollen samples collected by Apis mellifera L., the associations between plants and fungi foraged by bees may be complex and not yet fully characterized. Exploring the temporal succession of the multitrophic interaction is an area that requires further investigation. Forty-two pollen samples were retrieved from 13 hives dispersed in urban and peri-urban locations in Southern Ontario Canada where the honey bee is not native. Using metabarcoding of the ITS region, we identified a total of 77 plants and 46 fungi. Among the foraged plants visited, the top ten were all non-native or invasive taxa for Southern Ontario, with Trifolium repens L. and Sonchus arvensis L. as most common taxa. For fungal taxa, the main yeasts and molds were identified as Starmerella and Mucor taxa. Plant richness was found to have a significant association with fungal richness. Moreover, plant and fungal taxa richness and Shannon diversity increased with time from spring to late summer. Only plant taxa composition varied over the active foraging season suggesting a more homogenous fungal taxa community. Diverse flowers can further play a role in the spread of fungal organisms having a variety of ecological functions and trophic levels. The study of their interactions with flowers, pollinators, and humans, is deserving of more investigation.

Bentinckia nicobarica (Kurz) Becc., is an endemic species of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, and has been designated as endangered by the IUCN since 1998 due to its confined distribution in small pockets and susceptibility to various threats, both natural and anthropogenic. The species is protandrous, predominantly flowers from March to September; displaying anthers dehisce through a longitudinal slit. The flower exhibits 7466 ± 33.725 numbers of pollen grain, with a pollen ovule ratio of 7466:1. A comprehensive study of the reproductive biology of this species sheds light on its floral attributes, pollen viability, stigma receptivity, breeding system and pollination. The plant’s temporal flowering sequence with staminate flowers preceding pistillate ones by 3–8 days indicates a xenogamous breeding behaviour. The diverse array of flower-visiting insects significantly influences pollination success, dominated by Hymenoptera, followed by Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Coleoptera. The highest activity rate (AR > 10) was recorded in Camponotus compressus, followed by Apis cerana indica, Lucilia caesar, Apis florea, Polistes olivaceus, Trigona sp., Vespa tropica, etc., whereas a high index of visitation rate was observed in L. caesar, followed by Polistes olivaceus, C. compressus, Trigona sp., Vespa tropica, A. cerana indica, etc. This study underscores the importance of understanding the pollination biology of B. nicobarica for its conservation and management. The findings contribute valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of pollination and highlight the role of various insect species in ensuring the reproductive success of this endangered plant species.

Plants emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that mediate interactions with organisms in the surrounding community, such as herbivorous insects and their natural enemies. Understanding on plant attractiveness for insects can help to design intercropping systems, such as trap crops. Here we present the results of laboratory tests designed to compare the attractiveness of cabbage (Brassica oleracea), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica), turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa), and yellow rocket (Barbarea stricta) to Plutella xylostella and its natural enemy, the parasitoid wasp, Diadegma semiclausum. Plants were selected based on the results of a cabbage intercropping field experiment and a screening of VOC emissions of a variety of landrace Brassica plants both intact and damaged by P. xylostella. Plutella xylostella selected turnip and B. stricta over cabbage and broccoli in oviposition tests. Reproductive success of Diadegma semiclausum in oviposition tests was higher on host larvae feeding on turnip plants compared to cabbage and broccoli, while B. stricta was not tested. According to principal component analyses, volatile blends emitted by turnip and B. stricta differed from each other as well as from other plants, while volatile blends emitted by cabbage and broccoli were more similar, both when intact and when damaged by P. xylostella.

Although small flies, such as those of the suborder Nematocera, are abundant and well-known flower visitors, their importance as pollinators is not fully appreciated. In this study, we attempted to identify the pollinators of Dioscorea tokoro (Dioscoreaceae) and Vincetoxicum aristolochioides (Apocynaceae). Our working hypothesis was that these species are pollinated by gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), because gall midges visited flowers and laid eggs in them during our preliminary observations. Flower visitors were investigated using direct observations, time-lapse photography, and sticky traps installed close to the inflorescences. A supplemental pollination experiment demonstrated that D. tokoro was not wind pollinated. In both plant species, several genera of nocturnal gall midges were the most frequent flower visitors, followed by diurnal biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) belonging to the Forcipomyiinae. Less frequent visits by members of the Sciaridae (Diptera) and Lepidoptera also were observed. Examination of body pollen revealed that biting midges carried pollen on several areas of their bodies, but gall midges were infrequent pollen carriers for either plant species. DNA barcoding showed that gall midges carrying pollen differed from those that engaged in oviposition. Our results suggested that the two plant species were primarily pollinated by biting midges with a smaller contribution from gall midges. This study highlights the importance of biting midges as pollinators. Biting midges also pollinate cacao and several wild plant species, and they may potentially also pollinate crops, such as yam, some of which have floral traits similar to those of D. tokoro.

Despite centuries of starfruit cultivation, thrips dwelling in this economically important crop remain overlooked. To address this gap, we quantified the composition of adults and larvae from the inflorescences of Malaysian starfruit cv. B10. We sampled thrips populations from one monitoring farm and five additional single-visited farms across Peninsular Malaysia to test for consistent prevalence. We employed mtDNA COI gene sequencing to match adults to larvae, which allowed us to test the hypothesis that the prevalent thrips populations breeding on starfruit flowers. While Scirtothrips dorsalis, Thrips hawaiiensis, and Haplothrips ceylonicus were also identified breeding on starfruit flowers, Thrips levatus and Megalurothrips typicus emerged as the most prevalent. Larvae dominated at the monitoring farm (> 60%), mirroring the prevalence of T. levatus (≈ 85%) and M. typicus (≈ 14%) in adults. Somewhat similar trends were observed across other farms (adults: ≈ 26–62%, larvae: ≈ 38–70%). Notably, T. levatus was consistently the dominant population (≈ 70–99%). The presence of M. typicus was negligible at certain farms, but both species demonstrated starfruit flowers as a viable breeding host based on adult–larvae matching. We propose that the high prevalence of thrips, particularly larvae, poses a potential threat to starfruit production via cryptic flower loss. Our findings suggest that thrips, alongside other pests, should be considered a target taxon in pest management regimes to mitigate flower abscission implicated in their rasping-sucking behavior. This study provides the first baseline data on the thrips compositional status concerning starfruit, paving the way for further research to mitigate their impact.

The cucurbit beetle, Diabrotica speciosa larvae are subterraneous and feed on plant roots, mainly Poaceae and Solanaceae. Although they are not gregarious, these larvae are often grouped in the root, triggering holes and galleries. The rhizophagy carried out by D. speciosa larvae induces the plant defense mechanisms, which can modify the behavior and development of other belowground larvae. Here, we present an induction method by natural rhizophagy of D. speciosa, which separates groups of insects into different parts of the root system. This methodology allows the prior rhizophagy by a larval group and the subsequent behavioral and performance evaluation of a larval group late affected. We cultivated maize plants in voile bags, into which 8-day-old Diabrotica speciosa larvae were inoculated. In order to determine the efficiency of the system, the weight of the larvae was measured before and after inoculation into the system. The proposed system enables normal root development of maize plants, even after their roots are wrapped in voile bags, which is possible given the porosity of the fabric used. Concerning the insects that fed on the roots inside and outside the voile bags, the fact that they presented similar weight gain indicates that they did not undergo food restriction and that the portion of the root they fed on did not influence their development during the evaluation period. Thus, insect feeding occurred normally, even if they consumed different portions of the roots. Our methodology can be used in any system that needs the simulation of rhizophagy by larvae of D. speciosa, needing to separate individuals that cause plant induction from those individuals that will be exposed to the effects of rhizophagy.

Plant resistance to herbivores is largely dependent on its ability to defend through biochemical mechanisms. Present study deciphered constitutive and Chilo partellus damage-induced levels of defensive phytochemicals in thirty maize lines, including susceptible and resistant checks. The association of these biochemicals with various indices of C. partellus was computed to comprehend the antibiosis mechanism and group the maize lines in to resistant/susceptible categories. The findings revealed significant variation in antibiosis, growth, and fitness indices of C. partellus when fed on different male and female maize lines, owing to significant differences in the quantity of nutritional (sugars and proteins), antinutritional (phenols, tannins, FRAP and total antioxidants), and enzymatic (TAL, PAL, AO, APX and CAT) components among the test maize lines. Resistant maize lines contained significantly lower quantities of nutritional components, while higher antinutritional and enzymatic components as compared to susceptible lines. Nutritional compounds were positively associated with antibiosis, fecundity and fitness indices, suggesting that these compounds favor growth and reproduction of C. partellus. Conversely, both constitutive and induced levels of antinutritional and enzymatic components were negatively associated with these indices, indicating their detrimental effect on the developmental biology of C. partellus. Additionally, these biochemicals accounted to 70.8 to 79.0% variability in various growth and fitness indices of C. partellus. The A-lines CML 565, AI 501, AI 196, C 70 and DDM 2309-O, and R-lines AI 125, AI 542 and AI 1100 were identified as best sources of resistance, and could be utilized in the breeding program to develop C. partellus resistant maize hybrids.

Bees play an essential role as pollinators in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. The Africanized honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758) is a common species in modified ecosystems being an important pollinator for many crops, such as pepper (Capsicum spp.). In this study, we assessed the individual variation in floral resource foraging by examining the pollen loads in the corbiculae of A. mellifera workers. We sampled the bees in a pepper experimental crop for two months. We found between two and 17 pollen types in the bees' corbiculae, with a high abundance of the Fabaceae, Asteraceae, and Rubiaceae families. The pollen types ranged from 18 to 19 over the months. A. mellifera collected floral resources mainly from arboreal plants providing nectar and pollen. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the ecological interactions between bee and plant species in agricultural areas to inform management and conservation strategies aimed at sustaining bee populations and enhancing pollination services.

The Megachilidae are among the bees that most depend on plant resources, since they need them both for food provisioning and for nest building. However, pollen and leaf specializations in the large genus Megachile have been largely unexplored, both in natural and urban habitats. Here, their botanical origin was studied in more than 20 cells from eight nests of Megachile susurrans in a temperate city of Argentina during four consecutive summers when adults were active, identifying a strong link for pollen (Styphnolobium japonicum) and leaf (Robinia pseudoacacia) hosts, caused by local preference. They were identified at light and stereoscopic microscopes comparing to reference collections from pollen and leaves surrounding the nesting area. Pollen resources were almost exclusively from S. japonicum, and three nests also contained important quantities of Syagrus romanzoffiana and Punica granatum, the remaining five only S. japonicum. The nest architecture was the typical for most Megachile, with cylindrical brood cells made of leaf pieces of two shapes disposed in linear series. Each nest had two to four cells composed only of leaf pieces of the exotic R. pseudoacacia. The abundant pollen of flower types with diverse configurations indicates versatile foraging behavior: keel flowers (Styphnolobium, Fabaceae Papilionoideae), multiple stamen brush flowers (Punica, Punicaceae) and open small radially symmetric flowers (Syagrus, Arecaceae). Although only three families were abundant in the diet, its composition with exotic species “unknown to bees” and flower type versatility suggest polylecty. Megachile susurrans was also generalist in the choice of nesting substrates, and generalist with occasional (local) preference in leaf and pollen hosts. The link to any papilionoid legume might also extend to its whole geographical distribution.

The corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis, transmits phytopathogens that cause significant economic losses in Zea mays. The maize bushy stunt phytoplasma (MBSP) indirectly affects insect vectors behavior through morphological and physiological changes in host plants. This study evaluated the effect of MBSP-infected and sham-infected maize plants on the host selection of D. maidis. Dual-choice tests were performed with non-infected D. maidis females using a Y-tube olfactometer. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from MBSP-infected and sham-infected genotypes were collected and characterized. Our results showed that MBSP infection altered the VOC profiles of both maize genotypes. In the P4285VYHR hybrid maize, MBSP infection induced the release of six new compounds and increased the levels of nine others. Non-infected D. maidis discriminated between MBSP-infected and sham-infected P4285VYHR plants, showing a preference for VOCs emitted by infected plants. In contrast, MBSP infection in the SCS156 Colorado genotype led to the emission of three new compounds and increased the release of two others. For this genotype, non-infected females preferred the odors of sham-infected plants over clean air. Our findings show that non-infected D. maidis recognizes maize VOCs and selectively responds to MBSP-infected plants, particularly in a hybrid genotype.