Artificial organs最新文献

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Pioneer interview with Victor Poirier: Edward Teller's contribution to the development of artificial heart technology 对维克多-普瓦里耶的先锋访谈：Edward Teller 对人工心脏技术发展的贡献。

IF 2.4 3区医学 Q2 Medicine

Artificial organs

Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14719

Vakhtang Tchantchaleishvili

Q: Mr. Poirier, Dr. Edward Teller is a household name in nuclear physics. What is he primarily known for?

A: Dr. Edward Teller was a Hungarian-American nuclear physicist who was instrumental in the production of the first atomic bomb and the world's first thermonuclear weapon, the hydrogen bomb. He is also known for his extraordinary contributions to nuclear and molecular physics (Figures 1 and 2).

Q: How did you end up working with Dr. Teller?

A: I first met Dr. Teller in a Thermo Electron Corp. Board meeting. At that time, I was focused on developing nuclear-fueled power sources for deep space probes. I was very impressed with his knowledge and considered it a privilege to being able to speak with him.

Q: Can you tell us a few words about the Thermo Electon Corp?

A: Thermo Electron was formed in 1956 as a spin off from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The initial work of this newly formed company was to develop technology to convert heat directly to electricity. This concept required a heat source which could increase a metallic member to a sufficient temperature to boil off electrons. These electrons could be collected on a lower-temperature metallic plate. There was a great deal of excitement in this technology as it could be used to form electrical power sources for deep space probes. These probes would be used to study our universe. Prior to this, probes were limited as they could not use solar energy far from the sun.

Q: What was Dr. Teller's involvement in this, and how did he get involved in developing artificial heart technology?

A: Dr. Teller was brought in to establish potential heat sources that could utilize nuclear energy. I joined Thermo Electron in 1961 to work on the development of these nuclear-powered electrical systems. A key event that occurred was the receipt of a Request for Proposal (RFP) from the NHLBI, a proposal for the development of a mechanical heart, in 1966. We formed Thermedics Inc., as a subsidiary of Thermo Electron, to concentrate on the artificial heart work. I was the president and CEO of this new company. We essentially took the nuclear-fueled power source technology for deep space probes and applied it to artificial heart systems. Several meetings followed and I asked Dr. Teller to join my advisory panel of Thermedics Inc., which he did. The team consisted of Dr. Teller, Cardiac surgeons, Cardiologists, and Engineers. The team was successful in putting together a proposal to develop a nuclear-powered artificial heart capable of supporting the circulation in humans.

Q: What was Dr. Teller's specific contribution to this proposal?

A: Dr. Teller provided the information that we needed and was instrumental in recommending that a Plutonium 238 capsule be used.

Q: Why did he recommend Pu²³⁸, as op

答：HeartMate 技术的所有最初概念都是在 Thermo Electron 开发的，直到其子公司 Thermedics 成立。随后，从 Thermedics 分离出来，成立了 Thermo Cardiosystems Inc (TCI)。我是TCI的首任总裁兼首席执行官，TCI被Thoratec收购，后者是一家研发和生产用于治疗心衰患者的机械循环支持专有医疗设备的公司。2015 年，Thoratec 被 St.2017 年 1 月，圣犹达被雅培实验室收购。人工心脏技术通过所有这些公司进行了转让，如今仍归雅培制药公司所有。答：泰勒博士的工作主要与研制杀人炸弹有关。1983 年，他得出结论："拯救人类胜于毁灭人类"。因此，他有兴趣帮助开发核动力人工心脏。能与泰勒博士合作开发人工心脏技术，我深感荣幸。

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引用次数: 0

Recent Progress in the field of Artificial Organs 人工器官领域的最新进展。
IF 2.4 3区医学 Q2 Medicine
Artificial organs
Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14745

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引用次数: 0

Researchers propose ice 3D printing as a method to create internal channels in artificial organs 研究人员建议将冰三维打印技术作为一种在人造器官中创建内部通道的方法。
IF 2.4 3区医学 Q2 Medicine
Artificial organs
Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14746

Jason J. Han

By freezing water droplets into smooth, even columns, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University created complex internal channels that may eventually render viable complex artificial tissue.

卡内基梅隆大学的研究人员通过将水滴冷冻成光滑、均匀的柱状，创造出复杂的内部通道，最终可能使复杂的人造组织变得可行。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of new allocation policy on waitlist and transplant outcomes of adult congenital heart patients supported with ECMO 新分配政策对使用 ECMO 支持的成人先天性心脏病患者的候诊和移植结果的影响。
IF 2.2 3区医学 Q3 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL
Artificial organs
Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14738

Shriprasad R. Deshpande, Bibhuti Das, Akshay Kumar, Pranava Sinha, Bahaaldin Alsoufi, Jaimin Trivedi

Background

The use of ECMO as a bridge to heart transplantation has been growing rapidly in all heart transplant recipients since the implementation of the new UNOS allocation policy; however, the impact on adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients is not known.

Methods

We analyzed the UNOS data (2015–2021) for ACHD patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) during the waitlist, before and after October 2018, to assess the impact on the waitlist and posttransplant outcomes. We compared the characteristics and outcomes of ACHD patients with or without ECMO use during the waitlist and pre- and postpolicy changes.

Results

A total of 23 821 patients underwent heart transplantation, and only 918 (4%) had ACHD. Out of all ACHD patients undergoing heart transplants, 6% of patients in the prepolicy era and 7.6% in the postpolicy era were on ECMO at the time of listing. Those on ECMO were younger and sicker compared to the rest of the ACHD cohort. Those on ECMO had similar profiles pre- and postpolicy change; however, there was a very significant decrease in the waitlist time [136 days (IQR 29–384) vs. 38 days (IQR 11–108), p = 0.01]. There was no difference in waitlist mortality; however, competing risk analyses showed a higher likelihood of transplantation (51% vs. 29%) and a lower likelihood of death or deterioration (31% vs. 42%) postpolicy change. Long-term outcomes posttransplant for those supported with ECMO compared to the non-ECMO cohort are similar for ACHD patients, although there was higher attrition in the first year for the ECMO cohort.

Conclusion

The new allocation policy has resulted in shorter waitlist times and a higher likelihood of transplantation for ACHD patients supported by ECMO. However, the appropriate use of ECMO and the underuse of durable circulatory support devices in this population need further exploration.

背景：自新的 UNOS 分配政策实施以来，ECMO 作为心脏移植的桥梁在所有心脏移植受者中的使用迅速增长；然而，对成人先天性心脏病（ACHD）患者的影响尚不清楚：我们分析了 2018 年 10 月之前和之后，在等待名单期间接受体外膜氧合（ECMO）支持的 ACHD 患者的 UNOS 数据（2015-2021 年），以评估对等待名单和移植后预后的影响。我们比较了ACHD患者在等待期间和政策变更前后使用或未使用ECMO的特征和预后：共有 23 821 名患者接受了心脏移植手术，其中只有 918 人（4%）患有 ACHD。在所有接受心脏移植的 ACHD 患者中，有 6% 的患者在政策出台前和 7.6% 的患者在政策出台后接受了 ECMO 治疗。与其他 ACHD 患者相比，使用 ECMO 的患者更年轻、病情更严重。接受 ECMO 治疗的患者在政策改变前后的情况相似，但等待时间显著缩短[136 天 (IQR 29-384) vs. 38 天 (IQR 11-108)，p = 0.01]。候选者死亡率没有差异；但竞争风险分析表明，政策改变后移植的可能性更高（51% 对 29%），死亡或病情恶化的可能性更低（31% 对 42%）。与非ECMO队列相比，接受ECMO支持的ACHD患者移植后的长期疗效相似，但ECMO队列第一年的自然减员率较高：结论：新的分配政策缩短了 ECMO 支持的 ACHD 患者的等待时间，提高了他们接受移植的可能性。结论：新的分配政策缩短了 ECMO 支持的 ACHD 患者的候诊时间，并提高了他们接受移植的可能性。然而，在这一人群中，ECMO 的合理使用和持久循环支持设备的使用不足仍需进一步探讨。

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引用次数: 0

Machine perfusion preservation highlights from the Congress of the European Society of Organ Transplantation 2023 2023 年欧洲器官移植学会大会的机器灌注保存亮点。
IF 2.4 3区医学 Q2 Medicine
Artificial organs
Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14744

Isabella Faria, Mathias Vidgren, Stalin Canizares, Lene Devos, Katrin Reichel, Gabriel C. Oniscu, Paulo N. Martins

The 21st Congress of the European Society of Organ Transplantation (ESOT), held on September 17–20th, 2023, in Athens, Greece, was a pivotal event in transplantation, focusing on the theme “Disruptive Innovation, Trusted Care.” The congress attracted a global audience of 2 826 participants from 82 countries, emphasizing its international significance. Machine perfusion, as a groundbreaking technology in organ transplantation, was one of the central focuses of the conference. This year's meeting had a remarkable increase in accepted abstracts on machine perfusion, evidencing its growing prominence in the field. The collective findings from these abstracts highlighted the efficacy of machine perfusion in improving organ viability and transplant outcomes. Studies demonstrated improvements in graft survival and reduction in complications, as well as novel uses and techniques. Furthermore, the integration of machine perfusion with regenerative medicine and its application across multiple organ types were significant discussion points. The congress also highlighted the challenges and solutions in implementing machine perfusion in clinical settings, emphasizing the importance of practical training and international collaboration for advancing this technology. ESOT 2023 served as a crucial platform for disseminating scientific advancements, fostering practical learning, and facilitating international collaborations in organ transplantation. The congress underscored the evolution and importance of machine perfusion technology, marking a significant step forward in enhancing patient outcomes in the field of organ transplantation.

第 21 届欧洲器官移植学会（ESOT）大会于 2023 年 9 月 17 日至 20 日在希腊雅典举行，以 "颠覆性创新，可信赖的护理 "为主题，是器官移植领域的一次重要盛会。大会吸引了来自 82 个国家的 2826 名全球观众，凸显了其国际意义。机器灌注作为器官移植领域的一项突破性技术，是大会的核心焦点之一。今年会议接受的有关机器灌注的摘要显著增加，证明了机器灌注在该领域的地位日益突出。这些摘要的集体研究结果突显了机器灌注在改善器官存活率和移植结果方面的功效。研究表明，机器灌注提高了移植器官的存活率，减少了并发症，而且其用途和技术也很新颖。此外，机器灌注与再生医学的结合及其在多种器官类型中的应用也是重要的讨论点。大会还强调了在临床环境中实施机器灌注所面临的挑战和解决方案，强调了实践培训和国际合作对于推动这项技术发展的重要性。ESOT 2023 是传播科学进步、促进实践学习和推动器官移植领域国际合作的重要平台。大会强调了机器灌注技术的发展和重要性，标志着器官移植领域在提高患者预后方面迈出了重要一步。

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引用次数: 0

HeartMate 3 implantation with an emphasis on the biventricular configuration HeartMate 3 植入术，重点是双心室结构。
IF 2.4 3区医学 Q2 Medicine
Artificial organs
Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14741

Silvana F. Marasco, Janelle McLean, Christina E. Kure, Julia Rix, Tanieka Lake, Ashlee Linton, James Farag, Michael Z. L. Zhu, Atsuo Doi, Peter J. Bergin, Angeline S. Leet, Andrew J. Taylor, James L. Hare, Hitesh C. Patel, David Kaye, David C. McGiffin

Objectives

Right ventricular failure following implantation of a durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is a major driver of mortality. Reported survival following biventricular (BiVAD) or total artificial heart (TAH) implantation remains substantially inferior to LVAD alone. We report our outcomes with LVAD and BiVAD HeartMate 3 (HM3).

Methods

Consecutive patients undergoing implantation of an HM3 LVAD between November 2014 and December 2021, at The Alfred, Australia were included in the study. Comparison was made between the BiVAD and LVAD alone groups.

Results

A total of 86 patients, 65 patients with LVAD alone and 21 in a BiVAD configuration underwent implantation. The median age of the LVAD and BiVAD groups was 56 years (Interquartile range 46–62) and 49 years (Interquartile range 37–55), respectively. By 4 years after implantation, 54% of LVAD patients and 43% of BiVAD patients had undergone cardiac transplantation. The incidence of stroke in the entire experience was 3.5% and pump thrombosis 5% (all in the RVAD). There were 14 deaths in the LVAD group and 1 in the BiVAD group. The actuarial survival for LVAD patients at 1 year was 85% and BiVAD patients at 1 year was 95%.

Conclusions

The application of HM 3 BiVAD support in selected patients appears to offer a satisfactory solution to patients requiring biventricular support.

目的：植入耐用左心室辅助装置（LVAD）后出现右心室衰竭是导致死亡的主要原因。据报道，植入双心室（BiVAD）或全人工心脏（TAH）后的存活率仍大大低于单独植入 LVAD 的存活率。我们报告了 LVAD 和 BiVAD HeartMate 3 (HM3) 的治疗结果：研究纳入了 2014 年 11 月至 2021 年 12 月期间在澳大利亚阿尔弗雷德医院接受 HM3 LVAD 植入术的连续患者。结果：86名患者中，65人接受了HM3 LVAD治疗：共有 86 名患者接受了植入手术，其中 65 名患者使用单独的 LVAD，21 名患者使用 BiVAD。LVAD 组和 BiVAD 组的中位年龄分别为 56 岁（四分位距为 46-62 岁）和 49 岁（四分位距为 37-55 岁）。植入 4 年后，54% 的 LVAD 患者和 43% 的 BiVAD 患者接受了心脏移植手术。在整个治疗过程中，中风发生率为 3.5%，泵血栓形成发生率为 5%（均发生在 RVAD 患者身上）。LVAD 组有 14 人死亡，BiVAD 组有 1 人死亡。LVAD 患者 1 年的精算存活率为 85%，BiVAD 患者 1 年的精算存活率为 95%：结论：在选定的患者中应用 HM 3 BiVAD 支持似乎为需要双心室支持的患者提供了令人满意的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Multicenter evaluation of left ventricular assist device implantation with or without ECMO bridge in cardiogenic shock 多中心评估心源性休克患者植入左心室辅助装置与否的 ECMO 桥接。
IF 2.2 3区医学 Q3 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL
Artificial organs
Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14740

James W. Schurr, Lara Ambrosi, Jillian Fitzgerald, Christian Bermudez, Michael V. Genuardi, Mark Brahier, Tonya Elliot, Kevin McGowan, Akram Zaaqoq, Sonjoy Laskar, Stuart M. Pope, Michael M. Givertz, Hari Mallidi, Katelyn W. Sylvester, Frank C. Seifert, Allison J. McLarty

Background

The efficacy of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a bridge to left ventricular assist device (LVAD) remains unclear, and recipients of the more contemporary HeartMate 3 (HM3) LVAD are not well represented in previous studies. We therefore undertook a multicenter, retrospective study of this population.

Methods and Results

INTERMACS 1 LVAD recipients from five U.S. centers were included. In-hospital and one-year outcomes were recorded. The primary outcome was the overall mortality hazard comparing ECMO versus non-ECMO patients by propensity-weighted survival analysis. Secondary outcomes included survival by LVAD type, as well as postoperative and one-year outcomes. One hundred and twenty-seven patients were included; 24 received ECMO as a bridge to LVAD. Mortality was higher in patients bridged with ECMO in the primary analysis (HR 3.22 [95%CI 1.06–9.77], p = 0.039). Right ventricular assist device was more common in the ECMO group (ECMO: 54.2% vs non-ECMO: 11.7%, p < 0.001). Ischemic stroke was higher at one year in the ECMO group (ECMO: 25.0% vs non-ECMO: 4.9%, p = 0.006). Among the study cohort, one-year mortality was lower in HM3 than in HeartMate II (HMII) or HeartWare HVAD (10.5% vs 46.9% vs 31.6%, respectively; p < 0.001) recipients. Pump thrombosis at one year was lower in HM3 than in HMII or HVAD (1.8% vs 16.1% vs 16.2%, respectively; p = 0.026) recipients.

Conclusions

Higher mortality was observed with ECMO as a bridge to LVAD, likely due to higher acuity illness, yet acceptable one-year survival was seen compared with historical rates. The receipt of the HM3 was associated with improved survival compared with older generation devices.

背景：体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）作为左心室辅助装置（LVAD）的桥梁，其疗效仍不明确，而在以往的研究中，使用较新的 HeartMate 3 (HM3) LVAD 的受者并不多。因此，我们对这一人群进行了一项多中心回顾性研究：研究纳入了来自美国五个中心的 INTERMACS 1 LVAD 接受者。记录了院内和一年的结果。主要结果是通过倾向加权生存分析比较 ECMO 与非 ECMO 患者的总死亡率。次要结果包括 LVAD 类型的存活率以及术后和一年的结果。研究共纳入 127 名患者，其中 24 人接受了 ECMO 作为 LVAD 的桥接。在主要分析中，接受 ECMO 桥接的患者死亡率更高（HR 3.22 [95%CI 1.06-9.77]，P = 0.039）。右心室辅助装置在 ECMO 组中更为常见（ECMO：54.2% vs 非 ECMO：11.7%，p 结论：ECMO 组死亡率高于非 ECMO 组：ECMO 作为通往 LVAD 的桥梁，死亡率较高，这可能是由于疾病的严重程度较高，但与历史死亡率相比，一年存活率尚可接受。与老一代设备相比，接受 HM3 可提高存活率。

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引用次数: 0

Upcoming meetings 即将举行的会议
IF 2.4 3区医学 Q2 Medicine
Artificial organs
Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14712

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引用次数: 0

Inhibition of tibialis anterior spinal reflex circuits using frequency-specific neuromuscular electrical stimulation 利用频率特异性神经肌肉电刺激抑制胫骨前脊髓反射回路。
IF 2.2 3区医学 Q3 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL
Artificial organs
Pub Date : 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14737

Suzufumi Arai, Atsushi Sasaki, Shota Tsugaya, Taishin Nomura, Matija Milosevic

Background

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can generate muscle contractions and elicit excitability of neural circuits. However, the optimal stimulation frequency for effective neuromodulation remains unclear.

Methods

Eleven able-bodied individuals participated in our study to examine the effects of: (1) low-frequency NMES at 25 Hz, (2) high-frequency NMES at 100 Hz; and (3) mixed-frequency NMES at 25 and 100 Hz switched every second. NMES was delivered to the right tibialis anterior (TA) muscle for 1 min in each condition. The order of interventions was pseudorandomized between participants with a washout of at least 15 min between conditions. Spinal reflexes were elicited using single-pulse transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation applied over the lumbar enlargement to evoke responses in multiple lower-limb muscles bilaterally and maximum motor responses (M_max) were elicited in the TA muscle by stimulating the common peroneal nerve to assess fatigue at the baseline and immediately, 5, 10, and 15 min after each intervention.

Results

Our results showed that spinal reflexes were significantly inhibited immediately after the mixed-frequency NMES, and for at least 15 min in follow-up. Low-frequency NMES inhibited spinal reflexes 5 min after the intervention, and also persisted for at least 10 min. These effects were present only in the stimulated TA muscle, while other contralateral and ipsilateral muscles were unaffected. M_max responses were not affected by any intervention.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that even a short-duration (1 min) NMES intervention using low- and mixed-frequency NMES could inhibit spinal reflex excitability of the TA muscle without inducing fatigue.

背景：神经肌肉电刺激（NMES）可产生肌肉收缩并激发神经回路的兴奋性。然而，有效神经调节的最佳刺激频率仍不明确：方法：11 名健全人参加了我们的研究，以考察以下刺激的效果：方法：11 名健全人参加了我们的研究，以考察以下刺激频率的效果：(1) 25 赫兹的低频 NMES；(2) 100 赫兹的高频 NMES；(3) 每秒切换 25 赫兹和 100 赫兹的混合频率 NMES。在每种情况下，向右胫骨前肌（TA）输送 NMES 1 分钟。参与者之间的干预顺序为假随机，条件之间至少有 15 分钟的冲洗时间。使用单脉冲经皮脊髓刺激腰椎增生处诱发脊髓反射，以诱发双侧多块下肢肌肉的反应，并通过刺激腓总神经诱发胫骨前肌的最大运动反应（Mmax），以评估基线和每次干预后立即、5、10 和 15 分钟的疲劳情况：结果：我们的结果显示，在混合频率 NMES 后，脊髓反射立即受到明显抑制，并在后续至少 15 分钟内受到抑制。低频 NMES 可在干预后 5 分钟抑制脊髓反射，并可持续至少 10 分钟。这些影响仅出现在受刺激的 TA 肌肉中，而其他对侧和同侧肌肉不受影响。Mmax反应不受任何干预的影响：我们的研究结果表明，即使使用低频和混合频率的 NMES 进行短时间（1 分钟）干预，也能抑制 TA 肌的脊髓反射兴奋性，而不会引起疲劳。

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引用次数: 0

Successful explantation of children from the Berlin Heart EXCOR® ventricular assist device: A systematic review 柏林之心 EXCOR® 心室辅助装置的成功拆卸：系统回顾。
IF 2.4 3区医学 Q2 Medicine
Artificial organs
Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14727

Matthew F. Mikulski, Swati Iyer, Andrew Well, Carlos M. Mery, W. Richard Owens, Lauren D. Glass, Chesney D. Castleberry, Charles D. Fraser Jr

Background

The Berlin Heart EXCOR® (BHE) can bridge children with severe heart failure to transplantation, but some are successfully weaned and spared transplantation. This study seeks to identify characteristics of children amenable to successful explantation with BHE support.

Methods

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines were used. Five databases were screened for original, English articles measuring BHE support in patients <18 years old based on title and abstract. Exclusion criteria were applied: full-text availability, <10 total pediatric BHE patients, zero successful explantations from BHE, nonprimary literature, adult and pediatric results that could not be separated, and studies with overlapping patient information. Studies were analyzed with descriptive statistics.

Results

From 41 857 potential studies, 14 were analyzed with data from 58 hospitals on four continents from 1990 to 2020. There were 984 BHE patients. The most common diagnosis was dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 318, 32.3%), followed by congenital heart disease (n = 249, 25.3%). There were 85 (8.6%) children explanted with favorable outcomes. The underlying diagnosis was known in 44 (51.8%) cases: 14 (8.4%) of 166 cardiomyopathies, 17 (48.6%) of 35 myocarditis, and 12 (16.7%) of 72 with congenital heart disease were explanted. When the type of support was known, the rate of LVAD patients explanted was 21.3% (n = 19/89) and 2.4% (n = 1/42) of BiVAD patients were explanted.

Conclusion

Explantation from BHE is not uncommon at 8.6%, but significant variation exists in the explantation data reported. Myocarditis and LVAD support may be populations suitable for weaning. Standardization of reporting measures and prospective registries may help identify patients suitable for this alternative to transplant and help develop weaning protocols.

背景：柏林心脏EXCOR®（BHE）可以为严重心力衰竭的儿童搭建移植的桥梁，但有些儿童可以成功断奶，免于移植。本研究旨在确定在 BHE 支持下可成功移植的儿童的特征：方法：采用《2020 年系统综述和元分析首选报告项目》指南。结果：从 41 857 项潜在研究中，有 14 项研究表明，在 BHE 支持下，儿童可以成功地进行移植：从 41 857 项潜在研究中，分析了 14 项研究的数据，这些数据来自四大洲的 58 家医院，时间跨度为 1990 年至 2020 年。共有 984 名 BHE 患者。最常见的诊断是扩张型心肌病（318 人，占 32.3%），其次是先天性心脏病（249 人，占 25.3%）。有 85 名（8.6%）患儿接受了手术，结果良好。44例（51.8%）病例的基本诊断是已知的：166例心肌病中有14例（8.4%）、35例心肌炎中有17例（48.6%）、72例先天性心脏病中有12例（16.7%）被切除。在已知支持类型的情况下，LVAD 患者的手术切除率为 21.3%（n = 19/89），BiVAD 患者的手术切除率为 2.4%（n = 1/42）：结论：BHE 引起的心脏骤停并不少见，比例为 8.6%，但所报告的心脏骤停数据存在显著差异。心肌炎和 LVAD 支持可能是适合断血的人群。报告措施的标准化和前瞻性登记可能有助于识别适合这种移植替代方法的患者，并帮助制定断流方案。

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引用次数: 0

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Artificial organs

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