Pub Date : 2020-02-13DOI: 10.1002/047167849X.BIO033
J. Lynn
The cleaning of a solid object, i.e., the removal of unwanted foreign matter from its surface, is done by methods ranging from simple mechanical separation such as blotting or abrasion to removal by solution or selective chemical action. The term detergency is limited to systems in which a liquid bath is present and is the main cleaning component of the system. The action of the bath involves more than simple solution or simple hydraulic dislodging of soil, although both will occur and contribute to the cleaning. The cleaning is enhanced primarily by the presence in the bath of a special solute, the surfactant, that alters interfacial effects at the various phase boundaries within the system. Thus, a typical detersive system consists of a solid object to be cleaned, called the substrate, soil or dirt attached to it that is to be removed in the washing process, and a liquid bath that is applied to the soiled substrate. In turn, each of these elements can vary widely in properties and composition. The final cleaning benefit results from interaction of these elements and the conditions used, i.e., temperature, time, mechanical energy input (agitation), and, in the case of aqueous baths, the presence of hardness ions in the water. In the cleaning or washing process in a typical detersive system, the soiled substrate is immersed in or brought into contact with a large excess of the bath liquor. Enough bath is used to provide a thick layer over the whole surface of the substrate. During this stage, air is displaced from soil and substrate surfaces; i.e., they are wetted by the bath. The system is subjected to mechanical agitation, either rubbing or shaking, which provides the necessary shearing action to separate the soil from substrate and disperse it in the bath. Agitation also promotes mass transfer in the system, just as in a heterogeneous chemical reaction. The bath carrying the removed soil is drained, wiped, squeezed, or otherwise removed from the substrate. The substrate is rinsed free of the remaining soiled bath. This rinsing step determines the final cleanliness of the substrate. The cleaned substrate is dried or otherwise finished. A meaningful discussion of detergency requires a definition of clean. In the physiochemical sense, a surface is clean if it contains no molecular species other than those in the interior of the two adjoining phases. It is difficult to achieve such a state even under the most exacting laboratory conditions. Practically, a surface is clean if it has been brought to a desired state with regard to foreign matter present upon it, as judged by agreed-upon criteria. Household linen, for example, is considered clean when it is free of visible soil even though it may carry a starch and a softening finish. In the dyehouse of a textile mill, a piece of goods such as this would be rejected as dirty and returned for scouring because these finishes interfere with dyeing. Most standards for cleanness involve a vis
{"title":"DETERGENTS and detergency.","authors":"J. Lynn","doi":"10.1002/047167849X.BIO033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/047167849X.BIO033","url":null,"abstract":"The cleaning of a solid object, i.e., the removal of unwanted foreign matter from its surface, is done by methods ranging from simple mechanical separation such as blotting or abrasion to removal by solution or selective chemical action. The term detergency is limited to systems in which a liquid bath is present and is the main cleaning component of the system. The action of the bath involves more than simple solution or simple hydraulic dislodging of soil, although both will occur and contribute to the cleaning. The cleaning is enhanced primarily by the presence in the bath of a special solute, the surfactant, that alters interfacial effects at the various phase boundaries within the system. Thus, a typical detersive system consists of a solid object to be cleaned, called the substrate, soil or dirt attached to it that is to be removed in the washing process, and a liquid bath that is applied to the soiled substrate. In turn, each of these elements can vary widely in properties and composition. The final cleaning benefit results from interaction of these elements and the conditions used, i.e., temperature, time, mechanical energy input (agitation), and, in the case of aqueous baths, the presence of hardness ions in the water. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000In the cleaning or washing process in a typical detersive system, the soiled substrate is immersed in or brought into contact with a large excess of the bath liquor. Enough bath is used to provide a thick layer over the whole surface of the substrate. During this stage, air is displaced from soil and substrate surfaces; i.e., they are wetted by the bath. The system is subjected to mechanical agitation, either rubbing or shaking, which provides the necessary shearing action to separate the soil from substrate and disperse it in the bath. Agitation also promotes mass transfer in the system, just as in a heterogeneous chemical reaction. The bath carrying the removed soil is drained, wiped, squeezed, or otherwise removed from the substrate. The substrate is rinsed free of the remaining soiled bath. This rinsing step determines the final cleanliness of the substrate. The cleaned substrate is dried or otherwise finished. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000A meaningful discussion of detergency requires a definition of clean. In the physiochemical sense, a surface is clean if it contains no molecular species other than those in the interior of the two adjoining phases. It is difficult to achieve such a state even under the most exacting laboratory conditions. Practically, a surface is clean if it has been brought to a desired state with regard to foreign matter present upon it, as judged by agreed-upon criteria. Household linen, for example, is considered clean when it is free of visible soil even though it may carry a starch and a softening finish. In the dyehouse of a textile mill, a piece of goods such as this would be rejected as dirty and returned for scouring because these finishes interfere with dyeing. Most standards for cleanness involve a vis","PeriodicalId":85118,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing chemist and aerosol news","volume":"21 8 1","pages":"346-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46365814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Garlic has a long tradition as a food and as a medicinal plant. Therapeutic effects, routes of application and modes of preparation of garlic are very varied. In order to be able to assess which mode of preparation is suitable for which application, it is necessary to explain certain substance characteristics of garlic. The garlic bulb contains cysteine sulphoxides belonging to the secondary plant components. During the processing these compounds undergo a rapid enzymatic respectively non-enzymatic conversion. Depending on the mode of preparation, different substances with different effects can be found in the resulting products. Most of the data available on the chemopreventive and curative effects of garlic is based on the use of the freshly prepared garlic. Epidemiological studies prove that the risk for different malignant diseases, especially of the gastro-intestinal tract is significantly reduced by regular consumption of large amount of garlic. In numerous investigations it was possible to demonstrate different pharmacological properties, for some cysteine sulphoxides, like antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant activity. The antioxidant potential of garlic is of great interest in connection with the antiatherosclerotic and cardioprotective effects observed epidemiologically and clinically.
{"title":"Garlic.","authors":"J. Rae","doi":"10.32388/vzuyfv","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/vzuyfv","url":null,"abstract":"Garlic has a long tradition as a food and as a medicinal plant. Therapeutic effects, routes of application and modes of preparation of garlic are very varied. In order to be able to assess which mode of preparation is suitable for which application, it is necessary to explain certain substance characteristics of garlic. The garlic bulb contains cysteine sulphoxides belonging to the secondary plant components. During the processing these compounds undergo a rapid enzymatic respectively non-enzymatic conversion. Depending on the mode of preparation, different substances with different effects can be found in the resulting products. Most of the data available on the chemopreventive and curative effects of garlic is based on the use of the freshly prepared garlic. Epidemiological studies prove that the risk for different malignant diseases, especially of the gastro-intestinal tract is significantly reduced by regular consumption of large amount of garlic. In numerous investigations it was possible to demonstrate different pharmacological properties, for some cysteine sulphoxides, like antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant activity. The antioxidant potential of garlic is of great interest in connection with the antiatherosclerotic and cardioprotective effects observed epidemiologically and clinically.","PeriodicalId":85118,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing chemist and aerosol news","volume":"22 6 1","pages":"221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47278835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-06DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_36-2
J. Lachapelle
{"title":"Antiseptics and Disinfectants","authors":"J. Lachapelle","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_36-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_36-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85118,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing chemist and aerosol news","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_36-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51016666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-02DOI: 10.1002/9781119204008.ch30
James P. Catty, Dita Vadron, Andrea R. Isom
{"title":"PLANT and equipment.","authors":"James P. Catty, Dita Vadron, Andrea R. Isom","doi":"10.1002/9781119204008.ch30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119204008.ch30","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85118,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing chemist and aerosol news","volume":"21 6 1","pages":"259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/9781119204008.ch30","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50759623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PLANT and equipment.","authors":"Kevin M Gowdie","doi":"10.1108/eb034907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/eb034907","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85118,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing chemist and aerosol news","volume":"21 7 1","pages":"303-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/eb034907","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62214225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fugitive emissions in the United States have been estimated to account for upwards of 300,000 metric tonnes of industrial waste per year, making them responsible for one-third of the total organic compounds released by chemical and petrochemical plants.What's more, valves alone account for 50% of the loss in pipes and fittings. This situation is mirrored in Europe, and is likely much worse in other parts of the world where environmental standards and levels of policing are less stringent. Environmental devastation aside, petrochemical resources are becoming ever more valuable, and plants can no longer afford to operate wastefully. In addition to the visible cost of emissions, invisible costs include labor and material needed to repair leaks, wasted energy, low plant efficiency, environmental clean up and potential fines, loss of market share due to poor public perception, and, increasingly, claims due to personal injury. Industries worldwide are facing enormous pressure to establish programs that will help minimize potential harm to the environment. On the vanguard of industry regulations are two major standards, ISO15848-1 and API622, which were released in 2005 and 2006 respectively.The ISO15848-1 standard classifies valves into three tightness classes (A, B, C), with class A valves having the lowest leak rate.The API622 standard, on the other hand, classifies the packing arrangements used in the valve.
{"title":"一時的放出(fugitive emissions)を防止する","authors":"A. Michael, Ehlers Pete","doi":"10.1093/annhyg/25.4.454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/25.4.454","url":null,"abstract":"Fugitive emissions in the United States have been estimated to account for upwards of 300,000 metric tonnes of industrial waste per year, making them responsible for one-third of the total organic compounds released by chemical and petrochemical plants.What's more, valves alone account for 50% of the loss in pipes and fittings. This situation is mirrored in Europe, and is likely much worse in other parts of the world where environmental standards and levels of policing are less stringent. Environmental devastation aside, petrochemical resources are becoming ever more valuable, and plants can no longer afford to operate wastefully. In addition to the visible cost of emissions, invisible costs include labor and material needed to repair leaks, wasted energy, low plant efficiency, environmental clean up and potential fines, loss of market share due to poor public perception, and, increasingly, claims due to personal injury. Industries worldwide are facing enormous pressure to establish programs that will help minimize potential harm to the environment. On the vanguard of industry regulations are two major standards, ISO15848-1 and API622, which were released in 2005 and 2006 respectively.The ISO15848-1 standard classifies valves into three tightness classes (A, B, C), with class A valves having the lowest leak rate.The API622 standard, on the other hand, classifies the packing arrangements used in the valve.","PeriodicalId":85118,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing chemist and aerosol news","volume":"1 1","pages":"43-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75874562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-04-30DOI: 10.1039/9781847551047-00086
R. Day, E. Rowland
{"title":"PLANT and equipment.","authors":"R. Day, E. Rowland","doi":"10.1039/9781847551047-00086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781847551047-00086","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85118,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing chemist and aerosol news","volume":"21 9 1","pages":"397-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57888363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lab-on-a-chip technology is rapidly being adopted for QC of bioproducts because of its ease of use and reproducibility, say Tony Owen and Meike Kuschel, of Agilent Technologies.
{"title":"Chips with everything","authors":"T. Owen, M. Kuschel","doi":"10.1108/eb058972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/eb058972","url":null,"abstract":"Lab-on-a-chip technology is rapidly being adopted for QC of bioproducts because of its ease of use and reproducibility, say Tony Owen and Meike Kuschel, of Agilent Technologies.","PeriodicalId":85118,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing chemist and aerosol news","volume":"148 1","pages":"39-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76605238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anaemia is a disease characterised by a reduction in the number of red cells in the blood, or in the amount of the iron‐containing red pigment, haemoglobin. Various types of anaemia are known, thus macrocytic anaemia is the name given to the condition when there is an increase in the average size of the red cells in the blood. It is now known that two vitamins, viz. folic acid and vitamin B12, are involved in the prevention of some anaemias.
{"title":"VITAMIN B12; the anti-pernicious anaemia factor.","authors":"I. Sharman","doi":"10.1108/EB058668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/EB058668","url":null,"abstract":"Anaemia is a disease characterised by a reduction in the number of red cells in the blood, or in the amount of the iron‐containing red pigment, haemoglobin. Various types of anaemia are known, thus macrocytic anaemia is the name given to the condition when there is an increase in the average size of the red cells in the blood. It is now known that two vitamins, viz. folic acid and vitamin B12, are involved in the prevention of some anaemias.","PeriodicalId":85118,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing chemist and aerosol news","volume":"21 5 1","pages":"191-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/EB058668","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62050235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1970-11-01DOI: 10.1001/ARCHINTE.1970.00310110186038
R. Moser
Malignancy remains the bleakest area of therapy in medicine. Except for methotrexate in choriocarcinoma and surgical removal and local irradiation for unilateral Wilms' tumor, we hesitate to speak of cure . But shafts of light are penetrating the darkness; we have seen dramatic improvement in survival in patients with Hodgkin's disease and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Other tumors are beginning to budge from dead center where they have been entrenched since anyone can remember. The current state of chemotherapy is summarized in this excellent book edited by surgeon Warren H. Cole. With his 30 carefully selected experts, he explores the depths of cancer chemotherapy in a series of nine separate essays. Early chapters are concerned with mechanisms of action, drug treatment of leukemia, and the role of chemotherapy in lymphoma. Three chapters tackle the details of systemic chemotherapy and two discuss regional perfusion. There is a separate section on Wilms' tumor by
恶性肿瘤仍然是医学治疗中最黯淡的领域。除了绒毛膜癌的甲氨蝶呤治疗和单侧Wilms肿瘤的手术切除和局部放疗外，我们不愿谈论治愈。但一缕缕光明正穿透黑暗;我们已经看到霍奇金氏病和急性淋巴细胞白血病患者的生存率显著提高。其他肿瘤开始从死角向外移动，从任何人都能记得起，它们就在死角根深蒂固。在外科医生Warren H. Cole编辑的这本优秀的书中总结了化疗的现状。他和他精心挑选的30位专家一起，在9篇独立的文章中深入探讨了癌症化疗的深度。早期章节涉及作用机制，白血病的药物治疗，以及化疗在淋巴瘤中的作用。三章讨论全身化疗的细节，两章讨论局部灌注。关于威尔姆斯的肿瘤有一个单独的章节
{"title":"CHEMOTHERAPY of cancer.","authors":"R. Moser","doi":"10.1001/ARCHINTE.1970.00310110186038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1001/ARCHINTE.1970.00310110186038","url":null,"abstract":"Malignancy remains the bleakest area of therapy in medicine. Except for methotrexate in choriocarcinoma and surgical removal and local irradiation for unilateral Wilms' tumor, we hesitate to speak of cure . But shafts of light are penetrating the darkness; we have seen dramatic improvement in survival in patients with Hodgkin's disease and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Other tumors are beginning to budge from dead center where they have been entrenched since anyone can remember. The current state of chemotherapy is summarized in this excellent book edited by surgeon Warren H. Cole. With his 30 carefully selected experts, he explores the depths of cancer chemotherapy in a series of nine separate essays. Early chapters are concerned with mechanisms of action, drug treatment of leukemia, and the role of chemotherapy in lymphoma. Three chapters tackle the details of systemic chemotherapy and two discuss regional perfusion. There is a separate section on Wilms' tumor by","PeriodicalId":85118,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing chemist and aerosol news","volume":"53 3","pages":"18-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1001/ARCHINTE.1970.00310110186038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50616547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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