Pub Date : 2002-07-02DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000022730.66617.D9
J. Waktare
Normal Heart Electrical Activity and What Goes Wrong in AF The heart is essentially a large muscular pump that drives blood around the body. To do this effectively, the heart’s chambers must be precisely controlled electrically (Figure 1). The normal heartbeat begins with the natural pacemaker (the sinoatrial [SA] node) in the top right heart chamber (the right atrium). Activity spreads across the atria, causing them to contract. The contraction of the atria propels extra blood into the ventricles, which are the main pumping chambers. The electrical signal is delayed by about one tenth of a second by a special structure called the atrioventricular (AV) node, and then spreads rapidly across the ventricles to make them contract. Extra filling of the ventricles by the atria is not vital, but does serve to “prime the ventricular pump” and improve overall heart function. Normal heart rhythm is termed sinus rhythm. Most people have a resting heart rate of between 60 and 80 beats per minute (Figure 2). In AF, the atria contract rapidly and irregularly at rates of 400 to 600 beats per minute. Fortunately, the AV node will not allow many signals through to the ventricles; only about 1 or 2 out of every 3 atrial beats passes to the ventricles. The ventricles beat too fast, however, at rates of 110 to 180 beats per minute.
{"title":"ATRIAL fibrillation.","authors":"J. Waktare","doi":"10.1161/01.CIR.0000022730.66617.D9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000022730.66617.D9","url":null,"abstract":"Normal Heart Electrical Activity and What Goes Wrong in AF The heart is essentially a large muscular pump that drives blood around the body. To do this effectively, the heart’s chambers must be precisely controlled electrically (Figure 1). The normal heartbeat begins with the natural pacemaker (the sinoatrial [SA] node) in the top right heart chamber (the right atrium). Activity spreads across the atria, causing them to contract. The contraction of the atria propels extra blood into the ventricles, which are the main pumping chambers. The electrical signal is delayed by about one tenth of a second by a special structure called the atrioventricular (AV) node, and then spreads rapidly across the ventricles to make them contract. Extra filling of the ventricles by the atria is not vital, but does serve to “prime the ventricular pump” and improve overall heart function. Normal heart rhythm is termed sinus rhythm. Most people have a resting heart rate of between 60 and 80 beats per minute (Figure 2). In AF, the atria contract rapidly and irregularly at rates of 400 to 600 beats per minute. Fortunately, the AV node will not allow many signals through to the ventricles; only about 1 or 2 out of every 3 atrial beats passes to the ventricles. The ventricles beat too fast, however, at rates of 110 to 180 beats per minute.","PeriodicalId":86253,"journal":{"name":"The Heart bulletin","volume":"7 2 1","pages":"34-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1161/01.CIR.0000022730.66617.D9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64470028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1967-09-11DOI: 10.1001/jama.1967.03130110120049
H. Davis
ABSTRACT To the Editor:— In the QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS section of The Journal (200:1138, 1967) the discussion on treatment of the "Shoulder-Hand Syndrome" contains the following:"The literature of ten years ago contains reference to local sympathetic block; I have had no experience with this form of treatment and would be most reluctant to use it."Dr. Levine is to be commended for his frankness. However, lack of familiarity with a technique is no reason to infer that it is of no practical usefulness.In my experience, the use of nerve block—and sympathetic block is only one of several which may be applied in this situation—in conjunction with proper physiotherapy can be a very effective method of treatment for shoulder-hand syndrome resulting from a number of insults, coronary artery disease being one. Indeed, this may be an effective treatment after others have failed, which would seem to have been the
{"title":"THE SHOULDER-HAND syndrome.","authors":"H. Davis","doi":"10.1001/jama.1967.03130110120049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1967.03130110120049","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT To the Editor:— In the QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS section of The Journal (200:1138, 1967) the discussion on treatment of the \"Shoulder-Hand Syndrome\" contains the following:\"The literature of ten years ago contains reference to local sympathetic block; I have had no experience with this form of treatment and would be most reluctant to use it.\"Dr. Levine is to be commended for his frankness. However, lack of familiarity with a technique is no reason to infer that it is of no practical usefulness.In my experience, the use of nerve block—and sympathetic block is only one of several which may be applied in this situation—in conjunction with proper physiotherapy can be a very effective method of treatment for shoulder-hand syndrome resulting from a number of insults, coronary artery disease being one. Indeed, this may be an effective treatment after others have failed, which would seem to have been the","PeriodicalId":86253,"journal":{"name":"The Heart bulletin","volume":"9 1","pages":"42-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1001/jama.1967.03130110120049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50807889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF SYNCOPE.","authors":"N O FOWLER","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":86253,"journal":{"name":"The Heart bulletin","volume":"13 ","pages":"81-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1964-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"23762435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A NEW CATECHOLAMINE METABOLITE (CM) TEST FOR PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA.","authors":"R L WOLF","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":86253,"journal":{"name":"The Heart bulletin","volume":"13 ","pages":"96-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1964-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"23762440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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