Granite and marble are widely used in building construction, so possible radioactive nuclides inside them may contribute to the exposure dose to human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the natural radioactivity concentration and assess the radiological risk limits and health care. The samples of marble and granite were pulverized into small, fine, smooth pieces and counted with the GAMMA-X (GMX) spectrometer to measure the radioactivity concentrations of 238 U, 232 Th, and 40 K. The radiological dose, internal and external hazards, and radium equivalent activity were calculated with a standard formula. The results showed that the radioactive concentrations of 238 U, 232 Th, and 40 K in granite were higher than those in marble. The external hazard for granite samples was below unity, while its internal hazard exceeded unity. The radium equivalent activity did not exceed the critical legal level of 370 Bq/kg as a safe level. For marble, the external and internal hazards and radium equivalent activities showed good agreement with the safe construction level. Its external and internal hazards were less than unity, whereas the radium equivalent activities were less than the critical legal level.
{"title":"A Study on Radiation Hazard of Granite and Marble Widely Used in Jordan Using Gamma Ray Spectrometer","authors":"A. Akour, S. Shakhatreh","doi":"10.17146/aij.2022.1184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17146/aij.2022.1184","url":null,"abstract":"Granite and marble are widely used in building construction, so possible radioactive nuclides inside them may contribute to the exposure dose to human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the natural radioactivity concentration and assess the radiological risk limits and health care. The samples of marble and granite were pulverized into small, fine, smooth pieces and counted with the GAMMA-X (GMX) spectrometer to measure the radioactivity concentrations of 238 U, 232 Th, and 40 K. The radiological dose, internal and external hazards, and radium equivalent activity were calculated with a standard formula. The results showed that the radioactive concentrations of 238 U, 232 Th, and 40 K in granite were higher than those in marble. The external hazard for granite samples was below unity, while its internal hazard exceeded unity. The radium equivalent activity did not exceed the critical legal level of 370 Bq/kg as a safe level. For marble, the external and internal hazards and radium equivalent activities showed good agreement with the safe construction level. Its external and internal hazards were less than unity, whereas the radium equivalent activities were less than the critical legal level.","PeriodicalId":8647,"journal":{"name":"Atom Indonesia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48410275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. L. Wati, C. Anam, A. Nitasari, S. Syarifudin, G. Dougherty
The dose received by a patient on CT examination is expressed in size-specific dose estimates (SSDE) which is a function of the patient diameter, x-ray attenuation, and scanner output (volume computed tomography dose index, CTDIvol). Patient diameter and x-ray attenuation are represented as water equivalent diameter (Dw). We conducted the research to analyze the relationships between body weight and Dw, CTDIvol, and size-specific dose estimates (SSDE) in contrast-enhanced thorax examinations. We used images from 100 patients (50 women and 50 men patients) whose weight range from 2.8 kg to 80 kg. The values of Dw, CTDIvol, and SSDE were automatically calculated from axial CT images using the IndoseCT software. Statistical analysis showed that the patient's body weight correlates linearly with the Dw. The linearity coefficient (R2) values for body weight and Dw is 0.43 (women) and 0.55 (men). However, weight was independent of the patient dose in terms of CTDIvol and SSDE. This was because the CT system used tube current modulation (TCM), which automatically adapted the tube current to patient size, resulting in a relatively constant dose regardless of the patient size (Dw).
{"title":"Correlations Between Body Weight and Size-Specific Dose Estimate on Thoracic Computed Tomography Examination","authors":"A. L. Wati, C. Anam, A. Nitasari, S. Syarifudin, G. Dougherty","doi":"10.17146/aij.2022.1114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17146/aij.2022.1114","url":null,"abstract":"The dose received by a patient on CT examination is expressed in size-specific dose estimates (SSDE) which is a function of the patient diameter, x-ray attenuation, and scanner output (volume computed tomography dose index, CTDIvol). Patient diameter and x-ray attenuation are represented as water equivalent diameter (Dw). We conducted the research to analyze the relationships between body weight and Dw, CTDIvol, and size-specific dose estimates (SSDE) in contrast-enhanced thorax examinations. We used images from 100 patients (50 women and 50 men patients) whose weight range from 2.8 kg to 80 kg. The values of Dw, CTDIvol, and SSDE were automatically calculated from axial CT images using the IndoseCT software. Statistical analysis showed that the patient's body weight correlates linearly with the Dw. The linearity coefficient (R2) values for body weight and Dw is 0.43 (women) and 0.55 (men). However, weight was independent of the patient dose in terms of CTDIvol and SSDE. This was because the CT system used tube current modulation (TCM), which automatically adapted the tube current to patient size, resulting in a relatively constant dose regardless of the patient size (Dw).","PeriodicalId":8647,"journal":{"name":"Atom Indonesia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48162583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Sub-energy Windows’ Parameters on the Triple Energy Window Scatter Correction Method Accuracy in 99mTc SPECT Imaging","authors":"H. Saikouk, N. Khayati, A. Matrane","doi":"10.17146/aij.2022.1119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17146/aij.2022.1119","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8647,"journal":{"name":"Atom Indonesia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45995083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Hariyanti, E. Erizal, E. Mustikarani, I. Lestari, F. Lukitowati
{"title":"In Vitro Release of Metformin HCl from Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) - Gelatin Hydrogels Prepared by Gamma Irradiation","authors":"H. Hariyanti, E. Erizal, E. Mustikarani, I. Lestari, F. Lukitowati","doi":"10.17146/aij.2022.1123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17146/aij.2022.1123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8647,"journal":{"name":"Atom Indonesia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45156019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. T. Thuy, H. B. Tien, H. B. Ngọc, T. T. Kim, T. T. Ngoc
After packed into sterilized containers with a closed and rigorous process, pasteurized milk has been ensured for its hygiene and safety factors. However, distortions can occur during storage and transportation, causing the container to open, allowing harmful microorganisms to enter and damage the product. This research proposed a radiographic imaging technique to detect and evaluate the spoilage of canned pasteurized milk. The X-ray images show that the milk cans, which were left open for three days at 300 K, indicated regions with abnormal density with the smallest detectable size from 100 µm or larger. Density heterogeneity would be clearer in the following days and depending on the sample. An algorithm was developed to identify spoilage products automatically with an accuracy of up to 100 % and a speed of 0.0057 s/product. This approach may be suitable for industrial scale to control the quality of dairy products.
{"title":"Detection of Spoilage in Canned Pasteurized Milk Using the Radiographic Imaging Technique","authors":"D. T. Thuy, H. B. Tien, H. B. Ngọc, T. T. Kim, T. T. Ngoc","doi":"10.17146/aij.2022.1161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17146/aij.2022.1161","url":null,"abstract":"After packed into sterilized containers with a closed and rigorous process, pasteurized milk has been ensured for its hygiene and safety factors. However, distortions can occur during storage and transportation, causing the container to open, allowing harmful microorganisms to enter and damage the product. This research proposed a radiographic imaging technique to detect and evaluate the spoilage of canned pasteurized milk. The X-ray images show that the milk cans, which were left open for three days at 300 K, indicated regions with abnormal density with the smallest detectable size from 100 µm or larger. Density heterogeneity would be clearer in the following days and depending on the sample. An algorithm was developed to identify spoilage products automatically with an accuracy of up to 100 % and a speed of 0.0057 s/product. This approach may be suitable for industrial scale to control the quality of dairy products.","PeriodicalId":8647,"journal":{"name":"Atom Indonesia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45638956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Systematic Projected Shell Model Study of Even-Even Dysprosium Isotopes","authors":"H. Aghahasani, S. Mohammadi, Z. Sajjadi","doi":"10.17146/aij.2022.1190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17146/aij.2022.1190","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8647,"journal":{"name":"Atom Indonesia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45448496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Darlina, T. Rahardjo, H. N. E. Surniyantoro, N. Rahajeng, M. Syaifudin
{"title":"The Effects of High Level Natural Radiation in Mamuju - Indonesia on the Immune System of Its Residents","authors":"D. Darlina, T. Rahardjo, H. N. E. Surniyantoro, N. Rahajeng, M. Syaifudin","doi":"10.17146/aij.2022.1118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17146/aij.2022.1118","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8647,"journal":{"name":"Atom Indonesia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42226448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Evaluation of Fission Barrier Height by Fission Toy Model Approach","authors":"R. Kurniadi, Z. Suud, Y. S. Perkasa","doi":"10.17146/aij.2022.1154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17146/aij.2022.1154","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8647,"journal":{"name":"Atom Indonesia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48630147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Skin Dosimetric Comparison of 3DCRT and IMRT Planning for Post-Mastectomy Breast Radiotherapy","authors":"F. K. Hentihu, A. Anto, R. S. Nugroho","doi":"10.17146/aij.2022.1105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17146/aij.2022.1105","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8647,"journal":{"name":"Atom Indonesia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46490850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Khakim, F. R. Firmanda, Y. Pramono, S. Suharyana
The molten salt reactor (MSR) is a generation IV reactor with liquid fuel having nearly zero excess reactivity. Due to the very low excess reactivity, it requires a small number of control rods worth to shut down the reactor. However, as it operates at high temperatures, the core reactivity increases as the fuel temperature cools down during shutdown. In such a case, the control rods might not be able to keep the reactor at a subcritical state, and consequently, the fuel must be removed from the core for long-term shutdown into a fuel drain tank (FDT) below the core. This paper is intended to assess the shutdown capability of the first active shutdown system and fuel drain tank of ThorCon MSR by doing neutronic calculations with MCNP6. The results indicated that the control rods having reactivity worth -1.699 %dk/k are unable to maintain the core at a subcritical state as the core excess reactivity increases to +7.760 %dk/k when the fuel reaches room temperature. Therefore, the fuel must be drained to FDT to be cooled down and kept subcritical. Evaluation for various cases of FDT produced the highest multiplication factor of 0.57008 ± 0.00004 at the most conservative condition. The multiplication factor is well below the critical state of 1.0. The evaluations suggest that soon after the control rods shut the reactor down, the fuel has to be drained to FDT to maintain shutdown condition and dissipate the decay heat.
{"title":"Assessment of TMSR-500 Shutdown Capability","authors":"A. Khakim, F. R. Firmanda, Y. Pramono, S. Suharyana","doi":"10.17146/aij.2022.1145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17146/aij.2022.1145","url":null,"abstract":"The molten salt reactor (MSR) is a generation IV reactor with liquid fuel having nearly zero excess reactivity. Due to the very low excess reactivity, it requires a small number of control rods worth to shut down the reactor. However, as it operates at high temperatures, the core reactivity increases as the fuel temperature cools down during shutdown. In such a case, the control rods might not be able to keep the reactor at a subcritical state, and consequently, the fuel must be removed from the core for long-term shutdown into a fuel drain tank (FDT) below the core. This paper is intended to assess the shutdown capability of the first active shutdown system and fuel drain tank of ThorCon MSR by doing neutronic calculations with MCNP6. The results indicated that the control rods having reactivity worth -1.699 %dk/k are unable to maintain the core at a subcritical state as the core excess reactivity increases to +7.760 %dk/k when the fuel reaches room temperature. Therefore, the fuel must be drained to FDT to be cooled down and kept subcritical. Evaluation for various cases of FDT produced the highest multiplication factor of 0.57008 ± 0.00004 at the most conservative condition. The multiplication factor is well below the critical state of 1.0. The evaluations suggest that soon after the control rods shut the reactor down, the fuel has to be drained to FDT to maintain shutdown condition and dissipate the decay heat.","PeriodicalId":8647,"journal":{"name":"Atom Indonesia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42852362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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