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Reciprocity in interaction: a window on the first year of life in autism. 互动中的互惠:自闭症第一年的一个窗口。
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-05-20 DOI: 10.1155/2013/705895
Fabio Apicella, Natasha Chericoni, Valeria Costanzo, Sara Baldini, Lucia Billeci, David Cohen, Filippo Muratori

From early infancy onwards, young children appear motivated to engage reciprocally with others and share psychological states during dyadic interactions. Although poor reciprocity is one of the defining features of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), few studies have focused on the direct assessment of real-life reciprocal behavior; consequently, our knowledge of the nature and the development of this core feature of autism is still limited. In this study, we describe the phenomenon of reciprocity in infant-caregiver interaction by analyzing family movies taken during the first year of life of 10 infants with ASD and 9 infants with typical development (TD). We analyzed reciprocal behaviors by means of a coding scheme developed for this purpose (caregiver-infant reciprocity scale (CIRS)). Infants with ASD displayed less motor activity during the first semester and subsequently fewer vocalizations, compared to TD infants. Caregivers of ASD infants showed in the second semester shorter periods of involvement and a reduction of affectionate touch. These results suggest that from the first months of life a nonsynchronic motor-vocal pattern may interfere in different ways with the development of reciprocity in the primary relationship between infants later diagnosed with ASD and their caregivers.

从婴儿期开始,幼儿似乎有动机与他人互动,并在二元互动中分享心理状态。虽然互惠性差是自闭症谱系障碍(asd)的特征之一,但很少有研究关注对现实生活中互惠行为的直接评估;因此,我们对自闭症这一核心特征的本质和发展的认识仍然有限。在本研究中,我们通过分析10名ASD婴儿和9名典型发育(TD)婴儿一岁时拍摄的家庭电影,描述了婴儿与照顾者互动中的互惠现象。我们通过为此目的开发的编码方案(照顾者-婴儿互惠量表(CIRS))来分析互惠行为。与TD婴儿相比,ASD婴儿在第一个学期表现出较少的运动活动,随后也较少发声。ASD婴儿的照顾者在第二学期表现出更短的参与时间和更少的深情接触。这些结果表明,从出生的头几个月开始,一种非同步的运动-声音模式可能以不同的方式干扰后来被诊断为ASD的婴儿与其照顾者之间互惠关系的发展。
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引用次数: 36
Validation of autism spectrum quotient adult version in an Australian sample. 自闭症谱系商成人版本在澳大利亚样本中的验证。
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-05-12 DOI: 10.1155/2013/984205
J Broadbent, I Galic, M A Stokes

The Autism Spectrum Quotient is used to assess autistic spectrum traits in intellectually competent adults in both the general population and the autism spectrum community. While the autism spectrum Quotient has been validated in several different cultures, to date no study has assessed the psychometrics of the Autism Spectrum Quotient on an Australian population. The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometrics of the autism spectrum Quotient in an Australian sample of both typically developing individuals (n = 128) and individuals with autism spectrum disorder (n = 104). The results revealed that the internal consistency and the test-retest reliability were satisfactory; individuals with autism spectrum disorder scored higher on total Autism Spectrum Quotient score and its subscales than typically developing individuals; however, gender differences were not apparent on total score. Possible cultural differences may explain some of the psychometric variations found. The results of this analysis revealed that the Autism Spectrum Quotient was a reliable instrument for investigating variation in autistic symptomology in both typically developing and Autism Spectrum Disorders populations within an Australian population.

自闭症谱系商用于评估一般人群和自闭症谱系社区中智力有能力的成年人的自闭症谱系特征。虽然自闭症谱系商已经在几个不同的文化中得到了验证,但迄今为止还没有研究评估过澳大利亚人群的自闭症谱系商的心理测量学。本研究的目的是评估澳大利亚典型发展个体(n = 128)和自闭症谱系障碍个体(n = 104)的自闭症谱系商的心理测量学。结果表明,内部一致性和重测信度令人满意;自闭症谱系障碍个体在自闭症谱系商总分及其子量表上得分高于发育正常个体;然而,性别差异在总分上并不明显。可能的文化差异可以解释一些发现的心理测量差异。分析结果表明,自闭症谱系商是一种可靠的工具,用于调查澳大利亚人群中典型发展和自闭症谱系障碍人群中自闭症症状的变化。
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引用次数: 62
Epigenetics and autism. 表观遗传学和自闭症。
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-09-15 DOI: 10.1155/2013/826156
Tafari Mbadiwe, Richard M Millis

This review identifies mechanisms for altering DNA-histone interactions of cell chromatin to upregulate or downregulate gene expression that could serve as epigenetic targets for therapeutic interventions in autism. DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) can phosphorylate histone H3 at T6. Aided by protein kinase C β 1, the DNMT lysine-specific demethylase-1 prevents demethylation of H3 at K4. During androgen-receptor-(AR-) dependent gene activation, this sequence may produce AR-dependent gene overactivation which may partly explain the male predominance of autism. AR-dependent gene overactivation in conjunction with a DNMT mechanism for methylating oxytocin receptors could produce high arousal inputs to the amygdala resulting in aberrant socialization, a prime characteristic of autism. Dysregulation of histone methyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs) associated with low activity of methyl CpG binding protein-2 at cytosine-guanine sites in genes may reduce the capacity for condensing chromatin and silencing genes in frontal cortex, a site characterized by decreased cortical interconnectivity in autistic subjects. HDAC1 inhibition can overactivate mRNA transcription, a putative mechanism for the increased number of cerebral cortical columns and local frontal cortex hyperactivity in autistic individuals. These epigenetic mechanisms underlying male predominance, aberrant social interaction, and low functioning frontal cortex may be novel targets for autism prevention and treatment strategies.

这篇综述确定了改变细胞染色质的dna -组蛋白相互作用以上调或下调基因表达的机制,这可能作为自闭症治疗干预的表观遗传靶点。DNA甲基转移酶(dnmt)可以使组蛋白H3在T6位点磷酸化。在蛋白激酶C β 1的辅助下,DNMT赖氨酸特异性去甲基酶-1阻止K4处H3的去甲基化。在雄激素受体(AR)依赖基因激活过程中,该序列可能导致AR依赖基因过度激活,这可能部分解释了男性在自闭症中的优势。ar依赖基因的过度激活与甲基化催产素受体的DNMT机制相结合,可能会对杏仁核产生高唤醒输入,导致异常的社交,这是自闭症的主要特征。组蛋白甲基转移酶和组蛋白去乙酰化酶(hdac)的失调与基因中胞嘧啶-鸟嘌呤位点甲基CpG结合蛋白-2的低活性相关,可能会降低额叶皮质浓缩染色质和沉默基因的能力,自闭症患者的额叶皮质互联性降低。HDAC1抑制可以过度激活mRNA转录,这是自闭症患者大脑皮质柱数量增加和局部额叶皮质过度活跃的推测机制。这些男性优势、异常的社会互动和低功能额叶皮质的表观遗传机制可能是自闭症预防和治疗策略的新目标。
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引用次数: 32
Sensory Response Patterns in Nonverbal Children with ASD. 非语言自闭症儿童的感觉反应模式。
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-07-15 DOI: 10.1155/2013/436286
Elena Patten, Karla K Ausderau, Linda R Watson, Grace T Baranek

We sought to examine concurrent and longitudinal associations between sensory response patterns (i.e., hyperresponsiveness, hyporesponsiveness, and sensory seeking) and verbal status of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as a potential factor influencing the development of verbal communication. Seventy-nine children with ASD (verbal, n = 29; nonverbal, n = 50) were assessed using cross-sectional analyses (Study 1), and 14 children with ASD (verbal, n = 6; nonverbal, n = 8) were assessed using prospective longitudinal analyses (Study 2). Data were collected regarding sensory response patterns and verbal ability. Hyporesponsiveness and sensory seeking behaviors were associated with verbal status in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses; nonverbal children were more likely to demonstrate higher hyporesponsive and sensory seeking patterns. Hyperresponsiveness did not significantly differ between verbal and nonverbal groups in either design. Sensory hyporesponsiveness and seeking behaviors may be important factors hindering the development of functional verbal communication in children with ASD. Unusual sensory responsiveness can often be observed before the onset of speech and may yield important prognostic capabilities as well as inform early interventions targeting verbal communication or alternative communication options in young children with ASD.

我们试图研究自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)幼儿的感觉反应模式(即高反应、低反应和感觉寻求)与语言状态之间的并发和纵向关联,作为影响语言交流发展的潜在因素。79例ASD患儿(言语组,n = 29;非语言,n = 50)采用横断面分析评估(研究1),14名ASD儿童(非语言,n = 6;非语言,n = 8),采用前瞻性纵向分析(研究2)进行评估。收集有关感觉反应模式和语言能力的数据。在横断面和纵向分析中,低反应性和感觉寻求行为与语言状态有关;非语言儿童更有可能表现出更高的低反应和感官寻求模式。在两种设计中,高反应性在言语组和非言语组之间没有显著差异。感觉反应低下和寻求行为可能是阻碍ASD患儿功能性言语交际发展的重要因素。不寻常的感觉反应通常可以在说话开始之前观察到,这可能产生重要的预后能力,并为早期干预针对ASD幼儿的语言交流或其他交流选择提供信息。
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引用次数: 54
Presence of contagious yawning in children with autism spectrum disorder. 自闭症谱系障碍儿童中存在传染性打哈欠现象。
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-07-22 DOI: 10.1155/2013/971686
Saori Usui, Atsushi Senju, Yukiko Kikuchi, Hironori Akechi, Yoshikuni Tojo, Hiroo Osanai, Toshikazu Hasegawa

Most previous studies suggest diminished susceptibility to contagious yawning in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it could be driven by their atypical attention to the face. To test this hypothesis, children with ASD and typically developing (TD) children were shown yawning and control movies. To ensure participants' attention to the face, an eye tracker controlled the onset of the yawning and control stimuli. Results demonstrated that both TD children and children with ASD yawned more frequently when they watched the yawning stimuli than the control stimuli. It is suggested therefore that the absence of contagious yawning in children with ASD, as reported in previous studies, might relate to their weaker tendency to spontaneously attend to others' faces.

之前的大多数研究表明,自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童对传染性打哈欠的敏感性降低。然而,这可能是由于他们对脸部的注意力不正常造成的。为了验证这一假设,研究人员给患有自闭症谱系障碍的儿童和发育正常(TD)的儿童观看了打哈欠电影和对照电影。为了确保参与者的注意力集中在面部,眼动仪控制了打哈欠和对照刺激的开始时间。结果表明,TD 儿童和 ASD 儿童在观看打哈欠刺激时打哈欠的频率均高于对照刺激。因此,以往的研究表明,ASD 儿童的打哈欠没有传染性,这可能与他们自发关注他人面孔的倾向较弱有关。
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引用次数: 0
The Relationship between Comprehension of Figurative Language by Japanese Children with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders and College Freshmen's Assessment of Its Conventionality of Usage. 日本高功能自闭症谱系障碍儿童对比喻语言的理解与大学新生对比喻语言使用约定俗成的关系
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-10-28 DOI: 10.1155/2013/480635
Manabu Oi, Sanae Tanaka, Harue Ohoka

Unlike their English-speaking counterparts, Japanese children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASDs) perform as well as typically developing (TD) children in comprehending metaphor, despite lacking 1st order theory of mind (ToM) reasoning. Additionally, although Japanese sarcasm and "indirect reproach" appear theoretically to need 2nd order ToM reasoning, HFASD children without this comprehended these forms of language as well as TD children. To attempt to explain this contradiction, we asked college freshmen to evaluate the strangeness (unconventionality) of these types of figurative language. We aimed to test the hypothesis that metaphor, sarcasm, and "indirect reproach" might be evaluated as more conventional than irony, which children with HFASDs do not comprehend as well as those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The results for irony, metaphor, and "indirect reproach" supported the hypothesis, while those for sarcasm did not. Sarcasm is comprehended by HFASDs children as well as by TD children despite being evaluated as highly unconventional. This contradiction is discussed from a self-in-relation-to-other perspective. We postulate that a new explanation of disabilities of figurative language comprehension in children with HFASDs is needed instead of relying on a single cognitive process.

与说英语的日本儿童不同,尽管缺乏一阶心智理论(ToM)推理,但患有高功能自闭症谱系障碍(HFASDs)的日本儿童在理解隐喻方面的表现与典型发育(TD)儿童一样好。此外,虽然日语的讽刺和“间接责备”在理论上似乎需要二阶ToM推理,但没有这种推理的HFASD儿童和TD儿童一样理解这些语言形式。为了解释这种矛盾,我们要求大学新生评价这些比喻语言的陌生性(非常规)。我们的目的是验证这样一个假设,即隐喻、讽刺和“间接责备”可能被评估为比反讽更传统,而反讽是hfasd儿童不像注意缺陷多动障碍儿童那样理解的。反讽、隐喻和“间接责备”的结果支持这一假设,而讽刺的结果则不支持这一假设。hfasd儿童和TD儿童都能理解讽刺,尽管他们被认为是非常非常规的。这一矛盾从自我与他人的关系角度来讨论。我们认为需要对高语速障碍儿童比喻性语言理解障碍进行新的解释,而不是仅仅依赖于单一的认知过程。
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引用次数: 1
Awareness of autism in primary school teachers. 小学教师的自闭症意识。
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-11-30 DOI: 10.1155/2013/961595
Muhammad Mustafa Arif, Ayesha Niazy, Bilal Hassan, Farah Ahmed

Objective. To assess the knowledge and perception of primary school teachers regarding autism in private and public schools of Karachi, Pakistan. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on primary school teachers in different districts of Karachi. A sample size of 170 teachers was selected by purposive sampling. Primary data was collected using self-administered questionnaires. These questions assessed the teacher's knowledge and perception of Autism. Data was entered on SPSS version 20. Frequencies and percentages were taken out for categorical variables. Results. Of the total 170 teachers, 85 were from the Private and 85 from Public sector schools. 55% (n = 94) of the teachers knew about Autism through the media and only 9% (n = 15) had formal training through workshops on Autism. 62% (n = 105) of the teachers were of the opinion that Autism is treatable. Majority of the teachers (57%) said that proper training is required for teaching autistic children. Conclusion. The knowledge related to Autism in our existing sample has mostly come from the media. Although we cannot undermine the role of media, there is a need to give formal training to teachers regarding the differentiating features of Autism, which in turn will aid in early diagnosis of the disease.

目标。评估巴基斯坦卡拉奇私立和公立学校小学教师关于自闭症的知识和认知。方法。本文对卡拉奇不同地区的小学教师进行了横断面调查。采用目的抽样法,选取170名教师为样本。主要数据采用自填问卷收集。这些问题评估了教师对自闭症的认识和认知。数据在SPSS version 20中输入。分类变量的频率和百分比被剔除。结果。在170名教师中,85名来自私立学校,85名来自公立学校。55% (n = 94)的教师通过媒体了解自闭症,只有9% (n = 15)的教师通过自闭症研讨会接受过正式培训,62% (n = 105)的教师认为自闭症是可以治疗的。大多数教师(57%)表示,教育自闭症儿童需要适当的培训。结论。在我们现有的样本中,与自闭症相关的知识大多来自媒体。虽然我们不能削弱媒体的作用,但有必要对教师进行关于自闭症区别特征的正式培训,这反过来将有助于疾病的早期诊断。
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引用次数: 43
Early infant exposure to excess multivitamin: a risk factor for autism? 婴儿早期过量摄入多种维生素:自闭症的风险因素?
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-03-04 DOI: 10.1155/2013/963697
Shi-Sheng Zhou, Yi-Ming Zhou, Da Li, Qiang Ma

Autism, a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects boys more than girls, is often associated with altered levels of monoamines (serotonin and catecholamines), especially elevated serotonin levels. The monoamines act as both neurotransmitters and signaling molecules in the gastrointestinal and immune systems. The evidence related to monoamine metabolism may be summarized as follows: (i) monoamine neurotransmitters are enzymatically degraded/inactivated by three mechanisms: oxidative deamination, methylation, and sulfation. The latter two are limited by the supply of methyl groups and sulfate, respectively. (ii) A decrease in methylation- and sulfation-mediated monoamine inactivation can be compensated by an increase in the oxidative deamination catalyzed by monoamine oxidase, an X-linked enzyme exhibiting higher activity in females than in males. (iii) Vitamins can, on one hand, facilitate the synthesis of monoamine neurotransmitters and, on the other hand, inhibit their inactivation by competing for methylation and sulfation. Therefore, we postulate that excess multivitamin feeding in early infancy, which has become very popular over the past few decades, may be a potential risk factor for disturbed monoamine metabolism. In this paper, we will focus on the relationship between excess multivitamin exposure and the inactivation/degradation of monoamine neurotransmitters and its possible role in the development of autism.

自闭症是一种影响男孩多于女孩的神经发育障碍,通常与单胺类物质(血清素和儿茶酚胺)水平的改变有关,尤其是血清素水平的升高。单胺既是神经递质,也是胃肠道和免疫系统的信号分子。与单胺代谢有关的证据可归纳如下:(i) 单胺神经递质通过三种机制被酶降解/失活:氧化脱氨、甲基化和硫化。后两者分别受到甲基和硫酸盐供应的限制。(ii) 甲基化和硫酸化介导的单胺失活的减少可通过单胺氧化酶催化的氧化脱氨的增加来补偿,单胺氧化酶是一种 X 连锁酶,在女性中的活性高于男性。(iii) 维生素一方面可以促进单胺类神经递质的合成,另一方面又可以通过竞争甲基化和硫酸化来抑制它们的失活。因此,我们推测,在过去几十年中非常流行的婴儿早期过量摄入多种维生素可能是导致单胺代谢紊乱的潜在风险因素。在本文中,我们将重点探讨过量摄入多种维生素与单胺类神经递质失活/降解之间的关系及其在自闭症发病过程中可能扮演的角色。
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引用次数: 0
Parasympathetic response profiles related to social functioning in young children with autistic disorder. 与孤独症儿童社会功能相关的副交感神经反应。
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-09-30 DOI: 10.1155/2013/868396
Stephen J Sheinkopf, A Rebecca Neal-Beevers, Todd P Levine, Cynthia Miller-Loncar, Barry Lester

Psychophysiology studies of heart rate and heart rate variability can be employed to study regulatory processes in children with autism. The objective of this study was to test for differences in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; a measure of heart rate variability) and to examine the relationship between physiologic responses and measures of social behavior. Participants included 2- to 6-year-old children with Autistic Disorder and children without autism. Heart rate and RSA were derived from ECG recordings made during a baseline period and then a stranger approach paradigm. Social and adaptive behavior was assessed by parent report. Groups did not differ in mean heart rate or RSA at baseline or in response to social challenge. However, children with autism were more likely to show a physiologic response to intrusive portions of the stranger approach than to less intrusive portions of this procedure. Nonautistic children were equally likely to respond to intrusive and less intrusive social events. Within the autistic group, physiologic response to the intrusive stranger approach corresponded to higher ratings of social adaptive behaviors. These results suggest that physiologic responses to social challenge may help understand differences in social behavioral outcomes in children with autism.

心率和心率变异性的心理生理学研究可以用来研究自闭症儿童的调节过程。本研究的目的是检测呼吸性窦性心律失常(RSA;心率变异性的测量)和检验生理反应和社会行为测量之间的关系。参与者包括2到6岁患有自闭症的儿童和没有自闭症的儿童。心率和RSA来自基线期间的心电图记录,然后是陌生人方法范式。社会和适应行为由家长报告评估。各组在基线时的平均心率或RSA或对社会挑战的反应方面没有差异。然而,自闭症儿童更有可能对陌生人方法的侵入性部分表现出生理反应,而不是这种方法的非侵入性部分。非自闭症儿童对侵入性和非侵入性社会事件的反应是一样的。在自闭症组中,对陌生人侵入性方法的生理反应对应于更高的社会适应行为评分。这些结果表明,对社会挑战的生理反应可能有助于理解自闭症儿童社会行为结果的差异。
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引用次数: 32
Effectiveness of methylcobalamin and folinic Acid treatment on adaptive behavior in children with autistic disorder is related to glutathione redox status. 甲基钴胺和亚叶酸治疗对自闭症儿童适应行为的影响与谷胱甘肽氧化还原状态有关。
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-10-12 DOI: 10.1155/2013/609705
Richard E Frye, Stepan Melnyk, George Fuchs, Tyra Reid, Stefanie Jernigan, Oleksandra Pavliv, Amanda Hubanks, David W Gaylor, Laura Walters, S Jill James

Treatments targeting metabolic abnormalities in children with autism are limited. Previously we reported that a nutritional treatment significantly improved glutathione metabolism in children with autistic disorder. In this study we evaluated changes in adaptive behaviors in this cohort and determined whether such changes are related to changes in glutathione metabolism. Thirty-seven children diagnosed with autistic disorder and abnormal glutathione and methylation metabolism were treated with twice weekly 75 µg/Kg methylcobalamin and twice daily 400 µg folinic acid for 3 months in an open-label fashion. The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS) and glutathione redox metabolites were measured at baseline and at the end of the treatment period. Over the treatment period, all VABS subscales significantly improved with an average effect size of 0.59, and an average improvement in skills of 7.7 months. A greater improvement in glutathione redox status was associated with a greater improvement in expressive communication, personal and domestic daily living skills, and interpersonal, play-leisure, and coping social skills. Age, gender, and history of regression did not influence treatment response. The significant behavioral improvements observed and the relationship between these improvements to glutathione redox status suggest that nutritional interventions targeting redox metabolism may benefit some children with autism.

针对自闭症儿童代谢异常的治疗是有限的。以前我们报道过营养治疗可以显著改善自闭症儿童的谷胱甘肽代谢。在这项研究中,我们评估了该队列中适应性行为的变化,并确定这些变化是否与谷胱甘肽代谢的变化有关。37名诊断为自闭症和谷胱甘肽和甲基化代谢异常的儿童以开放标签的方式接受每周两次75 μ g/Kg甲基钴胺素和每天两次400 μ g叶酸的治疗,为期3个月。在基线和治疗期结束时测量Vineland适应行为量表(VABS)和谷胱甘肽氧化还原代谢产物。在治疗期间,所有VABS量表均显著改善,平均效应值为0.59,平均技能改善时间为7.7个月。谷胱甘肽氧化还原状态的更大改善与表达沟通、个人和家庭日常生活技能、人际交往、游戏休闲和应对社交技能的更大改善有关。年龄、性别和退行史对治疗反应没有影响。观察到的显著行为改善以及这些改善与谷胱甘肽氧化还原状态之间的关系表明,针对氧化还原代谢的营养干预可能对一些自闭症儿童有益。
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引用次数: 70
期刊
Autism Research and Treatment
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