Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-12-12DOI: 10.1186/s40069-024-00729-1
Zahid Hussain, Jesús D Ortiz, Seyed Arman Hosseini, Brahim Benmokrane, Antonio Nanni
The current provisions for development length in the ACI 440.11 code disregard the confinement effect provided by stirrups on the bond strength of longitudinal bars and require splice lengths that pose implementation challenges. Given the significant improvement in GFRP material properties, this study investigated the bond strength of sand-coated GFRP bars and proposed a new factor to include the effect of stirrup confinement on the bond-strength provisions. The experimental program involved 16 GFRP-reinforced concrete (RC) beams having a width of 300 mm, and depth 440 mm, consisting of two repetitions for every configuration, subjected to four-point loading. The test parameters comprised lap-splice length and stirrup spacing in the lap-spliced zone. Out of 16 GFRP-RC beams, two beams were reinforced with two M16 (No. 5) continuous bars and six with varying lap-splice lengths [i.e., 40, 60, and 80 bar diameters (db)] without confining stirrups. To evaluate the effect of confining stirrups, eight beams were reinforced with two M16 (No. 5) lap-spliced longitudinal bars (i.e., 40 and 60 db) and M13 (No. 4) stirrups spaced at 100 mm (4 in.) and 200 mm (8 in.) center-to-center. Based on experimental results, stirrup confinement clearly increased the bond strength, reduced longitudinal bar slippage, and increased splitting stress. The beams with a splice length of 60 db and stirrups on 100 mm (4 in.) centers achieved 57% higher capacity than those with the same lap-splice length but without stirrups. Further, the ACI 440.11 equation overestimated the bond strength of sand-coated GFRP bars but yielded conservative results with closely spaced stirrups. CSA S6:25 predicted bond-strength values that were close to the experimental results compared to CSA S6:19, and CSA S806:12.
{"title":"Effect of GFRP Stirrup Confinement on the Bond Strength of GFRP-RC Beams.","authors":"Zahid Hussain, Jesús D Ortiz, Seyed Arman Hosseini, Brahim Benmokrane, Antonio Nanni","doi":"10.1186/s40069-024-00729-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40069-024-00729-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current provisions for development length in the ACI 440.11 code disregard the confinement effect provided by stirrups on the bond strength of longitudinal bars and require splice lengths that pose implementation challenges. Given the significant improvement in GFRP material properties, this study investigated the bond strength of sand-coated GFRP bars and proposed a new factor to include the effect of stirrup confinement on the bond-strength provisions. The experimental program involved 16 GFRP-reinforced concrete (RC) beams having a width of 300 mm, and depth 440 mm, consisting of two repetitions for every configuration, subjected to four-point loading. The test parameters comprised lap-splice length and stirrup spacing in the lap-spliced zone. Out of 16 GFRP-RC beams, two beams were reinforced with two M16 (No. 5) continuous bars and six with varying lap-splice lengths [i.e., 40, 60, and 80 bar diameters (d<sub>b</sub>)] without confining stirrups. To evaluate the effect of confining stirrups, eight beams were reinforced with two M16 (No. 5) lap-spliced longitudinal bars (i.e., 40 and 60 d<sub>b</sub>) and M13 (No. 4) stirrups spaced at 100 mm (4 in.) and 200 mm (8 in.) center-to-center. Based on experimental results, stirrup confinement clearly increased the bond strength, reduced longitudinal bar slippage, and increased splitting stress. The beams with a splice length of 60 d<sub>b</sub> and stirrups on 100 mm (4 in.) centers achieved 57% higher capacity than those with the same lap-splice length but without stirrups. Further, the ACI 440.11 equation overestimated the bond strength of sand-coated GFRP bars but yielded conservative results with closely spaced stirrups. CSA S6:25 predicted bond-strength values that were close to the experimental results compared to CSA S6:19, and CSA S806:12.</p>","PeriodicalId":87278,"journal":{"name":"International journal of concrete structures & materials","volume":"18 1","pages":"87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11634948/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142831185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a review of 3D printing technology in medical application, materials used in 3D bioprinting, benefits, challenges as well as the future of additive manufacturing in medicine. This technology is going to revolutionize medicine, the flexibility of 3D printing allows designers to make changes easily without the need to set up additional equipment or tools. 3D bioprinting have a promising potential in organ transplantations and help to overcome in donor shortages issue. Printed highly accurate 3D model depending on the patient’s MRI or CT scans, help the surgeons to planning before surgery and have more successful operations, as well as reduce time in the operating room.
{"title":"3D printing technology in medicine - review","authors":"Marwah M. Thajeel, G. Balázs","doi":"10.32970/cs.2022.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32970/cs.2022.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a review of 3D printing technology in medical application, materials used in 3D bioprinting, benefits, challenges as well as the future of additive manufacturing in medicine. This technology is going to revolutionize medicine, the flexibility of 3D printing allows designers to make changes easily without the need to set up additional equipment or tools. 3D bioprinting have a promising potential in organ transplantations and help to overcome in donor shortages issue. Printed highly accurate 3D model depending on the patient’s MRI or CT scans, help the surgeons to planning before surgery and have more successful operations, as well as reduce time in the operating room.","PeriodicalId":87278,"journal":{"name":"International journal of concrete structures & materials","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72802171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Concrete is the second frequently used material in our planet. Being the most consumed construction material for infrastructures and buildings, the demand for concrete is very high at present and expected to have the same significance in the future. On the other hand, conventional concrete could not be considered as an environmentally friendly construction material. This comes from the perspectives of reducing natural resources, high energy consumption, and produce a huge amounts of construction waste. 3D printing construction with earth materials provide the potential solutions to reshape the construction world and answering the current demands of sustainability, energy efficiency and cost in construction. This paper presents a review of 3D printed constructions made from earth materials benefits, limitations and current applications.
{"title":"3D printing for earth construction - review","authors":"Marwah M. Thajeel, G. Balázs","doi":"10.32970/cs.2022.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32970/cs.2022.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Concrete is the second frequently used material in our planet. Being the most consumed construction material for infrastructures and buildings, the demand for concrete is very high at present and expected to have the same significance in the future. On the other hand, conventional concrete could not be considered as an environmentally friendly construction material. This comes from the perspectives of reducing natural resources, high energy consumption, and produce a huge amounts of construction waste. 3D printing construction with earth materials provide the potential solutions to reshape the construction world and answering the current demands of sustainability, energy efficiency and cost in construction. This paper presents a review of 3D printed constructions made from earth materials benefits, limitations and current applications.","PeriodicalId":87278,"journal":{"name":"International journal of concrete structures & materials","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89066717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digital production has been applied in many branches of the industry; however, the construction industry was an exception. Applying this new technology could help to reshape the construction world as we know it today. Using 3D printing technologies in construction offers significant potential to increase efficiency in terms of speed construction, waste reduction, design freedom, reduce human error as well as green building construction materials. In the current research, the authors review the structural and non-structural applications of the 3D concrete printing, as well as the potential applications, challenges, and possible solutions, respectively.
{"title":"3D concrete printing structural and non-structural solutions","authors":"Marwah M. Thajeel, Naser Alimrani, G. Balázs","doi":"10.32970/cs.2022.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32970/cs.2022.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Digital production has been applied in many branches of the industry; however, the construction industry was an exception. Applying this new technology could help to reshape the construction world as we know it today. Using 3D printing technologies in construction offers significant potential to increase efficiency in terms of speed construction, waste reduction, design freedom, reduce human error as well as green building construction materials. In the current research, the authors review the structural and non-structural applications of the 3D concrete printing, as well as the potential applications, challenges, and possible solutions, respectively.","PeriodicalId":87278,"journal":{"name":"International journal of concrete structures & materials","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80440552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Work commenced in the first half of 2019 on the newest section of the M 44, connecting Nagykőrös to Békéscsaba, between Lakitelek and Tiszakürt. A new 556-metre-long Tisza bridge was built here by A-Híd Zrt., based on the plans of Uvaterv Co. (professional designer), with a maximum span of 152 metres. The project is implemented by National Infrastructure Development Ltd., the main contractor was Duna Aszfalt Ltd. The traffic started on the superstructure in December 2021 (Fig. 1).
{"title":"Construction works of the Tisza bridge in the M44 expressway section between Lakitelek-Tiszakürt","authors":"I. Lakatos, Zoltán Kispéter","doi":"10.32970/cs.2022.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32970/cs.2022.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Work commenced in the first half of 2019 on the newest section of the M 44, connecting Nagykőrös to Békéscsaba, between Lakitelek and Tiszakürt. A new 556-metre-long Tisza bridge was built here by A-Híd Zrt., based on the plans of Uvaterv Co. (professional designer), with a maximum span of 152 metres. The project is implemented by National Infrastructure Development Ltd., the main contractor was Duna Aszfalt Ltd. The traffic started on the superstructure in December 2021 (Fig. 1).","PeriodicalId":87278,"journal":{"name":"International journal of concrete structures & materials","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81388562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asseel Al-Hijazeen, Muhammad Fawad, K. Koris, M. Salamak
Re-life of aged load-bearing structures may be more efficient and economical than complete re-building. Nowadays, the strengthening of an RC structure can be designed using non-linear FE analysis, taking a realistic structural behaviour into account. Within the current article, this process is demonstrated in connection with the strengthening of a monolithic RC slab. The slab must be strengthened due to a change of function which increases live load. To ensure satisfactory operation in SLS for increased load, the flexural strengthening of the slab by CFRP strips and bonded steel plates was considered. Static verification of the slab for original and increased loads is performed by linear FE analysis. The load-bearing capacities of the original and the strengthened slabs are also determined by non-linear FE calculation. A comparative analysis of the results highlights the effectiveness of different strengthening methods in increasing the stiffness and SLS capacity of the slab. To perform real-time monitoring of the slab in question, an SHM system is also suggested with the installation of three different types of sensors. This system increases the safety of operation and reduces future maintenance and strengthening costs.
{"title":"Strengthening and SHM system installation on RC slab using non-linear FE analysis","authors":"Asseel Al-Hijazeen, Muhammad Fawad, K. Koris, M. Salamak","doi":"10.32970/cs.2022.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32970/cs.2022.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Re-life of aged load-bearing structures may be more efficient and economical than complete re-building. Nowadays, the strengthening of an RC structure can be designed using non-linear FE analysis, taking a realistic structural behaviour into account. Within the current article, this process is demonstrated in connection with the strengthening of a monolithic RC slab. The slab must be strengthened due to a change of function which increases live load. To ensure satisfactory operation in SLS for increased load, the flexural strengthening of the slab by CFRP strips and bonded steel plates was considered. Static verification of the slab for original and increased loads is performed by linear FE analysis. The load-bearing capacities of the original and the strengthened slabs are also determined by non-linear FE calculation. A comparative analysis of the results highlights the effectiveness of different strengthening methods in increasing the stiffness and SLS capacity of the slab. To perform real-time monitoring of the slab in question, an SHM system is also suggested with the installation of three different types of sensors. This system increases the safety of operation and reduces future maintenance and strengthening costs.","PeriodicalId":87278,"journal":{"name":"International journal of concrete structures & materials","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82159328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Josef Süssmilch, L. Gric, Petr Fabián, E. Tóth-Bodrogi, S. Nehme, Attila Baranyi, K. Kopecskó
{"title":"Solidification of radioactive evaporator residues with high borate content","authors":"Josef Süssmilch, L. Gric, Petr Fabián, E. Tóth-Bodrogi, S. Nehme, Attila Baranyi, K. Kopecskó","doi":"10.32970/cs.2022.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32970/cs.2022.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87278,"journal":{"name":"International journal of concrete structures & materials","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90314140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 3D printing technologies have been initially developed in the 1980s. Currently, these technologies have become an integral part of modern product development and have been successfully applied in a wide range of industries including automotive manufacturing, biomedical, consumer, food, and construction. Since material efficiency is becoming a critical design driver in the construction industry, many strategies for improving material efficiency have been developed such as recycling materials, reusing components, reducing waste, extending life spans, etc. Furthermore, in the design phases, there are different design models that reduce the use of materials such as hollow‐core and pre‐stressing construction systems, or by applying concept of Topological Optimization. Topology optimization is a design method used in 3D printing technologies to reduce material without affecting the functionality of an object.
{"title":"Structural aspects of topology optimization in 3D printing of concrete","authors":"Naser Alimrani, Marwah M. Thajeel, G. Balázs","doi":"10.32970/cs.2022.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32970/cs.2022.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The 3D printing technologies have been initially developed in the 1980s. Currently, these technologies have become an integral part of modern product development and have been successfully applied in a wide range of industries including automotive manufacturing, biomedical, consumer, food, and construction. Since material efficiency is becoming a critical design driver in the construction industry, many strategies for improving material efficiency have been developed such as recycling materials, reusing components, reducing waste, extending life spans, etc. Furthermore, in the design phases, there are different design models that reduce the use of materials such as hollow‐core and pre‐stressing construction systems, or by applying concept of Topological Optimization. Topology optimization is a design method used in 3D printing technologies to reduce material without affecting the functionality of an object.","PeriodicalId":87278,"journal":{"name":"International journal of concrete structures & materials","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73056425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The extremal distribution is noteworthy because, unlike the normal distribution (Gaussian distribution) and t-distribution (Student distribution) prevalent in engineering, it is generally asymmetric, and therefore is well suited for modeling the actual compressive strength distribution of concrete.
{"title":"Application of the Weibull distribution to the description of the skew distribution of concrete compressive strength","authors":"Tibor Kausay","doi":"10.32970/cs.2022.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32970/cs.2022.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The extremal distribution is noteworthy because, unlike the normal distribution (Gaussian distribution) and t-distribution (Student distribution) prevalent in engineering, it is generally asymmetric, and therefore is well suited for modeling the actual compressive strength distribution of concrete.","PeriodicalId":87278,"journal":{"name":"International journal of concrete structures & materials","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86234340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review paper provides a report on the up-to-date research on the 3D printing technology for the concrete in terms of materials. It reviews the required characteristics of concrete rheology, printing process and discusses the challenges for reaching compatible mix proportions using eco-friendly binders, aggregate, and chemical admixtures. The recent research on the durability behaviour of 3D printed concrete needs future research and identification.
{"title":"3D concrete printing: Variety of aggregates, admixtures and supplementary materials","authors":"Abdel-Fattah Nabil, G. Balázs","doi":"10.32970/cs.2022.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32970/cs.2022.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"This review paper provides a report on the up-to-date research on the 3D printing technology for the concrete in terms of materials. It reviews the required characteristics of concrete rheology, printing process and discusses the challenges for reaching compatible mix proportions using eco-friendly binders, aggregate, and chemical admixtures. The recent research on the durability behaviour of 3D printed concrete needs future research and identification.","PeriodicalId":87278,"journal":{"name":"International journal of concrete structures & materials","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78920769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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