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Random Change-Point Non-linear Mixed Effects Model for left-censored longitudinal data: An application to HIV surveillance. 左删失纵向数据的随机变化点非线性混合效应模型:应用于艾滋病监测。
Binod Manandhar, Hongbin Zhang

A change-point model is essential in longitudinal data to infer an individual specific time to an event that induces a change of trend. However, in general, change points are not known for population-based data. We present an unknown change-point model that fits the linear and non-linear mixed effects for pre- and post-change points. We address the left-censored observations. Through stochastic approximation expectation maximization (SAEM) with the Metropolis Hasting sampler, we fit a random change-point non-linear mixed effects model. We apply our method on the longitudinal viral load (VL) data reported to the HIV surveillance registry from New York City.

在纵向数据中,变化点模型对于推断引起趋势变化的事件发生的具体时间至关重要。然而,一般来说,人口数据的变化点是未知的。我们提出了一种未知变化点模型,它可以拟合变化点前后的线性和非线性混合效应。我们解决了左删失观测值的问题。通过使用 Metropolis Hasting 采样器的随机近似期望最大化(SAEM),我们拟合了随机变化点非线性混合效应模型。我们将这一方法应用于向纽约市 HIV 监测登记处报告的纵向病毒载量 (VL) 数据。
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引用次数: 0
Multilevel Matching in Natural Experimental Studies: Application to Stepping up Counties. 自然实验研究中的多层次匹配:在提速县中的应用。
Niloofar Ramezani, Alex Breno, Jill Viglione, Benjamin Mackey, Alison Evans Cuellar, April Chase, Jennifer Johnson, Faye Taxman

Among many approaches for selecting match control cases, few methods exist for natural experiments (Li, Zaslavsky & Landrum, 2007), especially when studying clustered or hierarchical data. The lack of randomization of treatment exposure gives importance to using proper statistical procedures that control for individual differences. In this natural experimental study, which has a hierarchical structure, we plan to evaluate the efforts of 455 counties across the United States to make targeted efforts to improve mental health services and reduce jail utilization over time. Nested within states, counties are clustered on health and social indicators, which affect the likelihood of making improvements in these areas. Similar to a randomized trial, prior to collecting survey data, it is necessary to identify matched control counties as study sites based on an array of state and county covariates. Accounting for the hierarchal structure of data, a blend of various probability-based models are presented to achieve this goal. Methods include multivariable models that control for observed differences among treatment and control groups, shrinkage based LASSO as a variable selection technique, and logistic models.

在许多选择匹配控制案例的方法中,很少有方法用于自然实验(Li, Zaslavsky & Landrum, 2007),特别是在研究聚类或分层数据时。治疗暴露缺乏随机化,因此必须使用适当的统计程序来控制个体差异。在这个具有等级结构的自然实验研究中,我们计划评估美国455个县的努力,以有针对性地改善心理健康服务,并随着时间的推移减少监狱的利用率。县嵌套在州内,按健康和社会指标进行分组,这影响到在这些领域取得改善的可能性。与随机试验类似,在收集调查数据之前,有必要根据一系列州和县协变量确定匹配的对照县作为研究地点。考虑到数据的层次结构,提出了一种基于概率的混合模型来实现这一目标。方法包括控制治疗组和对照组之间观察到的差异的多变量模型,基于收缩的LASSO作为变量选择技术,以及逻辑模型。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptive Design in the National Immunization Survey-Teen Provider Record Check Phase. 国家免疫调查-青少年提供者记录检查阶段的适应性设计。
Xian Tao, Megha Ravanam, Benjamin Skalland, Kirk Wolter, David Yankey, Zhen Zhao

Adaptive design principles are applied to the National Immunization Survey-Teen (NIS-Teen), sponsored by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which monitors vaccination coverage of U.S. adolescents age 13-17 years. Data collection is ongoing in two phases: (1) a random-digit-dial telephone survey to interview parents/guardians with age-eligible adolescents, followed by (2) a mail survey to vaccination providers, called the provider record check (PRC), to obtain vaccination histories for the adolescents. A logistic regression model relating the probability that an Immunization History Questionnaire (IHQ) is returned for a teen-provider pair to characteristics of the adolescent, mother, household, and providers was fit. R-indicators and partial R-indicators for the PRC phase of the 2015 NIS-Teen are presented to evaluate the representativeness of response in the PRC. The indicators are visualized using interactive graphics embodied in an R Shiny application to track the real time changes. Programmatic interventions to improve representativeness are discussed, which include strategies for prompting providers and special treatment of certain subgroups.

适应性设计原则应用于由疾病控制和预防中心赞助的全国青少年免疫调查(NIS-Teen),该调查监测美国13-17岁青少年的疫苗接种覆盖率。数据收集分两个阶段进行:(1)随机数字拨号电话调查,采访适龄青少年的父母/监护人;(2)向疫苗接种提供者邮寄调查,称为提供者记录检查(PRC),以获取青少年的疫苗接种史。一个逻辑回归模型将青少年-提供者对免疫史问卷(IHQ)返回的概率与青少年、母亲、家庭和提供者的特征相关联。提出了2015年NIS-Teen中国阶段的r指标和部分r指标,以评估中国响应的代表性。指示器使用R Shiny应用程序中包含的交互式图形进行可视化,以跟踪实时变化。讨论了提高代表性的程序性干预措施,其中包括促进提供者和特定子群体的特殊治疗的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Reducing Accelerometer Data from Instrumented Vehicles. 减少来自仪表车辆的加速度计数据。
Michael O Bishop, Jeffrey D Dawson, Jennifer Merickel, Matthew Rizzo

In on-road driving behavior studies, vehicle acceleration is sampled at high frequencies and then reduced to meaningful metrics over short driving segments. We examined road test data from 65 subjects driving over a common route, as well as driving in naturalistic situations using their own vehicle. We isolated 24-second segments, then reduced the accelerometer data via two methods: 1) standard deviation (SD) within a segment, and 2) re-centering parameter from a time series model previously developed for driving simulator data. We analyzed the data via random effects models to ascertain the intraclass correlations (ICC's) of the metrics. With and without adjusting for speed, the ICC of SD within a segment tended to be much greater than the ICC of the re-centering parameter for the segment (range: 0-30% vs. 0-1%). Also, ICC's from the naturalistic driving data tended to be greater than the fixed-route data (range: 0-27% vs. 0-9%), which could reflect individuals exhibiting their more usual driving behavior in naturalistic environments. Findings illustrate the challenges of identifying meaningful driving metrics and comparing these across different epochs, road segments and research platforms.

在道路驾驶行为研究中,车辆加速度在高频率下采样,然后在较短的驾驶段内减少到有意义的指标。我们检查了65名受试者在普通路线上驾驶的道路测试数据,以及在自然情况下使用自己的车辆驾驶的数据。我们分离出24秒的片段,然后通过两种方法减少加速度计数据:1)片段内的标准差(SD)和2)从之前为驾驶模拟器数据开发的时间序列模型中重新定位参数。我们通过随机效应模型分析数据,以确定指标的类内相关性(ICC)。无论是否调整速度,段内SD的ICC往往远大于该段重新定心参数的ICC(范围:0-30% vs. 0-1%)。此外,自然驾驶数据的ICC值往往大于固定路线数据(范围:0-27% vs. 0-9%),这可能反映了个体在自然环境中表现出更常见的驾驶行为。研究结果表明,识别有意义的驾驶指标并将其在不同时代、不同路段和不同研究平台上进行比较是一项挑战。
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引用次数: 0
An Evaluation of the Impact of Using an Alternate Caller ID Display in the National Immunization Survey. 在全国免疫调查中使用替代来电显示的影响评估。
Megha S Ravanam, Benjamin Skalland, Zhen Zhao, David Yankey, Chalanda Smith

The National Immunization Surveys (NIS) include dual frame random-digit-dial telephone surveys used to monitor vaccination coverage in the United States among children age 19-35 months (NIS-Child) and adolescents age 13-17 years (NIS-Teen), and to assess influenza vaccination for children age 6 months-17 years (NIS-Flu). The surveys collect household-reported demographic and access-to-care data during telephone interviews with the survey-eligible child's parent or guardian. The parent or guardian is then asked for consent to contact the child's vaccination provider(s) to obtain a provider-reported immunization history using a mailed questionnaire. The success of the NIS relies heavily on getting a respondent to answer the telephone, and the caller ID display is the earliest opportunity to convey information to a respondent about the identity of the caller. An evaluation was conducted in Quarter 4 of 2017 to determine the impact on contact rates of using an alternate caller ID display. The caller ID for the NIS surveys was previously set to display "NORC UCHICAGO", identifying the contractor administering the surveys, with a Chicago-based telephone number. It was hypothesized that having the caller ID display the name of the more recognizable survey sponsor instead of the contractor would increase contact rates. Half of the sample was randomly flagged to display the "NORC UCHICAGO" caller ID text as a control, and the other half was flagged to display "CDC NATL IMMUN" as a treatment. This paper presents the study design, results, conclusions, limitations, and recommendations for future research.

全国免疫调查(NIS)包括双帧随机数字拨号电话调查,用于监测美国19-35个月儿童(NIS- child)和13-17岁青少年(NIS- teen)的疫苗接种覆盖率,并评估6个月-17岁儿童的流感疫苗接种情况(NIS- flu)。这些调查收集了家庭报告的人口统计和获得护理的数据,这些数据是通过电话采访符合调查条件的儿童的父母或监护人获得的。然后要求父母或监护人同意与儿童的疫苗接种提供者联系,以通过邮寄的问卷获得提供者报告的免疫接种史。NIS的成功很大程度上依赖于应答者接听电话,而来电显示是向应答者传达有关来电者身份信息的最早机会。2017年第四季度进行了一项评估,以确定使用替代来电显示对接通率的影响。NIS调查的来电显示先前设置为显示“NORC UCHICAGO”,以芝加哥为基地的电话号码确定管理调查的承包商。据推测,让来电显示显示更容易识别的调查发起人的名字,而不是承包商的名字,会增加接触率。一半的样本被随机标记为显示“NORC UCHICAGO”来电显示文本作为对照,另一半被标记为显示“CDC NATL免疫”作为治疗。本文介绍了研究的设计、结果、结论、局限性和对未来研究的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Record matching between the National Hospital Care Survey and the National Death Index. 全国医院护理调查与全国死亡指数之间的记录匹配。
Pub Date : 2015-08-01 Epub Date: 2015-08-11
Shaleah Levant, Monica Wolford

Linking the National Hospital Care Survey (NHCS) with the National Death Index (NDI) provides information on the outcomes of hospitalizations and allows for analysis of individual and provider characteristics associated with in-hospital and post-discharge mortality. We test the viability of confirming hospital mortality through the linkage of preliminary 2011 NHCS data for "known dead" inpatient discharges (i.e., patients that died during a hospitalization) with the NDI, assessing the true match rate and the quality of the match. We then expand the analysis to identify patients with a 30-, 60-, and 90-day post-discharge mortality. The true match rate for the "known dead" is 94 percent.

将国家医院护理调查(NHCS)与国家死亡指数(NDI)联系起来,提供了关于住院结果的信息,并允许分析与住院和出院后死亡率相关的个人和提供者特征。我们通过将2011年国家卫生保健服务的“已知死亡”住院患者出院(即住院期间死亡的患者)的初步数据与NDI联系起来,测试确认医院死亡率的可行性,评估真实匹配率和匹配质量。然后我们将分析扩展到确定出院后30天、60天和90天死亡率的患者。“已知死者”的真实匹配率为94%。
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引用次数: 0
An Application of Endpoint Detection to Bivariate Data in Tau-Path Order. 端点检测在tau路径序列双变量数据中的应用。
Srinath Sampath, Joseph S Verducci

The Fligner and Verducci (1988) multistage model for rankings is modified to create the moving average maximum likelihood estimator (MAMLE), a locally smooth estimator that measures stage-wise agreement between two long ranked lists, and provides a stopping rule for the detection of the endpoint of agreement. An application of this MAMLE stopping rule to bivariate data set in tau-path order (Yu, Verducci and Blower (2011)) is discussed. Data from the National Cancer Institute measuring associations between gene expression and compound potency are studied using this application, providing insights into the length of the relationship between the variables.

Fligner和Verducci(1988)对排名的多阶段模型进行了修改,以创建移动平均最大似然估计器(MAMLE),这是一种局部平滑估计器,用于测量两个长排名列表之间的阶段一致性,并提供了检测一致性端点的停止规则。本文讨论了该MAMLE停止规则在tau路径阶双变量数据集中的应用(Yu, Verducci and Blower(2011))。来自国家癌症研究所的数据测量基因表达和化合物效力之间的关联,使用该应用程序进行了研究,提供了对变量之间关系长度的见解。
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引用次数: 0
The Effectiveness of Advance Letters for Cell Telephone Samples. 手机样品预寄函件的有效性。
Benjamin Skalland, Zhen Zhao, Jenny Jeyarajah

In random digit dial (RDD) telephone surveys, advance letters mailed prior to dialing sampled telephone numbers may increase survey response rates (de Leeuw et al. 2007). The ability to mail advance letters to RDD samples relies on the availability of addresses that matched to the sampled telephone numbers. Traditionally, address matching was possible only for landline telephone samples with directory listings, which are not generally available for cell telephone numbers. It is now possible to obtain mailing addresses for a sizeable proportion of cell telephone numbers. Since cell telephone samples are now an increasingly large part of RDD telephone surveys, the use of advance letters mailed prior to dialing cell telephone numbers may result in an increase in response rates similar to those seen for landline telephone numbers. To test this possibility, mailing addresses were obtained for samples of landline and cell telephone numbers in the 2013 National Immunization Survey, a large, national, dual-frame RDD survey sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and fielded by NORC at the University of Chicago. Prior to dialing, advance letters were mailed to half of the cases in the landline and cell telephone samples with available addresses. In this study, we compared address match rates and address accuracy rates between the landline and cell telephone samples and measured the effect of the advance letter on survey response rates in the landline and cell telephone samples. We found that while advance letters had a positive effect on screener completion in the landline sample, they did not impact screener completion in the cell telephone sample. The lack of effect in the cell telephone sample may be due to a higher rate of inaccurate address matching than in the landline telephone sample: in the cell telephone sample, recently-updated addresses were found to be more accurate, and when the analysis was restricted to advance letters mailed to recently-updated addresses, the impact on screener completion in the cell telephone sample was similar to that in the landline sample. We also found that advance letters had a larger positive effect on interview completion in the landline sample, but sample sizes in the cell telephone sample for the experiment were too small to evaluate the impact on interview completion. Implications of these results for dual-frame RDD telephone surveys will be discussed.

在随机数字拨号(RDD)电话调查中,在拨打抽样电话号码之前提前邮寄信件可能会增加调查回复率(de Leeuw et al. 2007)。提前向RDD样本发送信件的能力依赖于与抽样电话号码匹配的地址的可用性。传统上,地址匹配只可能用于带有目录列表的固定电话样本,这通常不适用于移动电话号码。现在可以获得相当一部分移动电话号码的邮寄地址。由于移动电话样本现在在RDD电话调查中占越来越大的比例,在拨打移动电话号码之前使用预先邮寄的信件可能会导致回复率的增加,类似于固定电话号码的回复率。为了测试这种可能性,在2013年全国免疫调查中获得了固定电话和手机号码样本的邮寄地址,这是一项大型的全国性双框架RDD调查,由疾病控制和预防中心赞助,由芝加哥大学NORC负责。在拨打电话之前,有一半的固定电话和移动电话样本的可用地址被邮寄给了预先信件。在本研究中,我们比较了固定电话和移动电话样本之间的地址匹配率和地址准确率,并测量了固定电话和移动电话样本中预先信件对调查回复率的影响。我们发现,虽然预先信件对固定电话样本中的筛选完成有积极影响,但它们对手机样本中的筛选完成没有影响。在手机样本中缺乏效果可能是由于不准确的地址匹配率高于固定电话样本:在手机样本中,最近更新的地址被发现更准确,当分析仅限于邮寄到最近更新的地址的提前信件时,手机样本中对筛选完成的影响与固定电话样本相似。我们还发现,在固定电话样本中,提前写信对访谈完成有较大的积极影响,但在实验的手机样本中,样本量太小,无法评估对访谈完成的影响。将讨论这些结果对双帧RDD电话调查的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Negative Binomials Regression Model in Analysis of Wait Time at Hospital Emergency Department. 负二项回归模型在医院急诊科等待时间分析中的应用。
Bill Cai, Iris Shimizu

Wait time is the differences between the time a patient arrives in the emergency department (ED) and the time an ED provider examines that patient. This study focuses on the development of a negative binomial model to examine factors associated with ED wait time using the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS). Conducted by National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), NHAMCS has been gathering, analyzing, and disseminating information annually about visits made for medical care to hospital outpatient department and EDs since 1992. To analyze ED wait times, a negative binomial model was fit to the ED visit data using publically released micro data from the 2009 NHAMCS. In this model, the wait time is the dependent variable while hospital, patient, and visit characteristics are the independent variables. Wait time was collapsed into discrete values representing 15 minutes intervals. The findings are presented.

等待时间是指患者到达急诊科(ED)和ED医生检查患者的时间之间的时间差。本研究的重点是利用国家医院门诊医疗调查(NHAMCS)建立一个负二项模型来检查与急诊科等待时间相关的因素。自1992年以来,由国家卫生统计中心(NCHS)开展的NHAMCS一直在收集、分析和传播每年到医院门诊部和急诊科就诊的信息。为了分析急诊科等待时间,采用2009年NHAMCS公开发布的微观数据对急诊科就诊数据进行负二项拟合。在该模型中,等待时间为因变量,医院、患者和就诊特征为自变量。等待时间被分解为代表15分钟间隔的离散值。提出了研究结果。
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引用次数: 0
How Stable Are Top Choices Over Time? An Investigation Into Preferences Among Popular Baby Names In The United States. 热门选择的稳定性如何?美国流行婴儿姓名偏好调查》。
Srinath Sampath, Joseph S Verducci

For the problem of assessing initial agreement between two rankings of long lists, inference in the Fligner and Verducci (1988) multistage model for rankings is modified to provide a locally smooth estimator of stage-wise agreement. An extension to the case of overlapping but different sets of items in the two lists, and a stopping rule to identify the endpoint of agreement, are also provided. Simulations show that this approach performs very well under several conditions. The methodology is applied to a database of popular names for newborns in the United States and provides insights into trends as well as differences in naming conventions between the two sexes.

针对评估两个长列表排序之间的初始一致性问题,对 Fligner 和 Verducci(1988 年)多阶段排序模型的推理进行了修改,以提供一个局部平稳的阶段性一致性估计值。此外,还对两个列表中重叠但不同的项目集的情况进行了扩展,并提供了一个停止规则来确定一致性的终点。模拟结果表明,这种方法在一些条件下表现非常出色。该方法适用于美国新生儿流行姓名数据库,可帮助人们深入了解男女命名习惯的趋势和差异。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Proceedings. American Statistical Association. Annual Meeting
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