Pub Date : 2023-01-13DOI: 10.3101/KYAC-83-01-02-06
William L. Lynch
ABSTRACT Black and turkey vultures inhabit all environs of Kentucky, yet nest sites are seldom reported. In this study, 44 nest locations of black vultures (Coragyps atratus) and turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) were recorded in north-central and south-central Kentucky, U.S.A., between 1999 and 2022. Black vultures comprised 65% of the nests found. For both species combined, 64% of the nests were in artificial structures. Artificial structures represented 82% of the black vulture nests and 31% of the turkey vulture nests. Black and turkey vulture nests averaged 481 and 987 m from human dwellings or activity. However, black vultures nested within 91 m, and turkey vultures had a nest 27 m from human activity. Abandoned houses and barns may provide a competitive advantage for black vultures over turkey vultures regarding nesting opportunities.
{"title":"Black Vulture and Turkey Vulture Nesting Habits in North and South-Central Kentucky","authors":"William L. Lynch","doi":"10.3101/KYAC-83-01-02-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3101/KYAC-83-01-02-06","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Black and turkey vultures inhabit all environs of Kentucky, yet nest sites are seldom reported. In this study, 44 nest locations of black vultures (Coragyps atratus) and turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) were recorded in north-central and south-central Kentucky, U.S.A., between 1999 and 2022. Black vultures comprised 65% of the nests found. For both species combined, 64% of the nests were in artificial structures. Artificial structures represented 82% of the black vulture nests and 31% of the turkey vulture nests. Black and turkey vulture nests averaged 481 and 987 m from human dwellings or activity. However, black vultures nested within 91 m, and turkey vultures had a nest 27 m from human activity. Abandoned houses and barns may provide a competitive advantage for black vultures over turkey vultures regarding nesting opportunities.","PeriodicalId":88551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87224470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Bat species associated with the Lilley Cornett Woods Appalachian Ecological Research Station (LCW) were documented over two field seasons. Mist netting was conducted during July 2009 [13 net nights], whereas acoustical monitoring was conducted from May–August 2010, with sampling occurring continuously for 85 nights. A total of 26 individuals, representing 5 species were captured: little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus; n = 11), tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus; n = 6), northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis; n = 6), big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus; n = 2), hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus; n = 1). There were 34,425 identified echolocation passes identifying 9 different bat species, i.e., tricolored bat, little brown bat, northern long-eared bat, big brown bat, Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis), gray bat (Myotis grisescens), eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), eastern small-footed bat (Myotis leibii), and evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis)]. Multiple species detected at LCW have been classified by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) as endangered (Indiana bat and gray bat) and threatened (northern long-eared bat). Since it was first detected, WNS has spread rapidly across North America and is associated with host mortality of >90%. We strongly recommend the Chiropteran community at LCW be resurveyed to assess the impacts of WNS, and that a passive acoustical monitoring program be developed and integrated into the area's long-term management plan.
{"title":"A Survey of Bats at Lilley Cornett Woods Appalachian Ecological Research Station, Letcher County, Kentucky, before the Arrival of White-nosed Syndrome","authors":"Lindsay R. Avilla, Brooke Hines, C. L. Elliott","doi":"10.3101/kyac-83-01-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3101/kyac-83-01-02","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Bat species associated with the Lilley Cornett Woods Appalachian Ecological Research Station (LCW) were documented over two field seasons. Mist netting was conducted during July 2009 [13 net nights], whereas acoustical monitoring was conducted from May–August 2010, with sampling occurring continuously for 85 nights. A total of 26 individuals, representing 5 species were captured: little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus; n = 11), tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus; n = 6), northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis; n = 6), big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus; n = 2), hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus; n = 1). There were 34,425 identified echolocation passes identifying 9 different bat species, i.e., tricolored bat, little brown bat, northern long-eared bat, big brown bat, Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis), gray bat (Myotis grisescens), eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), eastern small-footed bat (Myotis leibii), and evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis)]. Multiple species detected at LCW have been classified by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) as endangered (Indiana bat and gray bat) and threatened (northern long-eared bat). Since it was first detected, WNS has spread rapidly across North America and is associated with host mortality of >90%. We strongly recommend the Chiropteran community at LCW be resurveyed to assess the impacts of WNS, and that a passive acoustical monitoring program be developed and integrated into the area's long-term management plan.","PeriodicalId":88551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science","volume":"29 1","pages":"1 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74930424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT High-elevation wetlands of the Cumberland Mountains physiographic province hold high conservation priority due to their relative rarity, with little knowledge in the literature related to amphibians' use of these high-elevation habitats. Therefore, forest and wildlife managers have few data to use when designing management guidelines for these habitats. We sampled five high-elevation wetlands across Pine and Cumberland mountains along the Virginia-Kentucky border, United States of America to address gaps in knowledge about these habitats and their use by amphibians. We inventoried amphibian diversity at five wetlands using visual encounter and auditory surveys. We used standardized, area-constrained visual encounter surveys that consisted of searches of all available cover objects within a 10 m buffer of the wetland margin to inventory amphibian taxa at each site. We also used automated digital recorders to record auditory call data from anuran (frogs and toads) taxa. We encountered 18 total amphibian species (eight anuran and ten salamander species), recording numerous occurrences of some species, such as Mud Salamanders (Pseudotriton montanus Baird), that have previously been assumed to be absent from high-elevation wetlands in the Appalachian region. Statistical analyses further indicated high disparity in amphibian biodiversity between sites. Our results indicate that these wetlands should be of high conservation concern and should be given priority in regional habitat management efforts.
{"title":"Amphibian Diversity Associated With High-Elevation Wetlands Within the Cumberland Mountains Physiographic Province","authors":"Isabelle Romans, W. H. Smith","doi":"10.3101/kyac-83-01-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3101/kyac-83-01-05","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT High-elevation wetlands of the Cumberland Mountains physiographic province hold high conservation priority due to their relative rarity, with little knowledge in the literature related to amphibians' use of these high-elevation habitats. Therefore, forest and wildlife managers have few data to use when designing management guidelines for these habitats. We sampled five high-elevation wetlands across Pine and Cumberland mountains along the Virginia-Kentucky border, United States of America to address gaps in knowledge about these habitats and their use by amphibians. We inventoried amphibian diversity at five wetlands using visual encounter and auditory surveys. We used standardized, area-constrained visual encounter surveys that consisted of searches of all available cover objects within a 10 m buffer of the wetland margin to inventory amphibian taxa at each site. We also used automated digital recorders to record auditory call data from anuran (frogs and toads) taxa. We encountered 18 total amphibian species (eight anuran and ten salamander species), recording numerous occurrences of some species, such as Mud Salamanders (Pseudotriton montanus Baird), that have previously been assumed to be absent from high-elevation wetlands in the Appalachian region. Statistical analyses further indicated high disparity in amphibian biodiversity between sites. Our results indicate that these wetlands should be of high conservation concern and should be given priority in regional habitat management efforts.","PeriodicalId":88551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science","volume":"77 1","pages":"1 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83945803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ellen R. Tierney, Mackenzie N. Graebe, Aidan E. O'Brien, Colin W. Bullock, J. Krupa
ABSTRACT Hazeldell Nature Preserve is a rare ecosystem on the Highland Rim of south-central Kentucky. It is the only state-protected site of its kind. This preserve is comprised of two distinct plant communities, including wet flatwoods and wet meadow. Despite its uniqueness, no ecological studies have been conducted on mammals in the past. Currently, two separate studies are underway on mammals. Here we present the results from the first of these that used camera traps set in the wet flatwoods community from 1 February to 28 March 2020. A total of 34,071 photos were taken with 553 having images of 12 species of mammals. The four most photographed species were eastern gray squirrel, Virginia opossum, white-footed deermouse, and white-tailed deer. These four species appeared in 91% of photos. The remaining 49 photos were of eight species including: eastern cottontail, coyote, bobcat, northern raccoon, striped skunk, southern flying squirrel, common gray fox, and eastern fox squirrel. Woodchuck and eastern chipmunk were not photographed during the study, yet each have ranges that include the preserve. These burrowers may avoid the preserve because of the secondary water table and saturated soil that occur during extended periods. The results of this study serve as baseline data for comparison to future camera trapping. Continued photo documentation will be used to identify changes in the mammal species composition of the preserve caused by species range changes in response to various factors, including habitat fragmentation and climate change.
{"title":"Mammals of Hazeldell Nature Preserve, Pulaski County, Kentucky: A Rare Highland Rim Ecosystem","authors":"Ellen R. Tierney, Mackenzie N. Graebe, Aidan E. O'Brien, Colin W. Bullock, J. Krupa","doi":"10.3101/kyac-83-01-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3101/kyac-83-01-01","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Hazeldell Nature Preserve is a rare ecosystem on the Highland Rim of south-central Kentucky. It is the only state-protected site of its kind. This preserve is comprised of two distinct plant communities, including wet flatwoods and wet meadow. Despite its uniqueness, no ecological studies have been conducted on mammals in the past. Currently, two separate studies are underway on mammals. Here we present the results from the first of these that used camera traps set in the wet flatwoods community from 1 February to 28 March 2020. A total of 34,071 photos were taken with 553 having images of 12 species of mammals. The four most photographed species were eastern gray squirrel, Virginia opossum, white-footed deermouse, and white-tailed deer. These four species appeared in 91% of photos. The remaining 49 photos were of eight species including: eastern cottontail, coyote, bobcat, northern raccoon, striped skunk, southern flying squirrel, common gray fox, and eastern fox squirrel. Woodchuck and eastern chipmunk were not photographed during the study, yet each have ranges that include the preserve. These burrowers may avoid the preserve because of the secondary water table and saturated soil that occur during extended periods. The results of this study serve as baseline data for comparison to future camera trapping. Continued photo documentation will be used to identify changes in the mammal species composition of the preserve caused by species range changes in response to various factors, including habitat fragmentation and climate change.","PeriodicalId":88551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science","volume":"7 1","pages":"1 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90084646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-28DOI: 10.3101/1098-7096-82.1.32
M. V. D. dela Cerna, R. Garcia, A. Guidote, Gil C. Claudio
ABSTRACT Carrageenan gelation is characterized by a coil-to-helix transition. The conformation the polymer adopts in solution, however, is not yet fully understood at the molecular level. Here, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out on two possible conformations of ι-carrageenan hexamers – a single helix and a double helix. All-atom simulations were carried out using the Carbohydrate Solution Force Field (CSFF) in explicit water (SPC). Dihedral angle distributions from simulations of the single helix and the individual chains of the double helix were compared revealing similarity between these conformations. In the case of the double helix, an overall attractive interaction has been calculated between the two chains, possibly due to contribution from sulfate groups and hydroxyl groups, preventing it from unravelling. Simulation calculations revealed no significant difference in the total energy of the single helical and double helical carrageenan in equivalent systems indicating no strong preference by the polymer to adopt one configuration over the other. It is suggested that the double helix can form in solution due to the dihedral angle conformation within the single helices and is stabilized by attractive interactions identified. An increased understanding of gelation process, including the coil-to-helix transition, in carrageenans can allow for the development of processing methods to control their properties for specific applications.
{"title":"Molecular Dynamics Simulation of an ι-Carrageenan Hexamer as Single and Double Helices","authors":"M. V. D. dela Cerna, R. Garcia, A. Guidote, Gil C. Claudio","doi":"10.3101/1098-7096-82.1.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3101/1098-7096-82.1.32","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Carrageenan gelation is characterized by a coil-to-helix transition. The conformation the polymer adopts in solution, however, is not yet fully understood at the molecular level. Here, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out on two possible conformations of ι-carrageenan hexamers – a single helix and a double helix. All-atom simulations were carried out using the Carbohydrate Solution Force Field (CSFF) in explicit water (SPC). Dihedral angle distributions from simulations of the single helix and the individual chains of the double helix were compared revealing similarity between these conformations. In the case of the double helix, an overall attractive interaction has been calculated between the two chains, possibly due to contribution from sulfate groups and hydroxyl groups, preventing it from unravelling. Simulation calculations revealed no significant difference in the total energy of the single helical and double helical carrageenan in equivalent systems indicating no strong preference by the polymer to adopt one configuration over the other. It is suggested that the double helix can form in solution due to the dihedral angle conformation within the single helices and is stabilized by attractive interactions identified. An increased understanding of gelation process, including the coil-to-helix transition, in carrageenans can allow for the development of processing methods to control their properties for specific applications.","PeriodicalId":88551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science","volume":"2014 1","pages":"32 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73720146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-28DOI: 10.3101/1098-7096-82.1.42
W. G. Wells, Joshua Alvarez
ABSTRACT The epizoic occurrence of Compsopogon coeruleus (red alga) on Lernaea (Copepoda) has been only reported once in North America. This occurrence was observed from five minnow species parasitized by Lernaea at Mud River, Butler County, Kentucky. We report a second occurrence of this phenomenon from one blacktail shiner (Cyprinella venusta) and one ribbon shiner (Lythrurus fumeus) from the Obion Creek Drainage in Hickman County, Kentucky. An infestation of Lernaea is harmful and potentially fatal to fish; however, it is unknown if C. coeruleus is harmful to either Lernaea or fish.
{"title":"Occurrence of Compsopogon coeruleus (red alga) on Lernaea (Copepoda) from Fishes in the Obion Creek Drainage, Hickman County, Kentucky","authors":"W. G. Wells, Joshua Alvarez","doi":"10.3101/1098-7096-82.1.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3101/1098-7096-82.1.42","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The epizoic occurrence of Compsopogon coeruleus (red alga) on Lernaea (Copepoda) has been only reported once in North America. This occurrence was observed from five minnow species parasitized by Lernaea at Mud River, Butler County, Kentucky. We report a second occurrence of this phenomenon from one blacktail shiner (Cyprinella venusta) and one ribbon shiner (Lythrurus fumeus) from the Obion Creek Drainage in Hickman County, Kentucky. An infestation of Lernaea is harmful and potentially fatal to fish; however, it is unknown if C. coeruleus is harmful to either Lernaea or fish.","PeriodicalId":88551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science","volume":"24 1","pages":"42 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91310012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-10DOI: 10.3101/1098-7096-82.1.13
Jesse A. Tussing, John E. Copeland
ABSTRACT Freshwater sponges are common inhabitants of rivers, streams, and lakes, but little information exists for the freshwater sponges of Kentucky. During 26 and 27 July 2016, a survey was conducted in the recreational section of the wild and scenic Red River. Thirty-three sponge specimens were collected at five sites from which Radiospongilla crateriformis, Spongilla lacustris, and Trochospongilla horrida were identified. Due to its hydrographic diversity and the considerable diversity of other aquatic fauna, we expect future surveys will reveal Kentucky rivers and streams to support a rich and diversified sponge fauna.
{"title":"Freshwater Sponges (Porifera: Spongillidae) of the Wild and Scenic Red River, Kentucky","authors":"Jesse A. Tussing, John E. Copeland","doi":"10.3101/1098-7096-82.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3101/1098-7096-82.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Freshwater sponges are common inhabitants of rivers, streams, and lakes, but little information exists for the freshwater sponges of Kentucky. During 26 and 27 July 2016, a survey was conducted in the recreational section of the wild and scenic Red River. Thirty-three sponge specimens were collected at five sites from which Radiospongilla crateriformis, Spongilla lacustris, and Trochospongilla horrida were identified. Due to its hydrographic diversity and the considerable diversity of other aquatic fauna, we expect future surveys will reveal Kentucky rivers and streams to support a rich and diversified sponge fauna.","PeriodicalId":88551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science","volume":"19 73 1","pages":"13 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82170620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-17DOI: 10.3101/1098-7096-82.1.1
Hannah E. Brewer, W. Gonzalez-Espada, Robert D. Boram
ABSTRACT More than half of the entering college freshmen who declare STEM majors switch out of them, especially in quantitative disciplines. This study analyzed survey data from high school science teachers and interviews with college students who switched out of quantitative STEM (Q-STEM) majors to identify (a) pull factors associated with the selection of an original Q-STEM major, (b) key events that college students experienced in their original major, and (c) push factors that contributed to the college students' decision to leave STEM. Results showed that STEM interest was associated with love for the disciplines, high school teacher encouragement, and success in academic coursework. Upon entering college, students faced a number of academic, personal, and faculty-student interaction obstacles that made students feel inadequate, unprepared and overwhelmed, resulting in them switching out of Q-STEM. Implications for student success in STEM were discussed.
{"title":"Student Retention in Quantitative STEM Majors: Science Teachers and College Students' Perceptions of Push and Pull Factors","authors":"Hannah E. Brewer, W. Gonzalez-Espada, Robert D. Boram","doi":"10.3101/1098-7096-82.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3101/1098-7096-82.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT More than half of the entering college freshmen who declare STEM majors switch out of them, especially in quantitative disciplines. This study analyzed survey data from high school science teachers and interviews with college students who switched out of quantitative STEM (Q-STEM) majors to identify (a) pull factors associated with the selection of an original Q-STEM major, (b) key events that college students experienced in their original major, and (c) push factors that contributed to the college students' decision to leave STEM. Results showed that STEM interest was associated with love for the disciplines, high school teacher encouragement, and success in academic coursework. Upon entering college, students faced a number of academic, personal, and faculty-student interaction obstacles that made students feel inadequate, unprepared and overwhelmed, resulting in them switching out of Q-STEM. Implications for student success in STEM were discussed.","PeriodicalId":88551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science","volume":"4 1","pages":"1 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81614705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-05DOI: 10.3101/1098-7096-81.1.23
Kimberly H. Breitenbecher, Jessica Sellers
{"title":"Evaluation of Psychological Techniques for Coping with Acute Pain","authors":"Kimberly H. Breitenbecher, Jessica Sellers","doi":"10.3101/1098-7096-81.1.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3101/1098-7096-81.1.23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49530577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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