The origins of the Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH can be traced to events that occurred in the early 20th century. From its beginning to the present, as the laboratory evolved through several organizational changes, many important historical contributions to organic chemistry and biochemistry were made. For example, its early precursor, the Division of Chemistry of the Hygienic Laboratory, was assigned the responsibility of safeguarding public health by analyzing environmental and other chemical risks. This review will trace important developments from the early twentieth century to the present. The topics covered in this review include a historical synopsis, early work on receptors, carbohydrates, heterocycles and nucleotides, with specific emphasis on frog skin alkaloids, the NIH shift (a transfer of an aromatic hydrogen atom to a neighboring ring position during ring hydroxylation, important in the biochemical processing of aromatic substrates), the methionine-specific cleavage of proteins using cyanogen bromide (used commercially and in peptide research) as well as other fundamental contributions. Ongoing research in medicinal chemistry, natural products, biochemistry, vaccines and pharmacology, some leading to clinical applications, will be discussed.
{"title":"History of Chemistry in the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).","authors":"Kenneth L Kirk, Kenneth A Jacobson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The origins of the Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH can be traced to events that occurred in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century. From its beginning to the present, as the laboratory evolved through several organizational changes, many important historical contributions to organic chemistry and biochemistry were made. For example, its early precursor, the Division of Chemistry of the Hygienic Laboratory, was assigned the responsibility of safeguarding public health by analyzing environmental and other chemical risks. This review will trace important developments from the early twentieth century to the present. The topics covered in this review include a historical synopsis, early work on receptors, carbohydrates, heterocycles and nucleotides, with specific emphasis on frog skin alkaloids, the NIH shift (a transfer of an aromatic hydrogen atom to a neighboring ring position during ring hydroxylation, important in the biochemical processing of aromatic substrates), the methionine-specific cleavage of proteins using cyanogen bromide (used commercially and in peptide research) as well as other fundamental contributions. Ongoing research in medicinal chemistry, natural products, biochemistry, vaccines and pharmacology, some leading to clinical applications, will be discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":89104,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin for the history of chemistry","volume":"39 2","pages":"150-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4581437/pdf/nihms666646.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34039598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
French organic chemistry had a strong nationalistic bent in the immediate aftermath to World War II. It continued to bask in the glow of the pre-World War I Nobel prize awarded jointly in 1912 to Victor Grignard and Paul Sabatier. In addition, the influence of the two mandarins then in power, Charles Prévost at the Sorbonne and Albert Kirrmann, a Dean in Strasbourg who would be called upon as vice-director at the École normale supérieure in Paris, saw to it that the only theory of organic reactions, admissible in the classroom and in the laboratory, was Prévost's. As Mary Jo Nye has shown, a wall was erected against penetration of the ideas of the British school of Ingold and Hughes. Mechanistic chemistry, as was being vigorously studied by the contemporary Anglo-American physical organic chemists, was 'persona non grata' in France. Publication by Bianca Tchoubar, in 1960, of "Les mécanismes réactionnels en chimie organique" opened a breach. The irony was for Dr. Tchoubar, a militant member of the Communist Party and a lady of fierce opinions, to have become a propagandist for the Anglo-American school of mechanistic studies. Truth for her overruled political propaganda. Her little book was revolutionary in the French context of the times. Together with the GECO (Groupe d'étude de chimie organique) summer conferences pioneered by Guy Ourisson after his return from Harvard, it ushered in the new ideas. This historical essay, based on an in-depth study of Tchoubar's book, will include a portrait of this remarkable woman scientist. It will delve at some length into the renewal of French science initiated by De Gaulle's government after his return to power in 1958. The tension in the French scientific establishment of the sixties reflected two opposed versions of nationalism, the one conservative, Malthusian, inner-directed, the other forward-looking, eager for the recovery of national status, seeing a strong French science as a means for asserting national identity and independence from the two world power blocs.
第二次世界大战后，法国的有机化学具有强烈的民族主义倾向。它继续沐浴在1912年第一次世界大战前的诺贝尔奖的光辉中，诺贝尔奖是由维克多·格列格纳和保罗·萨巴蒂尔共同获得的。此外，当时掌权的两位官员，索邦大学的查尔斯·普莱姆沃斯特和斯特拉斯堡的教务长阿尔伯特·科尔曼(后来被任命为巴黎École normale supsamrieure的副主任)的影响，确保了有机反应的唯一理论，在课堂上和实验室中都是普莱姆沃斯特的理论。正如玛丽•乔•奈(Mary Jo Nye)所表明的那样，英国英戈尔德(Ingold)和休斯(Hughes)学派思想的渗透被竖起了一堵墙。机械化学，作为当时英美物理有机化学家大力研究的对象，在法国是“不受欢迎的人”。比安卡·楚巴尔(Bianca Tchoubar)在1960年出版的《Les mcamcanismes recamactionnels en chimie organque》揭开了一个突破口。具有讽刺意味的是，作为一名激进的共产党员和一位观点激烈的女士，朱巴尔博士却成了英美机械学研究学派的宣传员。真相对她来说压倒了政治宣传。她的小书在当时的法国语境中是革命性的。盖伊•欧瑞松(Guy Ourisson)从哈佛大学(Harvard)回来后开创了GECO (Groupe d' chimie organize)夏季会议，与之一起开创了新的理念。这篇历史文章基于对楚巴尔著作的深入研究，将包括这位杰出女科学家的肖像。该书将深入探讨1958年戴高乐政府重新掌权后发起的法国科学复兴。六十年代法国科学界的紧张局势反映了两种对立的民族主义，一种是保守的，马尔萨斯主义的，内向型的，另一种是前瞻性的，渴望恢复国家地位，将强大的法国科学视为维护国家认同和独立于两个世界大国集团的手段。
{"title":"How an Anglo-American methodology took root in France.","authors":"Pierre Laszlo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>French organic chemistry had a strong nationalistic bent in the immediate aftermath to World War II. It continued to bask in the glow of the pre-World War I Nobel prize awarded jointly in 1912 to Victor Grignard and Paul Sabatier. In addition, the influence of the two mandarins then in power, Charles Prévost at the Sorbonne and Albert Kirrmann, a Dean in Strasbourg who would be called upon as vice-director at the École normale supérieure in Paris, saw to it that the only theory of organic reactions, admissible in the classroom and in the laboratory, was Prévost's. As Mary Jo Nye has shown, a wall was erected against penetration of the ideas of the British school of Ingold and Hughes. Mechanistic chemistry, as was being vigorously studied by the contemporary Anglo-American physical organic chemists, was 'persona non grata' in France. Publication by Bianca Tchoubar, in 1960, of \"Les mécanismes réactionnels en chimie organique\" opened a breach. The irony was for Dr. Tchoubar, a militant member of the Communist Party and a lady of fierce opinions, to have become a propagandist for the Anglo-American school of mechanistic studies. Truth for her overruled political propaganda. Her little book was revolutionary in the French context of the times. Together with the GECO (Groupe d'étude de chimie organique) summer conferences pioneered by Guy Ourisson after his return from Harvard, it ushered in the new ideas. This historical essay, based on an in-depth study of Tchoubar's book, will include a portrait of this remarkable woman scientist. It will delve at some length into the renewal of French science initiated by De Gaulle's government after his return to power in 1958. The tension in the French scientific establishment of the sixties reflected two opposed versions of nationalism, the one conservative, Malthusian, inner-directed, the other forward-looking, eager for the recovery of national status, seeing a strong French science as a means for asserting national identity and independence from the two world power blocs.</p>","PeriodicalId":89104,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin for the history of chemistry","volume":"36 2","pages":"75-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30474685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The rise and fall of domestic chemistry in higher education in England during the early 20th century.","authors":"Marelene Rayner-Canham, Geoff Rayner-Canham","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89104,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin for the history of chemistry","volume":"36 1","pages":"35-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40109408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"\"Notitia CŒrulei Berolinensis Nuper Inventi\" on the 300th anniversary of the first publication on Prussian blue.","authors":"Alexander Kraft","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89104,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin for the history of chemistry","volume":"36 1","pages":"3-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40109405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Benjamin Silliman Jr.'s 1874 papers: American contributions to chemistry.","authors":"Martin D Saltzman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89104,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin for the history of chemistry","volume":"36 1","pages":"22-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40109407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Do historians or chemists write better history of chemistry? (1).","authors":"Seymour H Mauskopf","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89104,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin for the history of chemistry","volume":"36 2","pages":"61-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30474683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chemistry in English academic girls' schools, 1880-1930.","authors":"Marelene Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey Rayner-Canham","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89104,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin for the history of chemistry","volume":"36 2","pages":"68-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30474684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Physical chemistry before Ostwald: the textbooks of Josiah Parsons Cooke.","authors":"William B Jensen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89104,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin for the history of chemistry","volume":"36 1","pages":"10-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40109406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Denison-Hackh structure symbols: a forgotten episode in the teaching of organic chemistry.","authors":"William B Jensen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89104,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin for the history of chemistry","volume":"36 1","pages":"43-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40109409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Celebrating our diversity. The education of some pioneering African American chemists in Ohio.","authors":"Sibrina N Collins","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89104,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin for the history of chemistry","volume":"36 2","pages":"82-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30474686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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