Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10611983.2018.1620030
V. Stepanov
The Russo-Turkish War (the Second Eastern War) of 1877–1878 was an epoch-making event in Russian history. It led to the liberation of the Balkan peoples from the Ottoman yoke and to major paradigm shifts in the international arena. During that campaign, a rift emerged in Russia’s relations with Germany and Austria-Hungary, after which the negotiations of 1881 and 1884 to restore the League of the Three Emperors [Dreikaiserbund] and keep up its arrangements and the talks leading to the Reinsurance Treaty [Rückversicherungsvertrag] of 1887 resulted in only a temporary reconciliation between the erstwhile partners. The war had initiated a change in Russia’s foreign-policy priorities that was expressed in an escalating standoff with neighboring empires and a transition to strategic cooperation with France. It also brought about significant changes within Russia. The diplomatic defeat at the Congress of Berlin [held in June and July 1878.—Trans.] bred social disenchantment and remorse about the war’s heavy loss of life and huge material outlays. This fostered an oppositionist mentality in the populace at large and served to energize the liberal movement and amplify radical activity. The hardships of war led to an exacerbation of social tensions in town and countryside alike. Amid the growing sense of having nowhere to turn that was besetting the upper echelons, the need to continue and complete the Great Reforms
{"title":"The Russo–Turkish War, 1877–1878","authors":"V. Stepanov","doi":"10.1080/10611983.2018.1620030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611983.2018.1620030","url":null,"abstract":"The Russo-Turkish War (the Second Eastern War) of 1877–1878 was an epoch-making event in Russian history. It led to the liberation of the Balkan peoples from the Ottoman yoke and to major paradigm shifts in the international arena. During that campaign, a rift emerged in Russia’s relations with Germany and Austria-Hungary, after which the negotiations of 1881 and 1884 to restore the League of the Three Emperors [Dreikaiserbund] and keep up its arrangements and the talks leading to the Reinsurance Treaty [Rückversicherungsvertrag] of 1887 resulted in only a temporary reconciliation between the erstwhile partners. The war had initiated a change in Russia’s foreign-policy priorities that was expressed in an escalating standoff with neighboring empires and a transition to strategic cooperation with France. It also brought about significant changes within Russia. The diplomatic defeat at the Congress of Berlin [held in June and July 1878.—Trans.] bred social disenchantment and remorse about the war’s heavy loss of life and huge material outlays. This fostered an oppositionist mentality in the populace at large and served to energize the liberal movement and amplify radical activity. The hardships of war led to an exacerbation of social tensions in town and countryside alike. Amid the growing sense of having nowhere to turn that was besetting the upper echelons, the need to continue and complete the Great Reforms","PeriodicalId":89267,"journal":{"name":"Russian studies in history","volume":"57 1","pages":"181 - 184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611983.2018.1620030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45508489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10611983.2018.1620032
A. Mamonov
This article describes the higher bureaucracy’s attitude toward the “Slavic movement” in 1875–1877, necessary to understanding the Eastern crisis and the causes of the Russo–Turkish War. The “Slavic movement” encompassed the public activities of various individuals and groups, some of whom professed the ideology of Pan-Slavism. The author examines the misgivings and hopes of the governing elite on the eve of the war and demonstrates the effect that events in the Balkans had on Alexander II’s foreign policy. He concludes that the “Slavic movement” exerted pressure on the government and forced it to seek compromise and cooperation with society, thereby helping to bring about war with Turkey.
{"title":"The Autocracy and the “Slavic Movement” in Russia, 1875–1877","authors":"A. Mamonov","doi":"10.1080/10611983.2018.1620032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611983.2018.1620032","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the higher bureaucracy’s attitude toward the “Slavic movement” in 1875–1877, necessary to understanding the Eastern crisis and the causes of the Russo–Turkish War. The “Slavic movement” encompassed the public activities of various individuals and groups, some of whom professed the ideology of Pan-Slavism. The author examines the misgivings and hopes of the governing elite on the eve of the war and demonstrates the effect that events in the Balkans had on Alexander II’s foreign policy. He concludes that the “Slavic movement” exerted pressure on the government and forced it to seek compromise and cooperation with society, thereby helping to bring about war with Turkey.","PeriodicalId":89267,"journal":{"name":"Russian studies in history","volume":"57 1","pages":"185 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611983.2018.1620032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48219317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10611983.2018.1620031
V. A. Astankov
This article examines the attitude of the future Alexander III toward the Eastern crisis of 1875–1877 and the ensuing Russo–Turkish War. The author analyzes the royal heir’s attitude toward the actions of Russia’s diplomatic and military establishments on the eve of the war as well as the heir’s relationship with his father, Emperor Alexander II. The crown prince’s personal acquaintance with the harsh realities of war and its consequences would continue to sway his foreign policy agenda when he became Alexander III, known as the “Peacemaker Tsar.”
{"title":"Crown Prince Aleksandr Aleksandrovich during the Eastern Crisis of 1875–1878","authors":"V. A. Astankov","doi":"10.1080/10611983.2018.1620031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611983.2018.1620031","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the attitude of the future Alexander III toward the Eastern crisis of 1875–1877 and the ensuing Russo–Turkish War. The author analyzes the royal heir’s attitude toward the actions of Russia’s diplomatic and military establishments on the eve of the war as well as the heir’s relationship with his father, Emperor Alexander II. The crown prince’s personal acquaintance with the harsh realities of war and its consequences would continue to sway his foreign policy agenda when he became Alexander III, known as the “Peacemaker Tsar.”","PeriodicalId":89267,"journal":{"name":"Russian studies in history","volume":"57 1","pages":"220 - 244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611983.2018.1620031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46226989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10611983.2018.1620033
V. Stepanov
This article examines the role of the economic factor in the war and the consequences of the war for the Russian economy. The author describes the country's critical economic situation and financial difficulties on the eve of the war. He concludes that the exorbitant expenditures on the war caused irreparable damage to the Russian treasury and forced the government to adopt a more circumspect foreign policy and avoid another international conflict.
{"title":"The Price of Victory","authors":"V. Stepanov","doi":"10.1080/10611983.2018.1620033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611983.2018.1620033","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the role of the economic factor in the war and the consequences of the war for the Russian economy. The author describes the country's critical economic situation and financial difficulties on the eve of the war. He concludes that the exorbitant expenditures on the war caused irreparable damage to the Russian treasury and forced the government to adopt a more circumspect foreign policy and avoid another international conflict.","PeriodicalId":89267,"journal":{"name":"Russian studies in history","volume":"57 1","pages":"245 - 274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611983.2018.1620033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43371698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10611983.2018.1586391
A. Boldyrev
The article deals with the main geopolitical problem in Russian—Ottoman relations at the turn of the twentieth century. Using ample archive sources the author shows the course of Russia’s struggle for influence in the straits. He concludes that the Ottoman policy was more flexible and the Turks proved able to assert their interests in the region. At the same time the straits question did not become the cause of any serious escalation between the two powers.
{"title":"Russia, Turkey, and the Problem of the Black Sea Straits in 1898–1908","authors":"A. Boldyrev","doi":"10.1080/10611983.2018.1586391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611983.2018.1586391","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the main geopolitical problem in Russian—Ottoman relations at the turn of the twentieth century. Using ample archive sources the author shows the course of Russia’s struggle for influence in the straits. He concludes that the Ottoman policy was more flexible and the Turks proved able to assert their interests in the region. At the same time the straits question did not become the cause of any serious escalation between the two powers.","PeriodicalId":89267,"journal":{"name":"Russian studies in history","volume":"57 1","pages":"162 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611983.2018.1586391","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45045421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10611983.2018.1586389
S. Oreshkova
The article analyzes Russian—Ottoman relations from the territorial point of view. The author traces stages of these relations and shows how the attitudes of Russian power and society to the problem of southward expansion changed through centuries. She concludes that in the nineteenth century Russia ceased to be interested in the military solution of the “Eastern Question” and it was often the pressure of European international affairs that made the country wage war against its southern neighbor.
{"title":"The Ottoman Empire and Russia in Light of Their Geopolitical Demarcation","authors":"S. Oreshkova","doi":"10.1080/10611983.2018.1586389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611983.2018.1586389","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes Russian—Ottoman relations from the territorial point of view. The author traces stages of these relations and shows how the attitudes of Russian power and society to the problem of southward expansion changed through centuries. She concludes that in the nineteenth century Russia ceased to be interested in the military solution of the “Eastern Question” and it was often the pressure of European international affairs that made the country wage war against its southern neighbor.","PeriodicalId":89267,"journal":{"name":"Russian studies in history","volume":"57 1","pages":"125 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611983.2018.1586389","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44758029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10611983.2018.1586387
K. Fursov
Russian academic science recently has demonstrated growing interest in the relations between the Russian and the Ottoman Empires. The reasons are numerous: sharpened attention to Russia’s imperial past because of the demise of the Soviet Union; recent general progress of Turkic studies in Russia; present-day Turkey’s active foreign policy, which in some ways reminds us of the days of the Ottoman Empire; and Turkey’s political and military weight in the once more turbulent region of the Middle East. For imperial Russia the Ottoman Empire was always by far the most important of all Oriental polities it had to deal with. The relations with it were vital both for shaping Russia’s especially vulnerable southern borders and for emphasizing its unique position as the only Christian Orthodox empire. Whereas the Republic of Turkey is just one of six pretenders to the “core state” status in the Muslim world, the Ottoman Empire, because of its might and the combination of the Padishah and the Caliph in its ruler, was indeed a “core state” (S. Huntington) and the strongest of the three Muslim “gunpowder empires” (M. Hodgson), the others being Safavid Iran and Mughal India. Contacts between the two countries go back to the fifteenth century when the Ottoman Empire (Sultanate) became one of Muscovy’s main trading partners. Later the two empires turned into geopolitical rivals. The
{"title":"Russia and the Ottoman Empire: The Geopolitical Dimension","authors":"K. Fursov","doi":"10.1080/10611983.2018.1586387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611983.2018.1586387","url":null,"abstract":"Russian academic science recently has demonstrated growing interest in the relations between the Russian and the Ottoman Empires. The reasons are numerous: sharpened attention to Russia’s imperial past because of the demise of the Soviet Union; recent general progress of Turkic studies in Russia; present-day Turkey’s active foreign policy, which in some ways reminds us of the days of the Ottoman Empire; and Turkey’s political and military weight in the once more turbulent region of the Middle East. For imperial Russia the Ottoman Empire was always by far the most important of all Oriental polities it had to deal with. The relations with it were vital both for shaping Russia’s especially vulnerable southern borders and for emphasizing its unique position as the only Christian Orthodox empire. Whereas the Republic of Turkey is just one of six pretenders to the “core state” status in the Muslim world, the Ottoman Empire, because of its might and the combination of the Padishah and the Caliph in its ruler, was indeed a “core state” (S. Huntington) and the strongest of the three Muslim “gunpowder empires” (M. Hodgson), the others being Safavid Iran and Mughal India. Contacts between the two countries go back to the fifteenth century when the Ottoman Empire (Sultanate) became one of Muscovy’s main trading partners. Later the two empires turned into geopolitical rivals. The","PeriodicalId":89267,"journal":{"name":"Russian studies in history","volume":"57 1","pages":"102 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611983.2018.1586387","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43875913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10611983.2018.1586388
M. Meyer
This article offers a historical retrospective of the interactions between Russia and the Islamic world in all their diversity, beginning from the first trade contacts of Medieval Rus with the Arabs and Persians of the Abbasid era, as well as with the Turkic-speaking residents of Volga Bulgaria. The author concludes that except for the initial sporadic period, the connections between Russian and Muslim worlds have been stable and close throughout all the following periods. Moreover, with time, these two civilizational communities turned into communicating vessels because of the growing number of Muslims within the Russian State and in Russian society. Special attention is paid to Russian-Turkish relations across several centuries. A complete comprehension of the relations between Russia and the Islamic world through an example of the historical retrospective of Russian interactions with the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey helps to provide a full appreciation of the importance of joint efforts to secure a bridge connecting East and West and the oriental civilizations with Russia.
{"title":"Russia and the Islamic World","authors":"M. Meyer","doi":"10.1080/10611983.2018.1586388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611983.2018.1586388","url":null,"abstract":"This article offers a historical retrospective of the interactions between Russia and the Islamic world in all their diversity, beginning from the first trade contacts of Medieval Rus with the Arabs and Persians of the Abbasid era, as well as with the Turkic-speaking residents of Volga Bulgaria. The author concludes that except for the initial sporadic period, the connections between Russian and Muslim worlds have been stable and close throughout all the following periods. Moreover, with time, these two civilizational communities turned into communicating vessels because of the growing number of Muslims within the Russian State and in Russian society. Special attention is paid to Russian-Turkish relations across several centuries. A complete comprehension of the relations between Russia and the Islamic world through an example of the historical retrospective of Russian interactions with the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey helps to provide a full appreciation of the importance of joint efforts to secure a bridge connecting East and West and the oriental civilizations with Russia.","PeriodicalId":89267,"journal":{"name":"Russian studies in history","volume":"57 1","pages":"103 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611983.2018.1586388","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49111654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10611983.2018.1586390
M. Yakushev
The diplomatic relations between Russia and the Ottoman Empire of the second half of the eighteenth century are a crucial part of the foreign policy of both powers and represent one of the most important and interesting topics in European political history. This article is devoted to a study of the specifics of Russo-Ottoman diplomatic ties in the context of the evolution of international relations from the time of the ending of the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) to the signing of the Peace Treaty of Jassy (1792).
{"title":"Diplomatic Relations between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century","authors":"M. Yakushev","doi":"10.1080/10611983.2018.1586390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611983.2018.1586390","url":null,"abstract":"The diplomatic relations between Russia and the Ottoman Empire of the second half of the eighteenth century are a crucial part of the foreign policy of both powers and represent one of the most important and interesting topics in European political history. This article is devoted to a study of the specifics of Russo-Ottoman diplomatic ties in the context of the evolution of international relations from the time of the ending of the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) to the signing of the Peace Treaty of Jassy (1792).","PeriodicalId":89267,"journal":{"name":"Russian studies in history","volume":"57 1","pages":"146 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611983.2018.1586390","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48249939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10611983.2018.1577098
I. Zhdanova
This article examines efforts to manage information in wartime Russia, with particular emphasis on revolutionary 1917. The author’s approach is informed by that of Western scholars, particularly Peter Holquist, using the term “surveillance” to discuss the modern state’s effort to mobilize its citizenry through information: gathering information about the population and enlightening the population through control of information. In 1917, the absence of civilian censorship aided the new authorities in learning much from the press, but the proliferation of press organs and worsening attitudes towards the war complicated their efforts to use the press to positively shape public opinion.
{"title":"The “Propaganda Age”","authors":"I. Zhdanova","doi":"10.1080/10611983.2018.1577098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611983.2018.1577098","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines efforts to manage information in wartime Russia, with particular emphasis on revolutionary 1917. The author’s approach is informed by that of Western scholars, particularly Peter Holquist, using the term “surveillance” to discuss the modern state’s effort to mobilize its citizenry through information: gathering information about the population and enlightening the population through control of information. In 1917, the absence of civilian censorship aided the new authorities in learning much from the press, but the proliferation of press organs and worsening attitudes towards the war complicated their efforts to use the press to positively shape public opinion.","PeriodicalId":89267,"journal":{"name":"Russian studies in history","volume":"57 1","pages":"54 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611983.2018.1577098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46163548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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