Pub Date : 2016-04-22eCollection Date: 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1186/s13728-016-0047-z
Samuel J E Lucas, Jørn W Helge, Uwe H W Schütz, Ralph F Goldman, James D Cotter
This review addresses human capacity for movement in the context of extreme loading and with it the combined effects of metabolic, biomechanical and gravitational stress on the human body. This topic encompasses extreme duration, as occurs in ultra-endurance competitions (e.g. adventure racing and transcontinental races) and expeditions (e.g. polar crossings), to the more gravitationally limited load carriage (e.g. in the military context). Juxtaposed to these circumstances is the extreme metabolic and mechanical unloading associated with space travel, prolonged bedrest and sedentary lifestyle, which may be at least as problematic, and are therefore included as a reference, e.g. when considering exposure, dangers and (mal)adaptations. As per the other reviews in this series, we describe the nature of the stress and the associated consequences; illustrate relevant regulations, including why and how they are set; present the pros and cons for self versus prescribed acute and chronic exposure; describe humans' (mal)adaptations; and finally suggest future directions for practice and research. In summary, we describe adaptation patterns that are often U or J shaped and that over time minimal or no load carriage decreases the global load carrying capacity and eventually leads to severe adverse effects and manifest disease under minimal absolute but high relative loads. We advocate that further understanding of load carrying capacity and the inherent mechanisms leading to adverse effects may advantageously be studied in this perspective. With improved access to insightful and portable technologies, there are some exciting possibilities to explore these questions in this context.
{"title":"Moving in extreme environments: extreme loading; carriage versus distance.","authors":"Samuel J E Lucas, Jørn W Helge, Uwe H W Schütz, Ralph F Goldman, James D Cotter","doi":"10.1186/s13728-016-0047-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13728-016-0047-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review addresses human capacity for movement in the context of extreme loading and with it the combined effects of metabolic, biomechanical and gravitational stress on the human body. This topic encompasses extreme duration, as occurs in ultra-endurance competitions (e.g. adventure racing and transcontinental races) and expeditions (e.g. polar crossings), to the more gravitationally limited load carriage (e.g. in the military context). Juxtaposed to these circumstances is the extreme metabolic and mechanical unloading associated with space travel, prolonged bedrest and sedentary lifestyle, which may be at least as problematic, and are therefore included as a reference, e.g. when considering exposure, dangers and (mal)adaptations. As per the other reviews in this series, we describe the nature of the stress and the associated consequences; illustrate relevant regulations, including why and how they are set; present the pros and cons for self versus prescribed acute and chronic exposure; describe humans' (mal)adaptations; and finally suggest future directions for practice and research. In summary, we describe adaptation patterns that are often U or J shaped and that over time minimal or no load carriage decreases the global load carrying capacity and eventually leads to severe adverse effects and manifest disease under minimal absolute but high relative loads. We advocate that further understanding of load carrying capacity and the inherent mechanisms leading to adverse effects may advantageously be studied in this perspective. With improved access to insightful and portable technologies, there are some exciting possibilities to explore these questions in this context. </p>","PeriodicalId":89765,"journal":{"name":"Extreme physiology & medicine","volume":"5 ","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4840901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34487893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-29DOI: 10.1186/s13728-016-0046-0
J. Plumb, J. Otto, M. Grocott
{"title":"‘Blood doping’ from Armstrong to prehabilitation: manipulation of blood to improve performance in athletes and physiological reserve in patients","authors":"J. Plumb, J. Otto, M. Grocott","doi":"10.1186/s13728-016-0046-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13728-016-0046-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89765,"journal":{"name":"Extreme physiology & medicine","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90498930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-24DOI: 10.1186/s13728-016-0045-1
T. Diversi, Vanessa Franks-Kardum, M. Climstein
{"title":"Erratum to: The effect of cold water endurance swimming on core temperature in aspiring English Channel swimmers","authors":"T. Diversi, Vanessa Franks-Kardum, M. Climstein","doi":"10.1186/s13728-016-0045-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13728-016-0045-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89765,"journal":{"name":"Extreme physiology & medicine","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72743862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-01DOI: 10.1186/s13728-016-0044-2
T. Diversi, Vanessa Franks-Kardum, M. Climstein
{"title":"The effect of cold water endurance swimming on core temperature in aspiring English Channel swimmers","authors":"T. Diversi, Vanessa Franks-Kardum, M. Climstein","doi":"10.1186/s13728-016-0044-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13728-016-0044-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89765,"journal":{"name":"Extreme physiology & medicine","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80148534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-20DOI: 10.1186/s13728-016-0043-3
J. Florian, F. Baisch, M. Heer, J. Pawelczyk
{"title":"Caloric restriction diminishes the pressor response to static exercise","authors":"J. Florian, F. Baisch, M. Heer, J. Pawelczyk","doi":"10.1186/s13728-016-0043-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13728-016-0043-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89765,"journal":{"name":"Extreme physiology & medicine","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83118675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-07DOI: 10.1186/s13728-015-0042-9
S. Deb, P. Swinton, E. Dolan
{"title":"Nutritional considerations during prolonged exposure to a confined, hyperbaric, hyperoxic environment: recommendations for saturation divers","authors":"S. Deb, P. Swinton, E. Dolan","doi":"10.1186/s13728-015-0042-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13728-015-0042-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89765,"journal":{"name":"Extreme physiology & medicine","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75494806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.1186/s13728-015-0041-x
A. Mellor, N. Dodds, Raj Joshi, John Hall, S. Dhillon, S. Hollis, P. Davis, D. Hillebrandt, Eva Howard, M. Wilkes, Burjor Langdana, David Lee, N. Hinson, T. H. Williams, Joe L. Rowles, H. Pynn
{"title":"Faculty of Prehospital Care, Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh guidance for medical provision for wilderness medicine","authors":"A. Mellor, N. Dodds, Raj Joshi, John Hall, S. Dhillon, S. Hollis, P. Davis, D. Hillebrandt, Eva Howard, M. Wilkes, Burjor Langdana, David Lee, N. Hinson, T. H. Williams, Joe L. Rowles, H. Pynn","doi":"10.1186/s13728-015-0041-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13728-015-0041-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89765,"journal":{"name":"Extreme physiology & medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80150843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-12DOI: 10.1186/s13728-015-0039-4
Y. Epstein, S. Mazgaoker, D. Atias, R. Yanovich, U. Gabbay, Y. Heled
{"title":"Erratum to: The cardiovascular reserve index (CVRI) - a surrogate index in predicting heat tolerance","authors":"Y. Epstein, S. Mazgaoker, D. Atias, R. Yanovich, U. Gabbay, Y. Heled","doi":"10.1186/s13728-015-0039-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13728-015-0039-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89765,"journal":{"name":"Extreme physiology & medicine","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86108428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-01DOI: 10.1186/s13728-015-0038-5
M. Komorowski, Sarah Fleming
{"title":"Intubation after rapid sequence induction performed by non-medical personnel during space exploration missions: a simulation pilot study in a Mars analogue environment","authors":"M. Komorowski, Sarah Fleming","doi":"10.1186/s13728-015-0038-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13728-015-0038-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89765,"journal":{"name":"Extreme physiology & medicine","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88020120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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