Pub Date : 2018-12-10DOI: 10.15226/2372-0948/6/3/00177
Y. Ayele, Fentahun Wondmnew, Y. Tarekegn
CA cross-sectional survey was conducted from October 2013 up to March 2014 to assess the prevalence, risk factors and direct economic loss of bovine and ovine fasciolosis in and around Debire Birhan, a town of North shoa Amhara Regional state. In the present study coprology, postmortem examination, questionnaire survey and an abattoir retrospective data were retrieved and analyzed. Seven Kebeles were purposively selected for coprological examination by considering the number of cattle and sheep population of the area and proximity to parasitological laboratories. Coprological examination of fecal samples randomly collected from 300 cattle and 280 sheep revealed an overall prevalence of 62.3% in cattle and 60.7% in sheep whereas 450 (300 cattle and 150 sheep) animals were randomly selected from Debire Birhan Municipal Abattoir for post mortem examination and revealed a total prevalence of 58.6% and 56.0% in cattle and sheep, respectively. This study shows that risk factors such as locality, species and age didn’t show significant effect on the prevalence of infections in both cattle and sheep (P>0.05). However, season, sex, and body condition revealed significant difference (P< 0.05) as higher degree of infections were detected in Autumn, female and in poor body conditioned, respectively. Species identification revealed that F. hepatica was highly abundant (43.8%) as compared to Fasciola gigantica (10.2%) in cattle. Likewise sheep livers also harbored F. hepatica (44.0%) and F.gigantica (15.5%). Certain proportion of mixed and unidentified immature fluke infection also common in both species. The economic loss incurred due to condemned liver as a result of bovine and ovine fasciolosis was estimated to be 59,387ETB (2969USD) per annum. In conclusion, fasciolosis was proved to be widely distributed disease with higher prevalence and great impact on the economy. Therefore integrated vector and parasite control approaches should be involved so as to reduce the snail burn and infection rate. Key words: Abattoir, Bovine, Ovine, Coprology, Economic significance, Fasciolosis, Prevalence. Debire Birhan.
{"title":"The Prevalence of Bovine and Ovine Fasciolosis and the Associated Economic Loss Due to Liver Condemnation in and around Debire Birhan, Ethiopia","authors":"Y. Ayele, Fentahun Wondmnew, Y. Tarekegn","doi":"10.15226/2372-0948/6/3/00177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/2372-0948/6/3/00177","url":null,"abstract":"CA cross-sectional survey was conducted from October 2013 up to March 2014 to assess the prevalence, risk factors and direct economic loss of bovine and ovine fasciolosis in and around Debire Birhan, a town of North shoa Amhara Regional state. In the present study coprology, postmortem examination, questionnaire survey and an abattoir retrospective data were retrieved and analyzed. Seven Kebeles were purposively selected for coprological examination by considering the number of cattle and sheep population of the area and proximity to parasitological laboratories. Coprological examination of fecal samples randomly collected from 300 cattle and 280 sheep revealed an overall prevalence of 62.3% in cattle and 60.7% in sheep whereas 450 (300 cattle and 150 sheep) animals were randomly selected from Debire Birhan Municipal Abattoir for post mortem examination and revealed a total prevalence of 58.6% and 56.0% in cattle and sheep, respectively. This study shows that risk factors such as locality, species and age didn’t show significant effect on the prevalence of infections in both cattle and sheep (P>0.05). However, season, sex, and body condition revealed significant difference (P< 0.05) as higher degree of infections were detected in Autumn, female and in poor body conditioned, respectively. Species identification revealed that F. hepatica was highly abundant (43.8%) as compared to Fasciola gigantica (10.2%) in cattle. Likewise sheep livers also harbored F. hepatica (44.0%) and F.gigantica (15.5%). Certain proportion of mixed and unidentified immature fluke infection also common in both species. The economic loss incurred due to condemned liver as a result of bovine and ovine fasciolosis was estimated to be 59,387ETB (2969USD) per annum. In conclusion, fasciolosis was proved to be widely distributed disease with higher prevalence and great impact on the economy. Therefore integrated vector and parasite control approaches should be involved so as to reduce the snail burn and infection rate. Key words: Abattoir, Bovine, Ovine, Coprology, Economic significance, Fasciolosis, Prevalence. Debire Birhan.","PeriodicalId":90344,"journal":{"name":"SOJ immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75303187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-03DOI: 10.15226/2372-0948/6/3/00176
M. Kuman
Why is it so important to know the body regulating mechanisms? When the regulating mechanisms are shifted out of balance expect a disease. Usually stress creates delays (because the body needs to stop what it was doing at the moment and mobilize for response to the stressor). These delays destroy the harmony of biorhythms [1], which means stress disturbs the body regulating mechanisms. This results in a chronic disease of the genetically inherited weak organ or cancer. ‘Chronic’ means ‘slow’. It takes a lot of stress accumulation to shift the regulating mechanism out of balance. When the Humoral Immune System (HIS) is weak, stress results in chronic disease.
{"title":"Body Regulating Mechanisms in Health and Disease - Hormonal Imbalance and Mental Diseases","authors":"M. Kuman","doi":"10.15226/2372-0948/6/3/00176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/2372-0948/6/3/00176","url":null,"abstract":"Why is it so important to know the body regulating mechanisms? When the regulating mechanisms are shifted out of balance expect a disease. Usually stress creates delays (because the body needs to stop what it was doing at the moment and mobilize for response to the stressor). These delays destroy the harmony of biorhythms [1], which means stress disturbs the body regulating mechanisms. This results in a chronic disease of the genetically inherited weak organ or cancer. ‘Chronic’ means ‘slow’. It takes a lot of stress accumulation to shift the regulating mechanism out of balance. When the Humoral Immune System (HIS) is weak, stress results in chronic disease.","PeriodicalId":90344,"journal":{"name":"SOJ immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89848132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-20DOI: 10.15226/2372-0948/6/3/00175
D. M. D’ambra
What should be done and what can be done in all the fields covered by AIDS: clinical, treatment, diagnosis, virology, nursing care, drug use, sexuality, prevention, epidemiology, social aspects, and even economics. The female condom probably will not be the definitive solution, as the male condom was not and how microbicides will not be, but a group of women will be useful and sure that the practice will improve its use. With respect to the novelties in the prevention among drug users, the heroin dispensing programs that, following the Swiss model, have started in Andalusia stand out. There are also heroin injection rooms. So far there was only one in Madrid and the positive results have meant that the opening of another room in Bilbao is planned.
{"title":"HIV Does Not End That Makes The Epidemic Increasingly Valid","authors":"D. M. D’ambra","doi":"10.15226/2372-0948/6/3/00175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/2372-0948/6/3/00175","url":null,"abstract":"What should be done and what can be done in all the fields covered by AIDS: clinical, treatment, diagnosis, virology, nursing care, drug use, sexuality, prevention, epidemiology, social aspects, and even economics. The female condom probably will not be the definitive solution, as the male condom was not and how microbicides will not be, but a group of women will be useful and sure that the practice will improve its use. With respect to the novelties in the prevention among drug users, the heroin dispensing programs that, following the Swiss model, have started in Andalusia stand out. There are also heroin injection rooms. So far there was only one in Madrid and the positive results have meant that the opening of another room in Bilbao is planned.","PeriodicalId":90344,"journal":{"name":"SOJ immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78168206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-03DOI: 10.15226/2372-0948/6/2/00173
M. Kuman
Health: on the first place, is harmonic and coordinated activity of the weak nonlinear electromagnetic field (NEMF), which rules and regulates the functioning of all cells in the material physical body. Since this NEMF is 1,000 times weaker than the biocurrents in the body, its influence is mainly informational. (I know this because I measured this weak field for almost 40 years). Disease: manifests itself first as a disrupted harmony of the informational NEMF and it takes 5 to 7 years to sink at the physical level and manifest itself as a disease with all its symptoms. We know this from the pulse diagnosis commonly used in Asia before acupuncture treatment [1]. If we are smart, we should find ways to detect slight deviations from the harmony of the NEMF at very early stage (with pulse diagnosis [1], voice diagnosis [2], or iris diagnosis [3]) and try to restore the harmony before it has sank to the physical level. This early intervention with informational character is called Info-Energy Medicine. It prevents the diseases before they have appeared. This is especially important for the chronic diseases, the cure of which is slow (‘chronic’ means ‘slow’), difficult and unpredictable [4].
{"title":"Health, Disease and Info-Energy Medicine","authors":"M. Kuman","doi":"10.15226/2372-0948/6/2/00173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/2372-0948/6/2/00173","url":null,"abstract":"Health: on the first place, is harmonic and coordinated activity of the weak nonlinear electromagnetic field (NEMF), which rules and regulates the functioning of all cells in the material physical body. Since this NEMF is 1,000 times weaker than the biocurrents in the body, its influence is mainly informational. (I know this because I measured this weak field for almost 40 years). Disease: manifests itself first as a disrupted harmony of the informational NEMF and it takes 5 to 7 years to sink at the physical level and manifest itself as a disease with all its symptoms. We know this from the pulse diagnosis commonly used in Asia before acupuncture treatment [1]. If we are smart, we should find ways to detect slight deviations from the harmony of the NEMF at very early stage (with pulse diagnosis [1], voice diagnosis [2], or iris diagnosis [3]) and try to restore the harmony before it has sank to the physical level. This early intervention with informational character is called Info-Energy Medicine. It prevents the diseases before they have appeared. This is especially important for the chronic diseases, the cure of which is slow (‘chronic’ means ‘slow’), difficult and unpredictable [4].","PeriodicalId":90344,"journal":{"name":"SOJ immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91291717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-03DOI: 10.15226/2372-0948/6/2/00172
M. Kuman
Basic question in the case of autoimmune diseases is: What turned the immune system against itself? It couldn’t have happen without reason. Somebody turned the immune system against itself not to be bothered. Who was so smart to do this? Among all the creatures inhabiting our body, you would never expect the smallest creatures to have done this smart thing – the candida, simply called yeast. There are more than 81 types of candida, of which a large number live in the intestines of your body. They are invisible with the naked eye and could be seen only under a microscope. How small creatures like this can be so smart? They live in colonies and they have collective mind. They live in symbiosis with the parasites, which means they mutually benefit from each other. This also means that you cannot get rid of the candida unless you make a serious effort to get rid of both of them.
{"title":"On The Nature of Autoimmune Diseases And How Emotions Influence the Immune System","authors":"M. Kuman","doi":"10.15226/2372-0948/6/2/00172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/2372-0948/6/2/00172","url":null,"abstract":"Basic question in the case of autoimmune diseases is: What turned the immune system against itself? It couldn’t have happen without reason. Somebody turned the immune system against itself not to be bothered. Who was so smart to do this? Among all the creatures inhabiting our body, you would never expect the smallest creatures to have done this smart thing – the candida, simply called yeast. There are more than 81 types of candida, of which a large number live in the intestines of your body. They are invisible with the naked eye and could be seen only under a microscope. How small creatures like this can be so smart? They live in colonies and they have collective mind. They live in symbiosis with the parasites, which means they mutually benefit from each other. This also means that you cannot get rid of the candida unless you make a serious effort to get rid of both of them.","PeriodicalId":90344,"journal":{"name":"SOJ immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82487811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-27DOI: 10.15226/2372-0948/6/2/00171
Md. Fabrício prado monteiro
RFM, 9 years old, referred for allergy assessment due to frequent visits to the infantil hospital presents with a history of recurrent pneumonia, sinusitis and otitis. It has associated atopy and during follow-up evaluations in Allergy showed diagnosis of mild persistent asthma. We started prophylactic treatment with corticosteroid pulmonary action and beta 2 agonist of long duration. Although adequate management with quarterly visits to the allergy ambulatory, therapeutic adherence by family members, correct use of medications and understanding of the pathology in question, treatment refractoriness occurred. New reclassification of the level of mild persistent asthma.
{"title":"Refratory Asma – A Case Of Humoral Immunodeficiency","authors":"Md. Fabrício prado monteiro","doi":"10.15226/2372-0948/6/2/00171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/2372-0948/6/2/00171","url":null,"abstract":"RFM, 9 years old, referred for allergy assessment due to frequent visits to the infantil hospital presents with a history of recurrent pneumonia, sinusitis and otitis. It has associated atopy and during follow-up evaluations in Allergy showed diagnosis of mild persistent asthma. We started prophylactic treatment with corticosteroid pulmonary action and beta 2 agonist of long duration. Although adequate management with quarterly visits to the allergy ambulatory, therapeutic adherence by family members, correct use of medications and understanding of the pathology in question, treatment refractoriness occurred. New reclassification of the level of mild persistent asthma.","PeriodicalId":90344,"journal":{"name":"SOJ immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88790199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.15226/2372-0948/6/2/00170
M. Kuman
All created forms, from the single cell to the most complex organism (of plants, animals, or humanoids) were endowed with unlimited possibility to adapt. We are not even aware how far these adapting abilities can reach. Dzasmuchin is a woman living in Australia [1], who is not eating or drinking since 1993. She is author of many books and articles. She is advocate of living with the energy of the sun without eating and drinking. Similar is Zinaida, living in South Russia [1]. It took one and a half month for Zinaida to adapt to not eating and drinking, but investigation of her body showed that now her anatomy is totally different from the anatomy of people who eat and drink. These two women live with the energy, which their bodies receive from the environment, and utilize this energy at cellular level [1].
{"title":"Our Unlimited Possibility To Adapt","authors":"M. Kuman","doi":"10.15226/2372-0948/6/2/00170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/2372-0948/6/2/00170","url":null,"abstract":"All created forms, from the single cell to the most complex organism (of plants, animals, or humanoids) were endowed with unlimited possibility to adapt. We are not even aware how far these adapting abilities can reach. Dzasmuchin is a woman living in Australia [1], who is not eating or drinking since 1993. She is author of many books and articles. She is advocate of living with the energy of the sun without eating and drinking. Similar is Zinaida, living in South Russia [1]. It took one and a half month for Zinaida to adapt to not eating and drinking, but investigation of her body showed that now her anatomy is totally different from the anatomy of people who eat and drink. These two women live with the energy, which their bodies receive from the environment, and utilize this energy at cellular level [1].","PeriodicalId":90344,"journal":{"name":"SOJ immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77184153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-26DOI: 10.15226/2372-0948/6/2/00169
Kaze Paul Davou, I. Lawal, Ajanusi Joseph, S. Lawal
his paper focuses on anticoccidial drugs and resistance, poultry management, alternatives for anticoccidial drugs including dietary modulation, natural additives and herbs comprising of botanicals to coccidia. The paper also viewed at the treatment programme for coccidiosis control as well as its potential implications in meat tissue to man. Keywords: Anticoccidial drugs; Avian Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats
{"title":"Some Attempted Strategies towards the Control of Avian Coccidiosis: A Review","authors":"Kaze Paul Davou, I. Lawal, Ajanusi Joseph, S. Lawal","doi":"10.15226/2372-0948/6/2/00169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/2372-0948/6/2/00169","url":null,"abstract":"his paper focuses on anticoccidial drugs and resistance, poultry management, alternatives for anticoccidial drugs including dietary modulation, natural additives and herbs comprising of botanicals to coccidia. The paper also viewed at the treatment programme for coccidiosis control as well as its potential implications in meat tissue to man. Keywords: Anticoccidial drugs; Avian Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats","PeriodicalId":90344,"journal":{"name":"SOJ immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75156016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-06DOI: 10.15226/2372-0948/6/1/00168
Kaze Paul Davou, I. Lawal, Ajanusi Joseph, S. Lawal, D. Abraham
Antibodies (IgG or IgY) titre values were higher in broilers sera infected with sporulated oocyst and merozoites reaching a peak on day 10 of post primary and secondary infections and day 5 post tertiary infection in sera of broilers (treated and non- treated). At tertiary infection, antibodies increases at day 5, 7, 11 and 14 indicating that antibodies increases in broilers infected with the invasive or zoite stages, (sporozoite and merozoite) of the parasite.. There was a significant difference in the antibody output between the sera of the broiler groups (p< 0.05).
{"title":"Antibody Response in Broiler Chickens Infected with Different Developmental Stages of Eimeria Tenella","authors":"Kaze Paul Davou, I. Lawal, Ajanusi Joseph, S. Lawal, D. Abraham","doi":"10.15226/2372-0948/6/1/00168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/2372-0948/6/1/00168","url":null,"abstract":"Antibodies (IgG or IgY) titre values were higher in broilers sera infected with sporulated oocyst and merozoites reaching a peak on day 10 of post primary and secondary infections and day 5 post tertiary infection in sera of broilers (treated and non- treated). At tertiary infection, antibodies increases at day 5, 7, 11 and 14 indicating that antibodies increases in broilers infected with the invasive or zoite stages, (sporozoite and merozoite) of the parasite.. There was a significant difference in the antibody output between the sera of the broiler groups (p< 0.05).","PeriodicalId":90344,"journal":{"name":"SOJ immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79568884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-26DOI: 10.15226/2372-0948/6/1/00167
U. Okafor, M. Ugwu, C. Nworu, BC Ugwu, C. Ejikeugwu, EC Nwanegbo, C. Esimone
This study was carried out to determine the compliance of different brands of Hepatitis B vaccines marketed in open markets across South-Eastern Nigeria with Pharmacopoeial standards for safety and immunogenicity. Four different commercial brands of hepatitis B vaccines (Hepavax, Euvax, Sii and Engerix brands) were purchased from open markets across the five states of South-Eastern Nigeria. The toxicity and immunogenicity of the different vaccine brands were evaluated using animal model. Using 70 mice, the immunogenicity of the vaccines was evaluated by quantifying Hepatitis B-specific antibody levels after immunization. Similarly, safety of these vaccines was evaluated by investigating the sterility, endotoxin levels, and changes in the weight, liver enzymes (ALT) and white blood cell count (WBC) The various brands of hepatitis B vaccines appeared sterile and conformed to Pharmacopeial requirements for parenteral products. All the vaccine samples were all endotoxin-free and nontoxic. The total white blood cell (WBC) count showed no significant increase at 18 and 72 hours in the test animals after administration of the vaccines. Except in animals immunized with Euvax 1 brand, there was no significant change (P < 0.05) in the weights of the test animals at Day 8 after immunization compared to the control. There was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between the ALT levels produced by various vaccine brands. All the vaccines induced the production of Hepatitis B specific antibodies. All the tested brands appeared immunogenic. However, while three brands conformed to the Pharmacopeial safety profile, more studies are needed to further evaluate the safety of Euvax because on unsatisfactory weight changes observed in this study. Keywords: Hepatis B Vaccines; Nigeria; Commercially Available; Efficacy; Immunogenicity; Safety;
{"title":"Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Hepatitis B Vaccines Sold in Open Markets in South Eastern Nigeria","authors":"U. Okafor, M. Ugwu, C. Nworu, BC Ugwu, C. Ejikeugwu, EC Nwanegbo, C. Esimone","doi":"10.15226/2372-0948/6/1/00167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/2372-0948/6/1/00167","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to determine the compliance of different brands of Hepatitis B vaccines marketed in open markets across South-Eastern Nigeria with Pharmacopoeial standards for safety and immunogenicity. Four different commercial brands of hepatitis B vaccines (Hepavax, Euvax, Sii and Engerix brands) were purchased from open markets across the five states of South-Eastern Nigeria. The toxicity and immunogenicity of the different vaccine brands were evaluated using animal model. Using 70 mice, the immunogenicity of the vaccines was evaluated by quantifying Hepatitis B-specific antibody levels after immunization. Similarly, safety of these vaccines was evaluated by investigating the sterility, endotoxin levels, and changes in the weight, liver enzymes (ALT) and white blood cell count (WBC) The various brands of hepatitis B vaccines appeared sterile and conformed to Pharmacopeial requirements for parenteral products. All the vaccine samples were all endotoxin-free and nontoxic. The total white blood cell (WBC) count showed no significant increase at 18 and 72 hours in the test animals after administration of the vaccines. Except in animals immunized with Euvax 1 brand, there was no significant change (P < 0.05) in the weights of the test animals at Day 8 after immunization compared to the control. There was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between the ALT levels produced by various vaccine brands. All the vaccines induced the production of Hepatitis B specific antibodies. All the tested brands appeared immunogenic. However, while three brands conformed to the Pharmacopeial safety profile, more studies are needed to further evaluate the safety of Euvax because on unsatisfactory weight changes observed in this study. Keywords: Hepatis B Vaccines; Nigeria; Commercially Available; Efficacy; Immunogenicity; Safety;","PeriodicalId":90344,"journal":{"name":"SOJ immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86000114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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