Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.9734/ijtdh/23/v44i211490
Tochi Izuagba, Emeka Nwolisa, Fidelis Njokanma
Background: Iodine is a trace element essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which in turn play a crucial role in the growth and development of most organs, especially the brain. Iodine deficiency is therefore a serious medical condition fraught with dire consequences. Median urinary iodine concentrations of 100–199 mcg/L in children and adults, 150–249 mcg/L in pregnant women and >100 mcg/L in lactating women indicate iodine intakes are adequate. Objective: This study set to determine the Iodine status of children aged 6-12 years using MUIC in selected urban and rural communities of Imo state, South East Nigeria. Methods: It was cross sectional in nature and was carried out between July 2018 and January 2019. It involved 386 children aged 6-12 years who were selected from primary schools in both urban and rural local areas within the three educational zones of Imo State. Their urinary Iodine concentration was assayed using Ammonium persulphate technique of the Sandell- Koltkoff reaction method. Results: The median urine iodine concentration (MUIC) in the study participants ranged from 65 – 490 mcg/l with a median of 160mcg/l. While median urine iodine concentrations (MUIC) of 160 mcg/L and 156mcg/L, respectively, were observed in urban-dwelling and rural-dwelling school children respectively. Of the 386 participants, 30 had a MUIC of < 100(mu)g/L therefore giving an iodine deficiency prevalence of 7.8%. They consisted of 14 participants from the urban areas and 16 from the rural areas. The difference between MUIC of children in rural and urban areas of Imo state was not statistically significant . (χ2 = 0.10: p = 0.75). Conclusion: While there was Iodine deficiency prevalence of 7.8%, there was no statistically significant difference between the Iodine status of pupils in urban and rural areas of Imo state.
背景:碘是合成甲状腺激素、甲状腺素和三碘甲状腺原氨酸所必需的微量元素，它们在大多数器官，尤其是大脑的生长发育中起着至关重要的作用。因此，缺碘是一种严重的疾病，会带来可怕的后果。儿童和成人尿碘浓度中位数为100 - 199微克/升，孕妇为150-249微克/升，哺乳期妇女为100微克/升，表明碘的摄入量是足够的。目的:本研究旨在确定在尼日利亚东南部伊莫州选定的城市和农村社区使用MUIC的6-12岁儿童的碘状况。方法:于2018年7月至2019年1月进行横断面研究。它涉及从伊莫州三个教育区内城市和农村地方地区的小学中选出的386名6-12岁儿童。用Sandell- Koltkoff反应法的过硫酸铵技术测定尿碘浓度。结果:研究参与者的尿碘浓度(MUIC)中位数为65 - 490微克/升，中位数为160微克/升。而在城市和农村居住的学龄儿童中，尿碘浓度(MUIC)的中位数分别为160微克/升和156微克/升。在386名参与者中，有30人的MUIC为100;100 (mu) g/L，因此碘缺乏症患病率为7.8%. They consisted of 14 participants from the urban areas and 16 from the rural areas. The difference between MUIC of children in rural and urban areas of Imo state was not statistically significant . (χ2 = 0.10: p = 0.75). Conclusion: While there was Iodine deficiency prevalence of 7.8%, there was no statistically significant difference between the Iodine status of pupils in urban and rural areas of Imo state.
{"title":"Iodine Status of School Children Aged 6 to 12 Years in Rural and Urban Communities in Imo State, Southeast Nigeria","authors":"Tochi Izuagba, Emeka Nwolisa, Fidelis Njokanma","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/23/v44i211490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/23/v44i211490","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Iodine is a trace element essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which in turn play a crucial role in the growth and development of most organs, especially the brain. Iodine deficiency is therefore a serious medical condition fraught with dire consequences. Median urinary iodine concentrations of 100–199 mcg/L in children and adults, 150–249 mcg/L in pregnant women and >100 mcg/L in lactating women indicate iodine intakes are adequate. Objective: This study set to determine the Iodine status of children aged 6-12 years using MUIC in selected urban and rural communities of Imo state, South East Nigeria. Methods: It was cross sectional in nature and was carried out between July 2018 and January 2019. It involved 386 children aged 6-12 years who were selected from primary schools in both urban and rural local areas within the three educational zones of Imo State. Their urinary Iodine concentration was assayed using Ammonium persulphate technique of the Sandell- Koltkoff reaction method. Results: The median urine iodine concentration (MUIC) in the study participants ranged from 65 – 490 mcg/l with a median of 160mcg/l. While median urine iodine concentrations (MUIC) of 160 mcg/L and 156mcg/L, respectively, were observed in urban-dwelling and rural-dwelling school children respectively. Of the 386 participants, 30 had a MUIC of < 100(mu)g/L therefore giving an iodine deficiency prevalence of 7.8%. They consisted of 14 participants from the urban areas and 16 from the rural areas. The difference between MUIC of children in rural and urban areas of Imo state was not statistically significant . (χ2 = 0.10: p = 0.75). Conclusion: While there was Iodine deficiency prevalence of 7.8%, there was no statistically significant difference between the Iodine status of pupils in urban and rural areas of Imo state.","PeriodicalId":90555,"journal":{"name":"International journal of tropical disease & health","volume":"50 22","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134902807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram –negative bacteria that can cause the fatal disease of Melioidosis with mortality ranging from 21-40% in different countries. Further, Burkholderia pseudomallei is a highly resilient environmental pathogen and can live as a free-living bacterium in soil, water and a parasite within amoeba, fungi, and animal cells. It is known to have developed adaptation to stressful environmental factors like salinity, iron levels, and oxidation. Widely this pathogen is associated with agricultural activities, construction activities and hence farmers, laborers being the important target groups. The other risk factor for this disease includes Diabetes mellitus and India having increasing incidence of diabetes cases is a matter of concern as for the prevalence of melioidosis. Since certain states and places in India have higher incidence of diabetes like Delhi, it is quite possible to have higher incidence of Melioidosis in these places.
Approach: Environmental Screening of urban village that has a convergence of vegetable market and urban households.
Results: In this report, we demonstrate the presence of Burkholderia pseudomallei in a 3-4 feet deep pipeline repair pit with a rusted iron pipeline in a busy market area in Kotla, South Delhi.
Conclusion: Burkholderia pseudomallei being an environmental pathogen, it becomes essential to focus on policies that govern environmental pollution. Thus, the construction and demolition (C&D) policies that govern the dismantling of underground repair pipelines, especially in crowded areas, needed to be followed as it is not only dust that pollutes but also human pathogens.
{"title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolate from Soil Adhering to Underground Pipeline Repair pit of a Delhi Market Highlights Importance of Improvising Policies Addressing Environmental Pathogens","authors":"Sriram Kannan, Venkat Abhiram Earny, Soumi Chowdhury, Kavita Sisodia, Shweta Kunwar, Mohammed Ashiq, None Asha, Aswathy Raghunath, None Rakshitha, None Manish, None Anusha, Khazi Shabnaz, Rohit Kumar, Dabet Rynga, Rushika Saksena, None Vandana K. E., Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay, Harpreet Kaur","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/23/v44i211489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/23/v44i211489","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram –negative bacteria that can cause the fatal disease of Melioidosis with mortality ranging from 21-40% in different countries. Further, Burkholderia pseudomallei is a highly resilient environmental pathogen and can live as a free-living bacterium in soil, water and a parasite within amoeba, fungi, and animal cells. It is known to have developed adaptation to stressful environmental factors like salinity, iron levels, and oxidation. Widely this pathogen is associated with agricultural activities, construction activities and hence farmers, laborers being the important target groups. The other risk factor for this disease includes Diabetes mellitus and India having increasing incidence of diabetes cases is a matter of concern as for the prevalence of melioidosis. Since certain states and places in India have higher incidence of diabetes like Delhi, it is quite possible to have higher incidence of Melioidosis in these places.
 Approach: Environmental Screening of urban village that has a convergence of vegetable market and urban households. 
 Results: In this report, we demonstrate the presence of Burkholderia pseudomallei in a 3-4 feet deep pipeline repair pit with a rusted iron pipeline in a busy market area in Kotla, South Delhi.
 Conclusion: Burkholderia pseudomallei being an environmental pathogen, it becomes essential to focus on policies that govern environmental pollution. Thus, the construction and demolition (C&D) policies that govern the dismantling of underground repair pipelines, especially in crowded areas, needed to be followed as it is not only dust that pollutes but also human pathogens.","PeriodicalId":90555,"journal":{"name":"International journal of tropical disease & health","volume":"14 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135043852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Feedback is vital for clinical students to improve their learning, growth, and raise self-awareness of their clinical skills. It also provides an important vista for faculty members to appraise their teaching practices for quality assurance process. Therefore, it is vital to assess the students' perspectives of feedback on teaching quality. Regular feedback, maybe helpful in improving teaching skills, encourage better performance, aid provision of deeper understanding of the material taught by the teacher, while eliciting better appreciation of the teaching of the faculty by students. This study probed the student’s perception of teaching evaluation feedback, awareness of teaching feedback methods and relevance of teaching feedback.
Method: A cross sectional study, carried out among clinical students in 5th year medicine purposefully selected from medical schools in South East Nigeria. A 45 item structured questionnaire consisting of Likert –scale questions and multiple choice questions was used to obtain socio-demographic and relevant data (awareness of teaching feedback, perception of feedback and awareness of other evaluation methods). Data was analyzed using SPSS version 26 to calculate descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation). Inferential statistics (t-test, regression analysis) was carried out to determine relationship between feedback and teaching quality.
Results: Most (93.2%) of the 370 respondents, were aged between 20 and 29 years, with a mean of 25.08 ± 3.18. Male participants were (53%) and females (47%). Of all the respondents, 74.3% were aware of the use of feedback as a factor of teacher evaluation; 24.1% indicated that they provide feedback in their schools. Students that were aware of other teacher evaluation systems were 43 (11.6%). Of the 43, 39(90.7%) mentioned student achievement measures, 3 (7%) on‑the‑job evaluation, 1 (2.3%) Marzano model. The very high mean response values greater than the Likert scale’s criterions mean of 3, a standard deviation value very close to the mean, indicate low response variability; shows that students agree that feedback is very important for all relevant attributes of a clinical teacher.
Students strongly agree that feedback will improve preparedness, teaching skills, teacher’s insight into the unique challenges experienced by them, performance in examinations, development of appropriate curriculum, marking schemes for examinations and overall image of the school. This is indicated by mean response values greater than the criterion mean of 3. However, students disagree that feedback may discourage interest in teaching as indicated by a mean response value of 2.94 less than the criterion mean of 3.
Conclusion: Students perceive feedback relevant for a clinical teacher, agreeing that it will help teacher understanding of their unique challenges and curriculum development. Despite the perceived benefits of feedback, only a small number of study sub
导读:反馈对临床学生的学习、成长和提高临床技能的自我意识至关重要。它也为教师评估他们的教学实践的质量保证过程提供了一个重要的前景。因此，评估学生对教学质量反馈的看法至关重要。定期反馈，可能有助于提高教学技巧，鼓励更好的表现，帮助提供更深入的理解由老师教的材料，同时引起更好的赞赏教师的教学由学生。本研究探讨了学生对教学评价反馈的感知、对教学反馈方法的认识以及教学反馈的相关性。
方法:采用横断面研究方法，从尼日利亚东南部的医学院中选择临床医学五年级的学生进行调查。采用由李克特量表问题和选择题组成的45项结构化问卷，获取社会人口学及相关数据(教学反馈意识、反馈感知和其他评价方法意识)。数据分析采用SPSS version 26计算描述性统计量(均值、标准差)。采用推理统计(t检验、回归分析)确定反馈与教学质量之间的关系。
结果:370名调查对象年龄在20 ~ 29岁之间，占93.2%，平均年龄25.08±3.18岁。男性(53%)和女性(47%)。在所有受访者中，74.3%的人知道将反馈作为教师评价的一个因素;24.1%表示在学校提供反馈。了解其他教师评价体系的学生占43人(11.6%)。在43份报告中，有39份(90.7%)提到了学生成绩测量，3份(7%)提到了在职评估，1份(2.3%)提到了马尔扎诺模型。非常高的平均反应值大于李克特量表标准的平均值3，标准差值非常接近平均值，表明低反应变异性;表明学生们同意反馈对于临床教师的所有相关属性都是非常重要的。
学生们一致认为，反馈可以提高备考准备、教学技巧、教师对他们所面临的独特挑战的洞察力、考试成绩、适当课程的制定、考试评分制度和学校的整体形象。平均响应值大于标准平均值3表明了这一点。然而，学生不同意反馈可能会降低教学兴趣，平均响应值为2.94，低于标准平均值3。
结论:学生认为反馈与临床教师相关，同意这将有助于教师理解他们独特的挑战和课程发展。尽管反馈的好处显而易见，但只有少数研究对象表示他们的学校提供了反馈。当务之急是加强反馈作为改善学校教/学的一种方式。
{"title":"Feedback Value: A Cross Sectional Study on Clinical Students Perception in South East, Nigeria","authors":"Ndu Ikenna Kingsley, Ezeudu Chijioke Elias, Ezeogu Joseph, Iheji Chukwunonso Chigozie, Ogeh Chijioke Ogodo, Onu Ngozi, Nancy, Nzeduba Chiesonu Dymphna","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i201487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i201487","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Feedback is vital for clinical students to improve their learning, growth, and raise self-awareness of their clinical skills. It also provides an important vista for faculty members to appraise their teaching practices for quality assurance process. Therefore, it is vital to assess the students' perspectives of feedback on teaching quality. Regular feedback, maybe helpful in improving teaching skills, encourage better performance, aid provision of deeper understanding of the material taught by the teacher, while eliciting better appreciation of the teaching of the faculty by students. This study probed the student’s perception of teaching evaluation feedback, awareness of teaching feedback methods and relevance of teaching feedback.
 Method: A cross sectional study, carried out among clinical students in 5th year medicine purposefully selected from medical schools in South East Nigeria. A 45 item structured questionnaire consisting of Likert –scale questions and multiple choice questions was used to obtain socio-demographic and relevant data (awareness of teaching feedback, perception of feedback and awareness of other evaluation methods). Data was analyzed using SPSS version 26 to calculate descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation). Inferential statistics (t-test, regression analysis) was carried out to determine relationship between feedback and teaching quality.
 Results: Most (93.2%) of the 370 respondents, were aged between 20 and 29 years, with a mean of 25.08 ± 3.18. Male participants were (53%) and females (47%). Of all the respondents, 74.3% were aware of the use of feedback as a factor of teacher evaluation; 24.1% indicated that they provide feedback in their schools. Students that were aware of other teacher evaluation systems were 43 (11.6%). Of the 43, 39(90.7%) mentioned student achievement measures, 3 (7%) on‑the‑job evaluation, 1 (2.3%) Marzano model. The very high mean response values greater than the Likert scale’s criterions mean of 3, a standard deviation value very close to the mean, indicate low response variability; shows that students agree that feedback is very important for all relevant attributes of a clinical teacher.
 Students strongly agree that feedback will improve preparedness, teaching skills, teacher’s insight into the unique challenges experienced by them, performance in examinations, development of appropriate curriculum, marking schemes for examinations and overall image of the school. This is indicated by mean response values greater than the criterion mean of 3. However, students disagree that feedback may discourage interest in teaching as indicated by a mean response value of 2.94 less than the criterion mean of 3.
 Conclusion: Students perceive feedback relevant for a clinical teacher, agreeing that it will help teacher understanding of their unique challenges and curriculum development. Despite the perceived benefits of feedback, only a small number of study sub","PeriodicalId":90555,"journal":{"name":"International journal of tropical disease & health","volume":"87 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135390079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-08DOI: 10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i201488
Ibrahim Gedi Mohamed, Alfred Owino Odongo, Dominic Mogere
Background: There has been little progress made in Sub-Saharan Africa in achieving Sustainable Development Goal of reducing maternal deaths. Maternal mortality can be reduced significantly by skilled delivery. Women in low-income countries choose home deliveries despite the risks. In Kenya, maternity services are offered free-of-charge in all public health facilities. Mothers receive non-cash incentives after delivery. Investigated independent variables were health care related factors, gynecological factors and socio-cultural factors. The dependent variable was the proportions of hospital and, home deliveries. Maternal mortality rate in Balambala was found to be 587/100,000 while the national and county averages were 223 and 530/100,000 respectively. The study investigated factors influencing choice of place of child delivery.
Methods: Cross-sectional study was used and participants recruited through randomization. A sample size of 384 mothers, who had 1-year-old child, registered for ante-natal care services in latest pregnancy in Balambala were interviewed at the households. Quantitative data collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25. P-value of .05 was set as statistical significance. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated, nature and magnitude of association between dependent and independent variables investigated.
Results: The independent variables recorded the following; p-value of 0.042 for socio-cultural factors, p-value of 0.039 for obstetric factors and p-value of 0.035 for health care related factors.
Conclusion: Proportions of home and hospital deliveries were 52% and 48% respectively. The independent variables were statistically significant, p-value<.05. The researcher recommends inclusion of literacy lessons into the present ANC profile. Husbands to accompany their pregnant wives to health facilities at least 2 of the 4 scheduled ANC visits.
{"title":"Factors Influencing Choice of Place for Child Delivery among Child Bearing-Aged Women in Balambala Sub-County, Garissa County, Kenya","authors":"Ibrahim Gedi Mohamed, Alfred Owino Odongo, Dominic Mogere","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i201488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i201488","url":null,"abstract":"Background: There has been little progress made in Sub-Saharan Africa in achieving Sustainable Development Goal of reducing maternal deaths. Maternal mortality can be reduced significantly by skilled delivery. Women in low-income countries choose home deliveries despite the risks. In Kenya, maternity services are offered free-of-charge in all public health facilities. Mothers receive non-cash incentives after delivery. Investigated independent variables were health care related factors, gynecological factors and socio-cultural factors. The dependent variable was the proportions of hospital and, home deliveries. Maternal mortality rate in Balambala was found to be 587/100,000 while the national and county averages were 223 and 530/100,000 respectively. The study investigated factors influencing choice of place of child delivery. 
 Methods: Cross-sectional study was used and participants recruited through randomization. A sample size of 384 mothers, who had 1-year-old child, registered for ante-natal care services in latest pregnancy in Balambala were interviewed at the households. Quantitative data collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25. P-value of .05 was set as statistical significance. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated, nature and magnitude of association between dependent and independent variables investigated.
 Results: The independent variables recorded the following; p-value of 0.042 for socio-cultural factors, p-value of 0.039 for obstetric factors and p-value of 0.035 for health care related factors.
 Conclusion: Proportions of home and hospital deliveries were 52% and 48% respectively. The independent variables were statistically significant, p-value<.05. The researcher recommends inclusion of literacy lessons into the present ANC profile. Husbands to accompany their pregnant wives to health facilities at least 2 of the 4 scheduled ANC visits.","PeriodicalId":90555,"journal":{"name":"International journal of tropical disease & health","volume":"26 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135390164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: The study to assess the prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis/ S. stercoralis infection, and to correlate environmental risk factors with the prevalence of S. stercoralis infection.
Study Design: We perform a cross-sectional study in rural community in Muarakaman and Marangkayu district to analysis of geography, texture of soil, humidity, hookworm and strongyloides in pet, vegetation, elevation, volume rain, the number of days of rain yearly, temperature and quality of soil as clay content, organic carbon of soil and pH of soil then was correlated with prevalence of strongyloidiasis..
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in rural area of Muarakaman District and Marangkayu District East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. This research is a community based, had conducted during 2021-2022.
Methodology: This study would show the infection rates, correlation analysis between environmental risk factors and prevalence of hookworm infection with statistical analysis. We performed a cross-sectional study among 213 participants from rural community. In this study used two diagnostic methods: Kato Katz and Koga agar plate culture/KAP culture for diagnosing of S. stercoralis infection. Pearson chi-square analysis was used for study correlation between ecological risk factors S. stercoralis infection.
Results: S. stercoralis infection was found in this study; 34 (8.0%), Ecological risk factors have significant correlation and high odd ratio of prevalence of S. stercoralis infection. Ecological risk factors have significant correlation and high odd ratio of prevalence of S. stercoralis infection such as district, humidity, temperature, volume and amount day of rain organic carbon of soil, elevation of location from above a sea
Conclusion: The Ecological risk factors of the infections could be used in preventing program to reduce the prevalence of hookworm and S. stercoralis infection.
{"title":"Ecological Risk Factors of Strongyloides stercoralis Infection Sourrounding Desforestration Areas East Kalimantan, Indonesia","authors":"Blego Sedionoto, Ade Rahmat Firdaus, Riyan Ningsih, Vivi Filia Elvira, None Syamsir, Witthaya Anamnart","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i201486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i201486","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The study to assess the prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis/ S. stercoralis infection, and to correlate environmental risk factors with the prevalence of S. stercoralis infection.
 Study Design: We perform a cross-sectional study in rural community in Muarakaman and Marangkayu district to analysis of geography, texture of soil, humidity, hookworm and strongyloides in pet, vegetation, elevation, volume rain, the number of days of rain yearly, temperature and quality of soil as clay content, organic carbon of soil and pH of soil then was correlated with prevalence of strongyloidiasis..
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in rural area of Muarakaman District and Marangkayu District East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. This research is a community based, had conducted during 2021-2022.
 Methodology: This study would show the infection rates, correlation analysis between environmental risk factors and prevalence of hookworm infection with statistical analysis. We performed a cross-sectional study among 213 participants from rural community. In this study used two diagnostic methods: Kato Katz and Koga agar plate culture/KAP culture for diagnosing of S. stercoralis infection. Pearson chi-square analysis was used for study correlation between ecological risk factors S. stercoralis infection.
 Results: S. stercoralis infection was found in this study; 34 (8.0%), Ecological risk factors have significant correlation and high odd ratio of prevalence of S. stercoralis infection. Ecological risk factors have significant correlation and high odd ratio of prevalence of S. stercoralis infection such as district, humidity, temperature, volume and amount day of rain organic carbon of soil, elevation of location from above a sea
 Conclusion: The Ecological risk factors of the infections could be used in preventing program to reduce the prevalence of hookworm and S. stercoralis infection.","PeriodicalId":90555,"journal":{"name":"International journal of tropical disease & health","volume":"104 S3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135539932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-04DOI: 10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i201485
Joseph Ezeogu, Ifeoma Atoh, Jude Chidi Okoro, Ikechukwu Frank Ogbonna
Adolescent high blood pressure (HBP), now a growing significant health problem with lasting consequences on cardiovascular health, was considered rare at a time. Several end-organ complications could occur if this asymptomatic condition is uncontrolled, and tracks into adulthood. The 2004 Fourth Report was developed to address the cumbersome challenges in the detection of adolescent hypertension.
Aims: This study sought to determine high blood pressure prevalence amongst adolescents in Mushin Local Government Area (LGA) using the 2004 Fourth report.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Fourteen secondary schools, in Mushin Local Government Area (LGA) between August 2020 and December 2020.
Methodology: A two-stage sampling method was utilized in selecting 14 secondary schools. Within selected schools; participants were recruited from each class by proportional allocation using the school’s register. Students were stratified as males and females using the class register. Subjects were selected from each stratum by simple random sampling method. We included 1490, (744 male, 746 female), 10-19 years old students. A structured proforma was used to obtain socio-demographic information and relevant clinical data. The blood pressure measurements were taken according to standard protocol (elevated blood pressure is systolic and/or diastolic pressure ≥ 90th but ≤ 95th percentile for age, gender and height). Descriptive data was used to describe socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics. Frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation were used to summarize categorical and numerical variables. P-values of 0.5 was termed significant
Results: Among the 1490 subjects, 49.9% (744) were male and 50.1% (746) females (male: female ratio was 1: 1). Prevalence, of high blood pressure, elevated pressure and hypertension were 14.5% (number =216), 6.1% (number =92), and 8.4% (number =124). The prevalence of high blood pressure rose progressively with the age group in the early and mid adolescent age group, while the prevalence was lowest in the oldest age group.
Conclusions: Adolescent hypertension, elevated blood pressure, high blood pressure, prevalence, was high. Development of cardiovascular complications could be obviated by early detection, life style modification and treatment.
{"title":"High Blood Pressure amongst Adolescents in Lagos, South West Nigeria","authors":"Joseph Ezeogu, Ifeoma Atoh, Jude Chidi Okoro, Ikechukwu Frank Ogbonna","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i201485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i201485","url":null,"abstract":"Adolescent high blood pressure (HBP), now a growing significant health problem with lasting consequences on cardiovascular health, was considered rare at a time. Several end-organ complications could occur if this asymptomatic condition is uncontrolled, and tracks into adulthood. The 2004 Fourth Report was developed to address the cumbersome challenges in the detection of adolescent hypertension. 
 Aims: This study sought to determine high blood pressure prevalence amongst adolescents in Mushin Local Government Area (LGA) using the 2004 Fourth report.
 Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
 Place and Duration of Study: Fourteen secondary schools, in Mushin Local Government Area (LGA) between August 2020 and December 2020.
 Methodology: A two-stage sampling method was utilized in selecting 14 secondary schools. Within selected schools; participants were recruited from each class by proportional allocation using the school’s register. Students were stratified as males and females using the class register. Subjects were selected from each stratum by simple random sampling method. We included 1490, (744 male, 746 female), 10-19 years old students. A structured proforma was used to obtain socio-demographic information and relevant clinical data. The blood pressure measurements were taken according to standard protocol (elevated blood pressure is systolic and/or diastolic pressure ≥ 90th but ≤ 95th percentile for age, gender and height). Descriptive data was used to describe socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics. Frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation were used to summarize categorical and numerical variables. P-values of 0.5 was termed significant
 Results: Among the 1490 subjects, 49.9% (744) were male and 50.1% (746) females (male: female ratio was 1: 1). Prevalence, of high blood pressure, elevated pressure and hypertension were 14.5% (number =216), 6.1% (number =92), and 8.4% (number =124). The prevalence of high blood pressure rose progressively with the age group in the early and mid adolescent age group, while the prevalence was lowest in the oldest age group.
 Conclusions: Adolescent hypertension, elevated blood pressure, high blood pressure, prevalence, was high. Development of cardiovascular complications could be obviated by early detection, life style modification and treatment.","PeriodicalId":90555,"journal":{"name":"International journal of tropical disease & health","volume":"84 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135774104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i201484
Onotume Okemena Esther, Ezeogu Joseph, Peterside Oliemen, Akinbami Felix Olukayode, Okosun Ofure Ann
Introduction: Traditional bullying (face to face bullying, that occurs within or around the school premises) among secondary school students is a persistent global public health problem; with varying long lasting mental, physical and academic consequences, not only on the victims but also the bullies and bystanders. It is a common phenomenon that is not limited to physical harm and manifests in many forms such as, verbal, or relational aggression, social exclusion and cyber victims of bullying. Bullying is commonly embedded in power imbalances and can be a call for help from the bullies. Development of an efficient prevention and intervention strategy requires understanding of the causes (family issues, low self esteem or lack of positive role models) of traditional bullying. This study therefore, aimed to determine the prevalence and pattern oftraditional bullying among secondaryschool students in Yenagoa Local Government, Bayelsa State Nigeria, which would aid development and implementation of appropriate antibullying policies. Methods: Adescriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2021to December 2021. Selection of the 1,108 students aged between 10-21years was done by a two-stage sampling technique. The 46-item Bully Survey questionnaire adapted in 2003 by Swearer et al was utilized for data collection. Quantitative data was summarised using descriptive statistics.Test of association was done using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests andbinomial logistic regression analysis was also done to examine associations between variables, withp-value of <0.05 considered significant. Results: Prevalence rates of 40.3%, 81.3%, and 86.3% were foundfor bullying perpetration, victimization and bystander respectively. Verbal bullying such as hauling of insults was the most common form of bullying behaviourperpetrated (64.8%); with sexual bullying being the least type observed (20%). Both bullying perpetration (46.9%) and victimization (88.3%) were significantly more common among female participants, while being a bullying bystander (99.4%) was commoner among male participants.Participants from junior classes were twice as more likely to perpetrate bullying(odds ratio[OR]:2.053, confidence interval[CI]:0.896-4.705). Also, those in schools with no anti-bullying policies were 1.26times more likely to be perpetrators of bullying ([OR] 1.269; CI: 0.229-7.031). School Class (p = 0.030) and absence of anti-bullying policy (p = 0.004) were significantly associated with bullying perpetration in the studied schools. Conclusion: The prevalence of traditional bullying among secondary school students in Yenagoa was very high. Wetherefore recommended that school authorities and the government should formulate appropriate school anti-bullying policies and implement same in order to curb the menace while shielding the weak groups from being victims of bullying in school.
{"title":"Prevalence and Pattern of Traditional Bullying, Amongst Secondary School Students in Yenagoa, Nigeria","authors":"Onotume Okemena Esther, Ezeogu Joseph, Peterside Oliemen, Akinbami Felix Olukayode, Okosun Ofure Ann","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i201484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i201484","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Traditional bullying (face to face bullying, that occurs within or around the school premises) among secondary school students is a persistent global public health problem; with varying long lasting mental, physical and academic consequences, not only on the victims but also the bullies and bystanders. It is a common phenomenon that is not limited to physical harm and manifests in many forms such as, verbal, or relational aggression, social exclusion and cyber victims of bullying. Bullying is commonly embedded in power imbalances and can be a call for help from the bullies. Development of an efficient prevention and intervention strategy requires understanding of the causes (family issues, low self esteem or lack of positive role models) of traditional bullying. This study therefore, aimed to determine the prevalence and pattern oftraditional bullying among secondaryschool students in Yenagoa Local Government, Bayelsa State Nigeria, which would aid development and implementation of appropriate antibullying policies. Methods: Adescriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2021to December 2021. Selection of the 1,108 students aged between 10-21years was done by a two-stage sampling technique. The 46-item Bully Survey questionnaire adapted in 2003 by Swearer et al was utilized for data collection. Quantitative data was summarised using descriptive statistics.Test of association was done using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests andbinomial logistic regression analysis was also done to examine associations between variables, withp-value of <0.05 considered significant. Results: Prevalence rates of 40.3%, 81.3%, and 86.3% were foundfor bullying perpetration, victimization and bystander respectively. Verbal bullying such as hauling of insults was the most common form of bullying behaviourperpetrated (64.8%); with sexual bullying being the least type observed (20%). Both bullying perpetration (46.9%) and victimization (88.3%) were significantly more common among female participants, while being a bullying bystander (99.4%) was commoner among male participants.Participants from junior classes were twice as more likely to perpetrate bullying(odds ratio[OR]:2.053, confidence interval[CI]:0.896-4.705). Also, those in schools with no anti-bullying policies were 1.26times more likely to be perpetrators of bullying ([OR] 1.269; CI: 0.229-7.031). School Class (p = 0.030) and absence of anti-bullying policy (p = 0.004) were significantly associated with bullying perpetration in the studied schools. Conclusion: The prevalence of traditional bullying among secondary school students in Yenagoa was very high. Wetherefore recommended that school authorities and the government should formulate appropriate school anti-bullying policies and implement same in order to curb the menace while shielding the weak groups from being victims of bullying in school.","PeriodicalId":90555,"journal":{"name":"International journal of tropical disease & health","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135934774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i191483
Dickson Kinyua Mwaga, Alfred Owino Odongo, Atei Kerochi
Hypertension is one of the non-communicable diseases linked with heart disease and accounts for about 64% of stroke cases globally. BP is becoming the leading global public health problem with over 10M death every year. Despite growing evidence that high blood pressure is on the rise, information about its risks factors on patients seeking medical care in Kenyan hospitals is limited. This research investigated the risk factors associated with high blood pressure among adults aged 18-65 in Kirinyaga County, Kenya.
Analytical cross-sectional study, using quantitative and qualitative methods of data collections, a multistage sampling procedure sampled 380 study participants chi square and logistic regression made deductions about the study population. In qualitative data, deductive approach used research questions as a guide for data analysis. Gender chi-square χ2 (2, N=345=128.640, P=.000), respondent age χ2(5, N=345=158.021, P=.000), education level χ2 (3, N=345=77.677, P=.000), marital status χ2(4, N=345=69.413, P=.000), state of being pregnancy χ2(1, N=345=224.599, P=.000), currently smoking cigarette χ2(1, N=50=28.890, P=.000), currently taking alcohol χ2(1, N=273=16.548, P=.000), engaging in physical activities χ2(3, N=345=58.183, P=.000), and weight status χ2(2, N=184=40.044, P=.000) were statistically significantly associated with the development of hypertension. Routine screening and advocacy by the health worker should be done for early detection, timely treatment, follow up and prevent complications related to hypertension.
{"title":"Risk Factors Associated with Hypertension among Adults 18-65 Years in Kirinyaga County, Kenya","authors":"Dickson Kinyua Mwaga, Alfred Owino Odongo, Atei Kerochi","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i191483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i191483","url":null,"abstract":"Hypertension is one of the non-communicable diseases linked with heart disease and accounts for about 64% of stroke cases globally. BP is becoming the leading global public health problem with over 10M death every year. Despite growing evidence that high blood pressure is on the rise, information about its risks factors on patients seeking medical care in Kenyan hospitals is limited. This research investigated the risk factors associated with high blood pressure among adults aged 18-65 in Kirinyaga County, Kenya.
 Analytical cross-sectional study, using quantitative and qualitative methods of data collections, a multistage sampling procedure sampled 380 study participants chi square and logistic regression made deductions about the study population. In qualitative data, deductive approach used research questions as a guide for data analysis. Gender chi-square χ2 (2, N=345=128.640, P=.000), respondent age χ2(5, N=345=158.021, P=.000), education level χ2 (3, N=345=77.677, P=.000), marital status χ2(4, N=345=69.413, P=.000), state of being pregnancy χ2(1, N=345=224.599, P=.000), currently smoking cigarette χ2(1, N=50=28.890, P=.000), currently taking alcohol χ2(1, N=273=16.548, P=.000), engaging in physical activities χ2(3, N=345=58.183, P=.000), and weight status χ2(2, N=184=40.044, P=.000) were statistically significantly associated with the development of hypertension. Routine screening and advocacy by the health worker should be done for early detection, timely treatment, follow up and prevent complications related to hypertension.","PeriodicalId":90555,"journal":{"name":"International journal of tropical disease & health","volume":"17 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135934271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-28DOI: 10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i191482
Sitarah M. Mathias, None Akhila Aarya P. V., King David Edward, Dileep Unnikrishnan, Dileep Raman, Michelle Niescierenko, Suraj Sarvode, Carl D. Britto
A nationwide multicentric pharmacoepidemiologic analysis of antimicrobial use in critical care settings over a 2 year period in India, revealed that 76.0% (22,920) received at least one antimicrobial with 36.6% (11,027) receiving multiple antimicrobials. When classified based on the WHO AWaRe stratification, Watch group antimicrobials were most frequently ordered (56.7%;17103 patients), with the joinpoint regression analysis indicating its peak use during the second COVID-19 wave (May 2021-December 2021: MPC=2.01, p<0.05) and significantly higher odds noted in patients with COVID-19 (aOR:6.73 (5.78-7.88)), APACHE-II >10 (aOR:1.60 (1.49-1.71)) and ventilation requirement (aOR:1.68 (1.55-1.83)), thus indicating their use as empiric antibiotic therapy particularly in severely ill COVID patients. Individual COVID-specific Antimicrobials (CSA) exhibited temporal and geographical variation congruent with the release of scientific literature and local treatment guidelines, reflecting proactive implementation of treatment protocols. Antimicrobials are used extensively in ICUs across India, but overall and individual trends were largely influenced by scientific literature and public health messaging.
{"title":"A Nationwide Pharmacoepidemiological Analysis of the Impact of Health Policy on Antimicrobial Use in Critical Care Settings in India","authors":"Sitarah M. Mathias, None Akhila Aarya P. V., King David Edward, Dileep Unnikrishnan, Dileep Raman, Michelle Niescierenko, Suraj Sarvode, Carl D. Britto","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i191482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i191482","url":null,"abstract":"A nationwide multicentric pharmacoepidemiologic analysis of antimicrobial use in critical care settings over a 2 year period in India, revealed that 76.0% (22,920) received at least one antimicrobial with 36.6% (11,027) receiving multiple antimicrobials. When classified based on the WHO AWaRe stratification, Watch group antimicrobials were most frequently ordered (56.7%;17103 patients), with the joinpoint regression analysis indicating its peak use during the second COVID-19 wave (May 2021-December 2021: MPC=2.01, p<0.05) and significantly higher odds noted in patients with COVID-19 (aOR:6.73 (5.78-7.88)), APACHE-II >10 (aOR:1.60 (1.49-1.71)) and ventilation requirement (aOR:1.68 (1.55-1.83)), thus indicating their use as empiric antibiotic therapy particularly in severely ill COVID patients. Individual COVID-specific Antimicrobials (CSA) exhibited temporal and geographical variation congruent with the release of scientific literature and local treatment guidelines, reflecting proactive implementation of treatment protocols. Antimicrobials are used extensively in ICUs across India, but overall and individual trends were largely influenced by scientific literature and public health messaging.","PeriodicalId":90555,"journal":{"name":"International journal of tropical disease & health","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136158580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: Cryptosporidiosis is the fifth leading cause of diarrhoea-related death globally among under-five children. This study was conducted to identify and characterize oocysts of Cryptosporidium in under-five children with diarrhoea in Ile-Ife.
Study Design: It was a case-control study.
Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Obafemi Awolowo University between April, and October 2019.
Methodology: Ethical approval was obtained for this study. Consent was also obtained from the parents of the children. Stool samples from 53 children with diarrhoea (cases) and 94 children without diarrhoea (controls) under five years of age were collected. A structured proforma was used to obtain relevant information from the parents of the children. Stool samples were collected and examined macroscopically for consistency, appearance, and colour. Modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining was carried out on all the stool samples. The samples positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts by staining were genotyped by nested polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by sequencing of their 18S rRNA genes. Data generated were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS software version 20 and STATA 15.
Results: The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among the study participants was 23.1% with rates of 43.4% (23) and 11.7% (11) for diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic children respectively. Of the 34 stool samples analysed, 6 (17.6%) were amplified by nested PCR and 4 (11.8%) were identified by sequencing. The species of Cryptosporidium identified were Cryptosporidium parvum (75%) and Cryptosporidium bovis (25%).
Conclusion: In conclusion, Cryptosporidiosis is prevalent among under-five children with Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium bovis as the infecting species.
{"title":"Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in under-Five Children with Diarrhoea in Ile-Ife, Nigeria","authors":"Bolatito Opeyemi Olopade, Oyindamola Betty Ekuntuyi, Babatunde Wumi Odetoyin, Anthony Oladehinde Onipede","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i191481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i191481","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Cryptosporidiosis is the fifth leading cause of diarrhoea-related death globally among under-five children. This study was conducted to identify and characterize oocysts of Cryptosporidium in under-five children with diarrhoea in Ile-Ife.
 Study Design: It was a case-control study.
 Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Obafemi Awolowo University between April, and October 2019.
 Methodology: Ethical approval was obtained for this study. Consent was also obtained from the parents of the children. Stool samples from 53 children with diarrhoea (cases) and 94 children without diarrhoea (controls) under five years of age were collected. A structured proforma was used to obtain relevant information from the parents of the children. Stool samples were collected and examined macroscopically for consistency, appearance, and colour. Modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining was carried out on all the stool samples. The samples positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts by staining were genotyped by nested polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by sequencing of their 18S rRNA genes. Data generated were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS software version 20 and STATA 15. 
 Results: The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among the study participants was 23.1% with rates of 43.4% (23) and 11.7% (11) for diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic children respectively. Of the 34 stool samples analysed, 6 (17.6%) were amplified by nested PCR and 4 (11.8%) were identified by sequencing. The species of Cryptosporidium identified were Cryptosporidium parvum (75%) and Cryptosporidium bovis (25%).
 Conclusion: In conclusion, Cryptosporidiosis is prevalent among under-five children with Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium bovis as the infecting species.","PeriodicalId":90555,"journal":{"name":"International journal of tropical disease & health","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135569428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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