Pub Date : 2019-02-07DOI: 10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.172
Ahandani Ea, M. Fazilati, A. Boghozian, Ahandani Ma
Dracocephalum moldavica L, Lamiaceae is commonly consumed as a food-related product and as an herbal plant. According to new ways in UV effects on live organisms, this research was studied. It deals with the effect of UV-A and UV-C bands on the herbaceous drug. The plants were grown in a uniform environment in the culture room and exposed to UV rays (20 minutes UV-A daily and UV-C for 10 minutes) after 10 days in six weeks. Indices of fresh and dry weight of aerial and root organs, leaf area, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content were investigated. The results of the comparison of the mean of the studied traits showed that there was a significant difference between treatments, so that the highest amount of each of the traits was related to the control treatment and the least amount was related to treatment of UV-C bands. This study shows the sensitivity of the plant to the UV rays and the sensitivity of the plant to UV-C bands is higher than the UV-A bands.
{"title":"Effect of Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation Bonds on Growth and Chlorophyll Content of Dracocephalum moldavica L Herb","authors":"Ahandani Ea, M. Fazilati, A. Boghozian, Ahandani Ma","doi":"10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.172","url":null,"abstract":"Dracocephalum moldavica L, Lamiaceae is commonly consumed as a food-related product and as an herbal plant. According to new ways in UV effects on live organisms, this research was studied. It deals with the effect of UV-A and UV-C bands on the herbaceous drug. The plants were grown in a uniform environment in the culture room and exposed to UV rays (20 minutes UV-A daily and UV-C for 10 minutes) after 10 days in six weeks. Indices of fresh and dry weight of aerial and root organs, leaf area, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content were investigated. The results of the comparison of the mean of the studied traits showed that there was a significant difference between treatments, so that the highest amount of each of the traits was related to the control treatment and the least amount was related to treatment of UV-C bands. This study shows the sensitivity of the plant to the UV rays and the sensitivity of the plant to UV-C bands is higher than the UV-A bands.","PeriodicalId":90579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomolecular research & therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47550341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.174
S. M, Saumyakanti G, Subhasis M, Bijaya G
{"title":"A Brief Review on Therapeutic Potential of Nanocarrier Systems Against Breast Cancer","authors":"S. M, Saumyakanti G, Subhasis M, Bijaya G","doi":"10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.174","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomolecular research & therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69994540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.173
V. N., Sai Arvind D, Ramesh G
{"title":"A New Emerging Role of Clinical Pharmacist in Radiology Department- Reporting Errors and Clinical Intervention by Clinical Pharmacist","authors":"V. N., Sai Arvind D, Ramesh G","doi":"10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.173","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomolecular research & therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69994380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.176
Mao H, J. D., L. M, J. S, H. Y
{"title":"Hepatoprotective Effect of S-ademetionine in the treatment of Intrahepatic Cholestasis through Farnesoid X Receptor Mechanism in Rats","authors":"Mao H, J. D., L. M, J. S, H. Y","doi":"10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.176","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomolecular research & therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69994699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.177
Preenon Bagchi, SophieVisvikis-Sieste, A. Kar
The phenylketonuria (PKU) disease is an inherited disorder that increases the levels of a substance called phenylalanine in the blood and if not treated, phenylalanine can build up to harmful levels in the body. People with this disorder can't break down the amino acid phenylalanine. This phenylalanine, then builds up in the blood and brain causing intellectual disability and other serious health problems. It is rare but a serious inherited disorder. The main objective of this study is to establish a remedy for the phenylketonuria disease (novel drug leads for phenylketonuria disease’s receptors viz. ASCL1 gene (achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 1), GCH1 gene (GTP cyclohydrolase 1) and MAOB (Monoamine Oxidase B)) using phytocompounds from ayurvedic herbs. To achieve this objective we performed virtual screening with phytocompounds from ayurvedic herbs against the phenylketonuria disease’s receptors followed by ADME studies on the phytocompounds selected by virtual screening. Based on the analysis of the results of virtual screening and subsequent ADME studies on the phytocompounds it is seen that curcumin can be successfully considered as novel drug lead for treating phenylketonuria disease.
{"title":"Establishing a Remedy for Phenylketonuria Disease from Indian Ayurvedic Herbs","authors":"Preenon Bagchi, SophieVisvikis-Sieste, A. Kar","doi":"10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.177","url":null,"abstract":"The phenylketonuria (PKU) disease is an inherited disorder that increases the levels of a substance called phenylalanine in the blood and if not treated, phenylalanine can build up to harmful levels in the body. People with this disorder can't break down the amino acid phenylalanine. This phenylalanine, then builds up in the blood and brain causing intellectual disability and other serious health problems. It is rare but a serious inherited disorder. The main objective of this study is to establish a remedy for the phenylketonuria disease (novel drug leads for phenylketonuria disease’s receptors viz. ASCL1 gene (achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 1), GCH1 gene (GTP cyclohydrolase 1) and MAOB (Monoamine Oxidase B)) using phytocompounds from ayurvedic herbs. To achieve this objective we performed virtual screening with phytocompounds from ayurvedic herbs against the phenylketonuria disease’s receptors followed by ADME studies on the phytocompounds selected by virtual screening. Based on the analysis of the results of virtual screening and subsequent ADME studies on the phytocompounds it is seen that curcumin can be successfully considered as novel drug lead for treating phenylketonuria disease.","PeriodicalId":90579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomolecular research & therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69994900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.170
F. J, Deglesne Pa, Arroya R, R. E, D. P
{"title":"4-Hexylresorcinol a New Molecule for Cosmetic Application","authors":"F. J, Deglesne Pa, Arroya R, R. E, D. P","doi":"10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.170","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomolecular research & therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69994241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.175
Hussein Ma, Kasser Ak, Mohamed At, Eraqy Th, A. Asaad
Ethinylestradiol (EE) induced cholestasis was reported in female rats-model. The present article aimed to investigate anticholestatic activity of Resveratrol Nanoemulsion (RENE) against EE-induced cholestasis in adult female rats. The mean particle size of RENE was 49.5 ± 0.05 nm and zeta potential of +15.75 with the observed shapes of nanoparticle was spherical. Also, the median lethal dose (LD50) of RENE in rats was 795 mg/kg body weight. Administration of 1/20 LD50 RENE (39.75 mg/kg.b.w.) to EE–treated rats normalize serum cholesterol level as well as against an increase of serum TBA, bilirubin concentration. The treatment also resulted in a significant increase in hepatic SOD and GPx. RENE inhibited serum ALP, ALT and γ-GT activities, as well as reduced serum TNF-α, NO, MMP-2 MMP-9 and hepatic MDA as compared to EE-treated rats. The results clearly suggest that RENE has a powerful prophylactic action in cholestasis induced by EE.
{"title":"Resveratrol Nanoemulsion: A Promising Protector Against Ethinylestradiol-Induced Hepatic Cholestasis in Female Rats","authors":"Hussein Ma, Kasser Ak, Mohamed At, Eraqy Th, A. Asaad","doi":"10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.175","url":null,"abstract":"Ethinylestradiol (EE) induced cholestasis was reported in female rats-model. The present article aimed to investigate anticholestatic activity of Resveratrol Nanoemulsion (RENE) against EE-induced cholestasis in adult female rats. The mean particle size of RENE was 49.5 ± 0.05 nm and zeta potential of +15.75 with the observed shapes of nanoparticle was spherical. Also, the median lethal dose (LD50) of RENE in rats was 795 mg/kg body weight. Administration of 1/20 LD50 RENE (39.75 mg/kg.b.w.) to EE–treated rats normalize serum cholesterol level as well as against an increase of serum TBA, bilirubin concentration. The treatment also resulted in a significant increase in hepatic SOD and GPx. RENE inhibited serum ALP, ALT and γ-GT activities, as well as reduced serum TNF-α, NO, MMP-2 MMP-9 and hepatic MDA as compared to EE-treated rats. The results clearly suggest that RENE has a powerful prophylactic action in cholestasis induced by EE.","PeriodicalId":90579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomolecular research & therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69994623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.169
Iqbal Rk
Immunity produced when variable, diverse, and joining exons recombine and form diverse B-cell receptors. Somatic rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes termed VDJ recombination. This activity is controlled by RAG1 and RAG2 proteins, binds to the signal sequences and start cleavage. Double stranded breaks are produced by ROS, Nuclear enzymes and ATM. RAG protein induces cleavage activity. Segments exchange by CSR. After cleavage activity shuffling of segments occurs. TDT cause gain or loss of nucleotide bases. AID and RAG begins the process of CSR that shuffle exons of constant region. The core of NHEJ have catalytic subunit (DNA-Pkcs). Ku-DNA complex is important for the attachment of nuclease, polymerase and ligase of NHEJ. RAG2 with histone H3K4Me3 start recombination activity. HMG1 and HMG2 promote synapsis and cleavage. RNA Helicase of the DExDH induces conformational changes. ZnA have ligase activity. Ku involved in the attachment of NHEJ factor DExD/H box who induce conformational changes. NHEJ machinery has XRCC4, XLF, and PAXX who ligate DNA ends. Protein kinase B and phosphoinositide-3 kinase involved in RNA expression. TOR69-3A2 is antibodies that neutralized Western equine encephalitis virus. AMMO1 is the anti gH/gL monoclonal antibody prevent to the Epstein bar virus infection. Antibodies also used for Ebola virus and Hepatitis. WT and HVR1 gpE1/gpE2 produce antibodies which target any type of cross-genotype neutralizing epitopes for HCV. GPE118, GPE325, GPE534 are targeted to different epitopes for Ebola virus.
{"title":"Recombinant Antibodies and Vaccines for Viruses","authors":"Iqbal Rk","doi":"10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.169","url":null,"abstract":"Immunity produced when variable, diverse, and joining exons recombine and form diverse B-cell receptors. Somatic rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes termed VDJ recombination. This activity is controlled by RAG1 and RAG2 proteins, binds to the signal sequences and start cleavage. Double stranded breaks are produced by ROS, Nuclear enzymes and ATM. RAG protein induces cleavage activity. Segments exchange by CSR. After cleavage activity shuffling of segments occurs. TDT cause gain or loss of nucleotide bases. AID and RAG begins the process of CSR that shuffle exons of constant region. The core of NHEJ have catalytic subunit (DNA-Pkcs). Ku-DNA complex is important for the attachment of nuclease, polymerase and ligase of NHEJ. RAG2 with histone H3K4Me3 start recombination activity. HMG1 and HMG2 promote synapsis and cleavage. RNA Helicase of the DExDH induces conformational changes. ZnA have ligase activity. Ku involved in the attachment of NHEJ factor DExD/H box who induce conformational changes. NHEJ machinery has XRCC4, XLF, and PAXX who ligate DNA ends. Protein kinase B and phosphoinositide-3 kinase involved in RNA expression. TOR69-3A2 is antibodies that neutralized Western equine encephalitis virus. AMMO1 is the anti gH/gL monoclonal antibody prevent to the Epstein bar virus infection. Antibodies also used for Ebola virus and Hepatitis. WT and HVR1 gpE1/gpE2 produce antibodies which target any type of cross-genotype neutralizing epitopes for HCV. GPE118, GPE325, GPE534 are targeted to different epitopes for Ebola virus.","PeriodicalId":90579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomolecular research & therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69994182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.179
Safaa A. Al-Zeidaneen
{"title":"Interactive Role of Metabolic Syndrome on The Pathogenesis and Severity of Breast Cancer, The Impact of Treatment Exposure","authors":"Safaa A. Al-Zeidaneen","doi":"10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.179","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomolecular research & therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69995135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.171
Iqbal Rk, I. Azam, R. Khalid
Telomere protects the chromosomes in normal cells, and their shortening due to cell divisions and oxidative stress induces telomere shortening causing chromosomal instability. Telomerase is an enzyme that adds TTAGG telomeric repeats at chromosomal ends. The activity of telomerase enzyme plays a significant role in initiation and progression of cancer cells. In cancer cells the telomere length is maintained by telomerase enzyme. Cancer cells survive due to the activity of telomerase enzyme due to which the length of telomere is maintained and cell evades cell death mechanisms. In cancer cells telomere shortening or dysfunctional telomeres suppress cancer progression and development due to the activation of cellular senescence pathway. In this review we summarize telomere structure, function and the role telomere plays in cancer development and progression. Hermen J. Muller and Barbara McClintock identified telomere as a structure present at the ends of the chromosomes. The word telomere is derived from the Greek word “telos” which means ends and “meres” means part. Shorter telomere length or the complete absence of telomere induces end to end fusion of the chromosomes and ultimately cause cellular senescence or cell death. James D Watson in 1970s termed end replication problem in which during DNA replication, the DNA dependant polymerase does not replicates completely at the 5’ terminal end leaving small regions of the telomere uncopied. In 1960 Leonard Hayflick and his colleagues identified that the human diploid cell can undergo limited number of cell divisions in culture. The maximum number of divisions that a cell can achieve in-vitro is known as Hayflick limit which was termed after leonard Hayflick. When the cells reaches to a limit where they can no longer divide will eventually go under biochemical and morphological changes that eventually leads to cell cycle arrest, a process known as “cellular senescence. The telomerase is an enzyme that functions to add telomere repeats to the ends of the chromosomes and was identified in 1984 by Elizbeth and her collague. The presence of telomerase enzyme activity was also identified in human cancer cell lines by Gregg in 1989. Another study conducted by Greider and associates showed the absence of telomerase enzyme in normal somatic cell. Shay and Harley in 1990s detected the presence of telomerase activity in 90 out of 101 human tumor cell samples isolated from 12 different tumor types, whereas they have found no activity in normal somatic samples (n=50) isolated from 4 different tissue types. Since then various studies on 2600 human tumor samples have shown the telomerase activity in around 90% of different tumor cells. The existence of telomerase activity in cancer cells clearly demonstrates a major role of this enzyme in cancer pathogenesis. Telomeres plays a critical role in cancer, aging, Progeria (premature aging) and various other age related disorders due to which telomere and telomerase enz
在正常细胞中，端粒保护染色体，由于细胞分裂和氧化应激，端粒缩短导致染色体不稳定。端粒酶是一种在染色体末端添加TTAGG端粒重复序列的酶。端粒酶的活性在癌细胞的发生和发展中起着重要的作用。在癌细胞中端粒的长度是由端粒酶维持的。癌细胞的生存依赖于端粒酶的活性，端粒的长度得以维持，从而避免了细胞死亡机制。在癌细胞中，端粒缩短或功能失调的端粒通过激活细胞衰老途径抑制癌症的进展和发展。本文就端粒的结构、功能及其在癌症发生发展中的作用作一综述。Hermen J. Muller和Barbara McClintock发现端粒是存在于染色体末端的一种结构。端粒这个词来源于希腊语“telos”，意思是末端，“meres”意思是部分。较短的端粒长度或完全缺失的端粒诱导染色体端到端融合，最终导致细胞衰老或细胞死亡。James D Watson在20世纪70年代提出了末端复制问题，即在DNA复制过程中，依赖DNA的聚合酶在5 '末端没有完全复制，导致端粒的小区域未被复制。1960年，伦纳德·海弗利克和他的同事发现，人类二倍体细胞在培养中可以进行有限次数的细胞分裂。一个细胞在体外能达到的最大分裂数被称为海弗利克极限，以伦纳德·海弗利克命名。当细胞达到不能再分裂的极限时，最终会发生生化和形态变化，最终导致细胞周期停滞，这一过程被称为“细胞衰老”。端粒酶是一种酶，它的功能是在染色体末端添加端粒重复序列，1984年由伊丽莎白和她的同事发现。1989年，Gregg在人类癌细胞系中也发现了端粒酶活性的存在。格雷德及其同事进行的另一项研究表明，正常体细胞中没有端粒酶。Shay和Harley在20世纪90年代发现，从12种不同肿瘤类型中分离出的101个人类肿瘤细胞样本中，有90个存在端粒酶活性，而从4种不同组织类型中分离出的正常体细胞样本(n=50)没有发现端粒酶活性。从那时起，对2600个人类肿瘤样本的各种研究表明，端粒酶在大约90%的不同肿瘤细胞中都有活性。癌细胞中端粒酶活性的存在清楚地证明了端粒酶在癌症发病中的重要作用。端粒在癌症、衰老、早衰和其他各种年龄相关疾病中起着至关重要的作用，由于端粒和端粒酶是最近研究的一个活跃领域。
{"title":"Tolomeres and Cancer","authors":"Iqbal Rk, I. Azam, R. Khalid","doi":"10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-7956.19.8.171","url":null,"abstract":"Telomere protects the chromosomes in normal cells, and their shortening due to cell divisions and oxidative stress induces telomere shortening causing chromosomal instability. Telomerase is an enzyme that adds TTAGG telomeric repeats at chromosomal ends. The activity of telomerase enzyme plays a significant role in initiation and progression of cancer cells. In cancer cells the telomere length is maintained by telomerase enzyme. Cancer cells survive due to the activity of telomerase enzyme due to which the length of telomere is maintained and cell evades cell death mechanisms. In cancer cells telomere shortening or dysfunctional telomeres suppress cancer progression and development due to the activation of cellular senescence pathway. In this review we summarize telomere structure, function and the role telomere plays in cancer development and progression. Hermen J. Muller and Barbara McClintock identified telomere as a structure present at the ends of the chromosomes. The word telomere is derived from the Greek word “telos” which means ends and “meres” means part. Shorter telomere length or the complete absence of telomere induces end to end fusion of the chromosomes and ultimately cause cellular senescence or cell death. James D Watson in 1970s termed end replication problem in which during DNA replication, the DNA dependant polymerase does not replicates completely at the 5’ terminal end leaving small regions of the telomere uncopied. In 1960 Leonard Hayflick and his colleagues identified that the human diploid cell can undergo limited number of cell divisions in culture. The maximum number of divisions that a cell can achieve in-vitro is known as Hayflick limit which was termed after leonard Hayflick. When the cells reaches to a limit where they can no longer divide will eventually go under biochemical and morphological changes that eventually leads to cell cycle arrest, a process known as “cellular senescence. The telomerase is an enzyme that functions to add telomere repeats to the ends of the chromosomes and was identified in 1984 by Elizbeth and her collague. The presence of telomerase enzyme activity was also identified in human cancer cell lines by Gregg in 1989. Another study conducted by Greider and associates showed the absence of telomerase enzyme in normal somatic cell. Shay and Harley in 1990s detected the presence of telomerase activity in 90 out of 101 human tumor cell samples isolated from 12 different tumor types, whereas they have found no activity in normal somatic samples (n=50) isolated from 4 different tissue types. Since then various studies on 2600 human tumor samples have shown the telomerase activity in around 90% of different tumor cells. The existence of telomerase activity in cancer cells clearly demonstrates a major role of this enzyme in cancer pathogenesis. Telomeres plays a critical role in cancer, aging, Progeria (premature aging) and various other age related disorders due to which telomere and telomerase enz","PeriodicalId":90579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomolecular research & therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69993919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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