Although energy bills for restaurants throughout the United States exceed 5 billion dollars annually, very little has been documented with respect to when and how restaurants use energy, or how such use can be reduced cost-effectively. This report summarizes the results of a multiyear collaborative research effort, designed to collect information on end-use energy consumption. Objective is to reveal the quantities and profiles of energy consumption of typical food service operations by time of day and end use. This information, when examined in conjunction with building characteristics, allows detailed study of energy use cause and effect and energy conservation potential. Seven representative monitoring sites were selected, a computerized data acquisition network was designed and implemented, and detailed energy performance was compiled for a 1 year period (July 1983 through June 1984). Each of the seven facilities monitored was selected to represent the seven most common restaurant types and to provide information on a wide variety of commonly used restaurant equipment. Preliminary findings are presented.
{"title":"The project on restaurant energy performance end-use monitoring and analysis","authors":"C. N. Claar, R. Mazzucchi, J. Heidell","doi":"10.2172/5677088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5677088","url":null,"abstract":"Although energy bills for restaurants throughout the United States exceed 5 billion dollars annually, very little has been documented with respect to when and how restaurants use energy, or how such use can be reduced cost-effectively. This report summarizes the results of a multiyear collaborative research effort, designed to collect information on end-use energy consumption. Objective is to reveal the quantities and profiles of energy consumption of typical food service operations by time of day and end use. This information, when examined in conjunction with building characteristics, allows detailed study of energy use cause and effect and energy conservation potential. Seven representative monitoring sites were selected, a computerized data acquisition network was designed and implemented, and detailed energy performance was compiled for a 1 year period (July 1983 through June 1984). Each of the seven facilities monitored was selected to represent the seven most common restaurant types and to provide information on a wide variety of commonly used restaurant equipment. Preliminary findings are presented.","PeriodicalId":91206,"journal":{"name":"ASHRAE transactions","volume":"35 1","pages":"328-349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68230630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A residential unitary low-temperature water-source heat pump was tested in the laboratory. Tests were performed over a broad range of source-water temperature 45 to 70/sup 0/F (7.2 to 21.1/sup 0/C) and water-flow rates 5 to 30 gpm (3.2 X 10/sup -4/m/sup 3//s to 8.2 X 10/sup -4/m/sup 3//s). The heat pump capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) were found to be linearly related to the source-water temperatures. In the heating mode, the capacity and COP increased with increasing source-water temperature and flow rate. In the cooling mode, the capacity and COP decreased with increasing source-water temperature but increased with increasing water-flow rate. However, when an assumed water-pumping power, for a 150 ft (46 m) total head, was taken into account in the COP calculation, it was found that the net COP for both heating and cooling decreased with increasing water-flow rate. For cyclic operation over the tested source-water temperature range, the coefficient of degradation, C /SUB D/, ranged from 0.196 to 0.137 for heating and from 0.131 to 0.161 for cooling. The effect of inlet air humidity was also studied for cooling mode operation. A sample calculation is included in the paper to demonstrate the application of the test resultsmore » in calculating the annual performance factor (APF). The test results are used to form a data base on the performance of a typical residential, unitary low-temperature water-source heat pump.« less
{"title":"Laboratory tests of a residential low-temperature water source heat pump","authors":"V. Mei","doi":"10.2172/5260569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5260569","url":null,"abstract":"A residential unitary low-temperature water-source heat pump was tested in the laboratory. Tests were performed over a broad range of source-water temperature 45 to 70/sup 0/F (7.2 to 21.1/sup 0/C) and water-flow rates 5 to 30 gpm (3.2 X 10/sup -4/m/sup 3//s to 8.2 X 10/sup -4/m/sup 3//s). The heat pump capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) were found to be linearly related to the source-water temperatures. In the heating mode, the capacity and COP increased with increasing source-water temperature and flow rate. In the cooling mode, the capacity and COP decreased with increasing source-water temperature but increased with increasing water-flow rate. However, when an assumed water-pumping power, for a 150 ft (46 m) total head, was taken into account in the COP calculation, it was found that the net COP for both heating and cooling decreased with increasing water-flow rate. For cyclic operation over the tested source-water temperature range, the coefficient of degradation, C /SUB D/, ranged from 0.196 to 0.137 for heating and from 0.131 to 0.161 for cooling. The effect of inlet air humidity was also studied for cooling mode operation. A sample calculation is included in the paper to demonstrate the application of the test resultsmore » in calculating the annual performance factor (APF). The test results are used to form a data base on the performance of a typical residential, unitary low-temperature water-source heat pump.« less","PeriodicalId":91206,"journal":{"name":"ASHRAE transactions","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68228761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Direct application of West Coast geothermal resources in a wet corn milling plant.","authors":"A. Ko, R. Costello, M. Knebel","doi":"10.2172/5516879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5516879","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91206,"journal":{"name":"ASHRAE transactions","volume":"87 1","pages":"447-458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68229816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A numerical model was developed for the transient simulation of the double-effect, water-lithium bromide absorption cooling machine, and the use of the model to determine the effect of the various design and input variables on the absorption unit performance. The performance parameters considered were coefficient of performance and cooling capacity. The sensitivity analysis was performed by selecting a nominal condition and determining performance sensitivity for each variable with others held constant. The variables considered in the study include source hot water, cooling water, and chilled water temperatures; source hot water, cooling water, and chilled water flow rates; solution circulation rate; heat exchanger areas; pressure drop between evaporator and absorber; solution pump characteristics; and refrigerant flow control methods. The performance sensitivity study indicated in particular that the distribution of heat exchanger area among the various (seven) heat exchange components is a very-important design consideration. Moreover, it indicated that the method of flow control of the first effect refrigerant vapor through the second effect is a critical design feature when absorption units operate over a significant range of cooling capacity. The model was used to predict the performance of the Trane absorption unit with fairly good accuracy.
{"title":"Water-lithium bromide double-effect absorption cooling analysis","authors":"G. Vliet, M. B. Lawson, R. Lithgow","doi":"10.2172/6727822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2172/6727822","url":null,"abstract":"A numerical model was developed for the transient simulation of the double-effect, water-lithium bromide absorption cooling machine, and the use of the model to determine the effect of the various design and input variables on the absorption unit performance. The performance parameters considered were coefficient of performance and cooling capacity. The sensitivity analysis was performed by selecting a nominal condition and determining performance sensitivity for each variable with others held constant. The variables considered in the study include source hot water, cooling water, and chilled water temperatures; source hot water, cooling water, and chilled water flow rates; solution circulation rate; heat exchanger areas; pressure drop between evaporator and absorber; solution pump characteristics; and refrigerant flow control methods. The performance sensitivity study indicated in particular that the distribution of heat exchanger area among the various (seven) heat exchange components is a very-important design consideration. Moreover, it indicated that the method of flow control of the first effect refrigerant vapor through the second effect is a critical design feature when absorption units operate over a significant range of cooling capacity. The model was used to predict the performance of the Trane absorption unit with fairly good accuracy.","PeriodicalId":91206,"journal":{"name":"ASHRAE transactions","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68233011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An overview of the ongoing work in desiccant cooling under the national solar heating and cooling research program is presented. Open cycle adsorption and absorption systems are examined. The different dehumidifier bed configurations are the distinguishing features of these systems. The basic operating principles of each dehumidifier concept are explained along with some discussion of their comparative features. Performance predictions developed by SERI for a solar desiccant system employing an axial-flow desiccant wheel dehumidifier are presented. In terms of life-cycle cost and displaced fossil-fuel energy, the results indicate that it should be beneficial to use solar desiccant coolers in residential applications. Although no prototype testing of any of these concepts is currently underway, test results are expected and will be reported within one year.
{"title":"Overview of development programs in solar desiccant cooling for residential buildings","authors":"B. Shelpuk, D. Hooker","doi":"10.2172/5986954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5986954","url":null,"abstract":"An overview of the ongoing work in desiccant cooling under the national solar heating and cooling research program is presented. Open cycle adsorption and absorption systems are examined. The different dehumidifier bed configurations are the distinguishing features of these systems. The basic operating principles of each dehumidifier concept are explained along with some discussion of their comparative features. Performance predictions developed by SERI for a solar desiccant system employing an axial-flow desiccant wheel dehumidifier are presented. In terms of life-cycle cost and displaced fossil-fuel energy, the results indicate that it should be beneficial to use solar desiccant coolers in residential applications. Although no prototype testing of any of these concepts is currently underway, test results are expected and will be reported within one year.","PeriodicalId":91206,"journal":{"name":"ASHRAE transactions","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68230896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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