Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.12970/2310-8231.2024.12.01
J. Rondal
Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent autosomal aneuploidy. It refers to a genetic condition due to the triplication of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21). Disruption of the phenotype is thought to be the result of gene-dosage imbalance. This phenotype is always characterized by neurodevelopmental anomalies. Additionally, persons with DS have higher risks of several medical challenges. These include congenital heart disease, susceptibility to viruses and immune defects, metabolic changes, and hematopoietic abnormalities. In recent years, experimental work has been conducted with the aim of correcting overexpressed genes on chromosome 21 or silencing the extra chromosome 21 to normalize genetic expression. The paper examines the clinical feasibility of these attempts and identifies several caveats. Improving neurogenesis, dendritic density and synaptic connectivity with pharmacological substances is more at hand with the current technical knowledge and legal provisos.
{"title":"Epigenetic Correction and Early Brain Pharmacotherapy in Down Syndrome","authors":"J. Rondal","doi":"10.12970/2310-8231.2024.12.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12970/2310-8231.2024.12.01","url":null,"abstract":"Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent autosomal aneuploidy. It refers to a genetic condition due to the triplication of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21). Disruption of the phenotype is thought to be the result of gene-dosage imbalance. This phenotype is always characterized by neurodevelopmental anomalies. Additionally, persons with DS have higher risks of several medical challenges. These include congenital heart disease, susceptibility to viruses and immune defects, metabolic changes, and hematopoietic abnormalities. In recent years, experimental work has been conducted with the aim of correcting overexpressed genes on chromosome 21 or silencing the extra chromosome 21 to normalize genetic expression. The paper examines the clinical feasibility of these attempts and identifies several caveats. Improving neurogenesis, dendritic density and synaptic connectivity with pharmacological substances is more at hand with the current technical knowledge and legal provisos.","PeriodicalId":91283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical psychiatry and mental health","volume":"134 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139794177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.12970/2310-8231.2024.12.01
J. Rondal
Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent autosomal aneuploidy. It refers to a genetic condition due to the triplication of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21). Disruption of the phenotype is thought to be the result of gene-dosage imbalance. This phenotype is always characterized by neurodevelopmental anomalies. Additionally, persons with DS have higher risks of several medical challenges. These include congenital heart disease, susceptibility to viruses and immune defects, metabolic changes, and hematopoietic abnormalities. In recent years, experimental work has been conducted with the aim of correcting overexpressed genes on chromosome 21 or silencing the extra chromosome 21 to normalize genetic expression. The paper examines the clinical feasibility of these attempts and identifies several caveats. Improving neurogenesis, dendritic density and synaptic connectivity with pharmacological substances is more at hand with the current technical knowledge and legal provisos.
{"title":"Epigenetic Correction and Early Brain Pharmacotherapy in Down Syndrome","authors":"J. Rondal","doi":"10.12970/2310-8231.2024.12.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12970/2310-8231.2024.12.01","url":null,"abstract":"Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent autosomal aneuploidy. It refers to a genetic condition due to the triplication of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21). Disruption of the phenotype is thought to be the result of gene-dosage imbalance. This phenotype is always characterized by neurodevelopmental anomalies. Additionally, persons with DS have higher risks of several medical challenges. These include congenital heart disease, susceptibility to viruses and immune defects, metabolic changes, and hematopoietic abnormalities. In recent years, experimental work has been conducted with the aim of correcting overexpressed genes on chromosome 21 or silencing the extra chromosome 21 to normalize genetic expression. The paper examines the clinical feasibility of these attempts and identifies several caveats. Improving neurogenesis, dendritic density and synaptic connectivity with pharmacological substances is more at hand with the current technical knowledge and legal provisos.","PeriodicalId":91283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical psychiatry and mental health","volume":"144 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139854021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.12970/2310-8231.2022.10.02
Priscila Naves Domingues, Tatiana Fonseca Da Silva
Introduction: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as a deliberate and voluntary self-inflicted physical damage without suicidal intent. However, the risk of suicide is significantly higher among those who have previously engaged in NSSI. Adolescents are at risk for developing this type of behavior, as elevated levels of impulsivity and emotional reactivity are present due to brain developmental processes. Methods: A cross-sectional survey that collected data from a sample of 140 adolescents from two Brazilian public schools in august of 2018. The prevalence of self-injury was calculated, and related factors were analyzed, such as sex, socioeconomic status, age of onset, recurrence, intention to die and healthcare assistance. Results: The prevalence of self-injury was 25% (n = 35) in the sample. Girls were seven times more likely to practice self-injury than boys (OR 7.42; 95% CI 2.80-19.66; p<0.001). However, boys were more likely to have intention to die, recurrence, absence of pain, and no healthcare assistance. The age of onset was 13 to 15 years for most cases. More than one third of participants reported multiple episodes of self-injury (five episodes or more) and they were 13 times more likely to have intention to die (OR 13.2; 95% CI 1.44-120.69; p=0.010). Only one person reported using medication on a daily basis (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) and 28.6% reported undergoing professional healthcare assistance. Conclusion: Self-injury is a prevalent behavior in adolescents, that potentially results in psychological and physical impairments. Further research to achieve a better understanding of clinical and epidemiological features of self-injury is essential so that more effective preventive and therapeutic interventions can be developed to target the needs of young people worldwide.
{"title":"Prevalence and Correlates of Self-Injury among Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"Priscila Naves Domingues, Tatiana Fonseca Da Silva","doi":"10.12970/2310-8231.2022.10.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12970/2310-8231.2022.10.02","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as a deliberate and voluntary self-inflicted physical damage without suicidal intent. However, the risk of suicide is significantly higher among those who have previously engaged in NSSI. Adolescents are at risk for developing this type of behavior, as elevated levels of impulsivity and emotional reactivity are present due to brain developmental processes. \u0000Methods: A cross-sectional survey that collected data from a sample of 140 adolescents from two Brazilian public schools in august of 2018. The prevalence of self-injury was calculated, and related factors were analyzed, such as sex, socioeconomic status, age of onset, recurrence, intention to die and healthcare assistance. \u0000Results: The prevalence of self-injury was 25% (n = 35) in the sample. Girls were seven times more likely to practice self-injury than boys (OR 7.42; 95% CI 2.80-19.66; p<0.001). However, boys were more likely to have intention to die, recurrence, absence of pain, and no healthcare assistance. The age of onset was 13 to 15 years for most cases. More than one third of participants reported multiple episodes of self-injury (five episodes or more) and they were 13 times more likely to have intention to die (OR 13.2; 95% CI 1.44-120.69; p=0.010). Only one person reported using medication on a daily basis (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) and 28.6% reported undergoing professional healthcare assistance. \u0000Conclusion: Self-injury is a prevalent behavior in adolescents, that potentially results in psychological and physical impairments. Further research to achieve a better understanding of clinical and epidemiological features of self-injury is essential so that more effective preventive and therapeutic interventions can be developed to target the needs of young people worldwide.","PeriodicalId":91283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical psychiatry and mental health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43682586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-19DOI: 10.12970/2310-8231.2022.10.01
Olena Ihnatovych, O. Ivanova, O. Radzimovska, Halyna Tataurova-Osyka
The article highlights the results of the applied study "Development of psychological readiness of teachers for professional activities in the New Ukrainian School", conducted at the Ivan Ziaziun Institute of Pedagogical and Adult Education of NAES of Ukraine. The main tendencies and influence of anxiety states on the psychological readiness of the individual for professional activity during the implementation of the NUS Concept under the conditions of quarantine and war are analyzed. The peculiarities of the dynamics of panic disorders due to being under the conditions of hostilities are highlighted.
{"title":"Dynamics of Panic Disorders in the Study of Psychological Readiness of Personality for Professional Activity","authors":"Olena Ihnatovych, O. Ivanova, O. Radzimovska, Halyna Tataurova-Osyka","doi":"10.12970/2310-8231.2022.10.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12970/2310-8231.2022.10.01","url":null,"abstract":"The article highlights the results of the applied study \"Development of psychological readiness of teachers for professional activities in the New Ukrainian School\", conducted at the Ivan Ziaziun Institute of Pedagogical and Adult Education of NAES of Ukraine. The main tendencies and influence of anxiety states on the psychological readiness of the individual for professional activity during the implementation of the NUS Concept under the conditions of quarantine and war are analyzed. The peculiarities of the dynamics of panic disorders due to being under the conditions of hostilities are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":91283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical psychiatry and mental health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45597034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-07DOI: 10.12970/2310-8231.2021.09.07
J. Lambe
Levomepromazine is rarely used in child and adolescent psychiatry. Four cases are described where extreme behavioural disturbance responded favourably and promptly to oral prescription. Two additional cases are described where ceasing levomepromazine led to early signs of what was probably tardive dyskinesia, resolving completely.
{"title":"The Use of Levomepromazine, a.k.a. Methotrimeprazine, a.k.a. Nozinan, in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","authors":"J. Lambe","doi":"10.12970/2310-8231.2021.09.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12970/2310-8231.2021.09.07","url":null,"abstract":"Levomepromazine is rarely used in child and adolescent psychiatry. Four cases are described where extreme behavioural disturbance responded favourably and promptly to oral prescription. Two additional cases are described where ceasing levomepromazine led to early signs of what was probably tardive dyskinesia, resolving completely.","PeriodicalId":91283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical psychiatry and mental health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44587986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-25DOI: 10.12970/2310-8231.2021.09.06
A. Bener, Erol Yildirim, C. Barışık, Turker Demirtakan
{"title":"The Global COVID-19 Pandemic Quarantining Effect on Mental Health, Sleeping Quality and Life-Style","authors":"A. Bener, Erol Yildirim, C. Barışık, Turker Demirtakan","doi":"10.12970/2310-8231.2021.09.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12970/2310-8231.2021.09.06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical psychiatry and mental health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48287430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-11DOI: 10.12970/2310-8231.2021.09.04
Pablo Luis López
Sleep problems have been frequently reported in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although psychological treatment is the first line of treatment for these problems, the evidence is still scant in this context. This paper summarizes the state of the art of the study of the efficacy of non-pharmacological treatment for the treatment of sleep problems in the general population and in health workers.
{"title":"Psychological Interventions for Sleep Problems during COVID19 Pandemic: What we Know?","authors":"Pablo Luis López","doi":"10.12970/2310-8231.2021.09.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12970/2310-8231.2021.09.04","url":null,"abstract":"Sleep problems have been frequently reported in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although psychological treatment is the first line of treatment for these problems, the evidence is still scant in this context. This paper summarizes the state of the art of the study of the efficacy of non-pharmacological treatment for the treatment of sleep problems in the general population and in health workers.","PeriodicalId":91283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical psychiatry and mental health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48846671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-25DOI: 10.12970/2310-8231.2020.08.09
Sun Fengli, Zhu Jianfeng, W. Zhiqiang, J. Weidong
{"title":"Study on TCM Syndrome of Bipolar Mania: Data From Domestic Published Manic Disorder With Multiple Syndromes Treated by Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine","authors":"Sun Fengli, Zhu Jianfeng, W. Zhiqiang, J. Weidong","doi":"10.12970/2310-8231.2020.08.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12970/2310-8231.2020.08.09","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical psychiatry and mental health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46828974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.36811/ijpmh.2020.110008
S. Shafti
In DSM-5, the sector of ‘Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention’, has discussed about cults. The said section covers all conditions and problems that are a focus of clinical attention or that may otherwise affect the diagnosis, course, prognosis, or treatment of a patient's mental disorder. While cults are usually led by charismatic leaders, who offer acceptance and guidance to troubled followers, cult followers are strongly controlled and forced to dissolve commitment to family and others to serve the cult leader's directives and personal needs. On the other hand, there were many cult leaders, who have been convicted of violent or non-violent crimes, as a commander or committer, before, during or after their period as a cult leader. While many bio-psycho-social factors involve in the grouping and formation of sects or cults, numerous dynamics, too, may prepare the group’s state of mind for perpetrating crime. Among a number of conceivable historical, cultural, or radical causes, while psychopathy, at all times, have had a firm position in forensic psychiatry, narcissism, whether as a primary trait or as a misleadingly stirred quality, have been generally over looked. Interrelationship between narcissism and psychopathy, from one hand, and the scarce set of circumstances, on the other hand, may create a situation, full of mix-ups, which can be continued melancholically and hazardously. In the present article, the likely role of narcissism, among numerous mechanisms that may involve in establishment of sectarian misbehavior, will be discussed in more detail. Keywords: Cult; Sect; Narcissism; Psychopathy; Crime
{"title":"Narcissism: Groundwork for Sectarian Misdemeanors","authors":"S. Shafti","doi":"10.36811/ijpmh.2020.110008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36811/ijpmh.2020.110008","url":null,"abstract":"In DSM-5, the sector of ‘Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention’, has discussed about cults. The said section covers all conditions and problems that are a focus of clinical attention or that may otherwise affect the diagnosis, course, prognosis, or treatment of a patient's mental disorder. While cults are usually led by charismatic leaders, who offer acceptance and guidance to troubled followers, cult followers are strongly controlled and forced to dissolve commitment to family and others to serve the cult leader's directives and personal needs. On the other hand, there were many cult leaders, who have been convicted of violent or non-violent crimes, as a commander or committer, before, during or after their period as a cult leader. While many bio-psycho-social factors involve in the grouping and formation of sects or cults, numerous dynamics, too, may prepare the group’s state of mind for perpetrating crime. Among a number of conceivable historical, cultural, or radical causes, while psychopathy, at all times, have had a firm position in forensic psychiatry, narcissism, whether as a primary trait or as a misleadingly stirred quality, have been generally over looked. Interrelationship between narcissism and psychopathy, from one hand, and the scarce set of circumstances, on the other hand, may create a situation, full of mix-ups, which can be continued melancholically and hazardously. In the present article, the likely role of narcissism, among numerous mechanisms that may involve in establishment of sectarian misbehavior, will be discussed in more detail. \u0000\u0000Keywords: Cult; Sect; Narcissism; Psychopathy; Crime","PeriodicalId":91283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical psychiatry and mental health","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86173094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-13DOI: 10.36811/ijpmh.2019.110006
J. Rey, PharmD, Bcpp, Huy Pham, Lauren Blue, P. student, Carolina Liriano
Myotonia congenita is a rare non-dystrophic skeletal muscle disease characterized by an inability to relax skeletal muscles after abrupt voluntary movements. Patients with this condition have stiff muscles and difficulty with mobility, especially when initiating movement after periods of rest. It is well known that movement disorders are a common side effect of antipsychotics due to their ability to antagonize dopamine 2 receptors in the extrapyramidal part of the basal ganglia. The purpose of this case is to describe the effects antipsychotics had on a 59-year-old Caucasian male with comorbid myotonia congenita and schizophrenia in an inpatient psychiatric hospital setting. Medication trials of ziprasidone, haloperidol and clozapine exacerbated his myotonic symptoms leading to falls and complaints of severe muscle stiffness, which were relieved upon discontinuation of all antipsychotic medications. This suggests that patients with myotonia congenita may have an increased sensitivity to the extrapyramidal side effect profile of antipsychotics. Treatment options for this patient case are discussed with an emphasis on lamotrigine. Keywords: Myotonia congenita; Schizophrenia; Myopathy; Antipsychotics; Extrapyramidal symptoms
{"title":"A Case of Myotonia Congenita and Schizophrenia: Difficulties in Treatment with Antipsychotics due to Hypersensitivity to Extrapyramidal Symptoms","authors":"J. Rey, PharmD, Bcpp, Huy Pham, Lauren Blue, P. student, Carolina Liriano","doi":"10.36811/ijpmh.2019.110006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36811/ijpmh.2019.110006","url":null,"abstract":"Myotonia congenita is a rare non-dystrophic skeletal muscle disease characterized by an inability to relax skeletal muscles after abrupt voluntary movements. Patients with this condition have stiff muscles and difficulty with mobility, especially when initiating movement after periods of rest. It is well known that movement disorders are a common side effect of antipsychotics due to their ability to antagonize dopamine 2 receptors in the extrapyramidal part of the basal ganglia. The purpose of this case is to describe the effects antipsychotics had on a 59-year-old Caucasian male with comorbid myotonia congenita and schizophrenia in an inpatient psychiatric hospital setting. Medication trials of ziprasidone, haloperidol and clozapine exacerbated his myotonic symptoms leading to falls and complaints of severe muscle stiffness, which were relieved upon discontinuation of all antipsychotic medications. This suggests that patients with myotonia congenita may have an increased sensitivity to the extrapyramidal side effect profile of antipsychotics. Treatment options for this patient case are discussed with an emphasis on lamotrigine.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Myotonia congenita; Schizophrenia; Myopathy; Antipsychotics; Extrapyramidal symptoms","PeriodicalId":91283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical psychiatry and mental health","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74284597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：