Kathan A Amin, Sharjeel Israr, D. Gopireddy, U. Udayasankar
T is the leading cause of death in children over the age of one, and traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability due to trauma, accounting for 70% of fatal injuries.1 In the United States, every year there are 3,000 deaths, 50,000 hospitalizations and 675,000 emergency room (ER) visits related to blunt head trauma.1 TBI is a major public health and socio-economic problem throughout the world, especially among children and young adults.2 Even in patients who do not have any recognizable initial clinical manifestations, it can still have devastating long-term consequences on neurocognitive function and psychosocial behavior, if untreated. The use of computed tomography (CT) has increased in recent years, thus enabling early identification of TBI. Accordingly, many recent studies have shown an association between lifetime risk of developing cancer and ionizing radiation from CT exams. This lifetime risk of cancer is higher in young children when compared to adults.3,4 Though CT has remained the mainstay imaging modality used in the initial evaluation of pediatric head injury, faster magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have proven to be more sensitive in identifying subtle findings of brain injury. Specifically, MRI has been used in differentiating subacute and chronic brain injury, and identifying the extent of encephalopathy, reactive gliosis, and hemorrhage related ABSTRACT Purpose Though computed tomography (CT) has been the mainstay imaging modality used in the initial evaluation of pediatric head injury, newer magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have proven to be more sensitive in identifying subtle findings of brain injury. Specifically, MRI has been used in differentiating subacute and chronic brain injury, and identifying the extent of encephalopathy, reactive gliosis, and hemorrhage related to the insult. In this literature review, we intend to present the current information about the use and benefits of MR in evaluating pediatric head trauma. Methods Literature search was done from Medline and PubMed for all peer-reviewed manuscripts from January 1990 and December 2018 using several keywords. The preceding searches included pediatric head trauma, pediatric TBI, imaging in head trauma, MRI in head trauma evaluation, and long-term effects of pediatric head trauma. After careful analysis, the most important points were chosen and summarized in this review. Results MRI has greater sensitivity in the detection of most types of head injuries, in comparison to CT – except skull fractures. Conclusions In the setting of head trauma, MRI provides an imaging modality with a unique ability to provide additional clinical information compared to CT examination.
{"title":"MRI Brain Imaging in Assessment of Pediatric Head Trauma","authors":"Kathan A Amin, Sharjeel Israr, D. Gopireddy, U. Udayasankar","doi":"10.17140/ROJ-3-121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/ROJ-3-121","url":null,"abstract":"T is the leading cause of death in children over the age of one, and traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability due to trauma, accounting for 70% of fatal injuries.1 In the United States, every year there are 3,000 deaths, 50,000 hospitalizations and 675,000 emergency room (ER) visits related to blunt head trauma.1 TBI is a major public health and socio-economic problem throughout the world, especially among children and young adults.2 Even in patients who do not have any recognizable initial clinical manifestations, it can still have devastating long-term consequences on neurocognitive function and psychosocial behavior, if untreated. The use of computed tomography (CT) has increased in recent years, thus enabling early identification of TBI. Accordingly, many recent studies have shown an association between lifetime risk of developing cancer and ionizing radiation from CT exams. This lifetime risk of cancer is higher in young children when compared to adults.3,4 Though CT has remained the mainstay imaging modality used in the initial evaluation of pediatric head injury, faster magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have proven to be more sensitive in identifying subtle findings of brain injury. Specifically, MRI has been used in differentiating subacute and chronic brain injury, and identifying the extent of encephalopathy, reactive gliosis, and hemorrhage related ABSTRACT Purpose Though computed tomography (CT) has been the mainstay imaging modality used in the initial evaluation of pediatric head injury, newer magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have proven to be more sensitive in identifying subtle findings of brain injury. Specifically, MRI has been used in differentiating subacute and chronic brain injury, and identifying the extent of encephalopathy, reactive gliosis, and hemorrhage related to the insult. In this literature review, we intend to present the current information about the use and benefits of MR in evaluating pediatric head trauma. Methods Literature search was done from Medline and PubMed for all peer-reviewed manuscripts from January 1990 and December 2018 using several keywords. The preceding searches included pediatric head trauma, pediatric TBI, imaging in head trauma, MRI in head trauma evaluation, and long-term effects of pediatric head trauma. After careful analysis, the most important points were chosen and summarized in this review. Results MRI has greater sensitivity in the detection of most types of head injuries, in comparison to CT – except skull fractures. Conclusions In the setting of head trauma, MRI provides an imaging modality with a unique ability to provide additional clinical information compared to CT examination.","PeriodicalId":91603,"journal":{"name":"Radiology - open journal","volume":"71 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90718924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reporting on X-ray Films by Radiographers will Always Remain Task-Specific and Limited In Scope: A Critical Discourse","authors":"A. Mubuuke","doi":"10.17140/ROJ-3-118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/ROJ-3-118","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91603,"journal":{"name":"Radiology - open journal","volume":"15 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82877334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Copyright 2019 by Liao A. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. 4 Systematic Review | Volume 3 | Issue 1| cc Aim A review of the literature was performed to evaluate, review and discuss the imaging systems of picture archiving and communication system (PACS), vendor neutral archive (VNAs) and enterprise imaging.
这是一篇根据知识共享署名4.0国际许可(CC by 4.0)发布的开放获取文章，允许以任何媒介或格式复制、再分发、再混合、转换和复制，即使是商业复制，前提是正确引用原始作品。目的通过文献综述，对图像存档和通信系统(PACS)、供应商中立存档(VNAs)和企业成像系统进行评价、回顾和讨论。
{"title":"Enterprise Imaging: The Next Frontier in Healthcare Technology–A Liturature Review","authors":"Alex C Liao, E. Seeram","doi":"10.17140/ROJ-3-119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/ROJ-3-119","url":null,"abstract":"Copyright 2019 by Liao A. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. 4 Systematic Review | Volume 3 | Issue 1| cc Aim A review of the literature was performed to evaluate, review and discuss the imaging systems of picture archiving and communication system (PACS), vendor neutral archive (VNAs) and enterprise imaging.","PeriodicalId":91603,"journal":{"name":"Radiology - open journal","volume":"13 8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83638868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Bernal, D. Bohannon, Jorge González, N. Altman, Americo F. Padilla
Copyright 2019 by Bernal B. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. 12 Retrospective Research | Volume 3 | Issue 1| cc Introduction Patients with psychiatric disorders needing inpatient care often display aggression, fear, anxiety. These emotional proccesses are typically ascribed to the amygdala, as indicated by multiple publications. However, very few of these studies have been done with patients of the pediatric or adolescent population. The goal of our research was to analyze a hypothesized increase on the activity of the amygdala in patients being admitted for a psychiatric reason. Method We retrospectively analyzed a group of 168 patients with a primary psychiatric diagnosis that were hospitalized at Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami, Florida between the years 2010 and 2017 and who had a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as part of the neuroimage work-up for psychiatric symptoms. Primary diagnosis included major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The comparison group consisted of 75 hospitalized pediatric patients with intractable epilepsy and no past psychiatric history. This comparison group was chosen due to the large number of imaging studies available done in an identical hospital setting. Results The results of our study showed a considerable increase in the frequency of identified networks in the amygdala in psychotic patients vs comparison group with intractable epilepsy. The percentage of patients with identified networks that show an increase in amygdala activation in the epileptic group was 10.7%. The percentage of patients that showed an increase in amygdala network activation in the psychiatric group was 50.0%. Discussion This study suggests that children with severe psychiatric conditions requiring in-patient care have a statistically significant increase in basal amygdala activation compared to a control group with intractable epilepsy. Our findings require further development and refinement to ascertain which specific etiologies or symptoms are more related to the finding. This may ultimately evolve into a radiological biomarker for a specific psychiatric condition with potential to guide future treatment.
这是一篇根据知识共享署名4.0国际许可(CC by 4.0)发布的开放获取文章，允许以任何媒介或格式复制、再分发、再混合、转换和复制，即使是商业复制，前提是正确引用原始作品。需要住院治疗的精神疾病患者常表现出攻击性、恐惧、焦虑等症状。正如许多出版物所指出的那样，这些情绪过程通常归因于杏仁核。然而，这些研究很少是针对儿童或青少年人群进行的。我们研究的目的是分析因精神原因入院的患者杏仁核活动增加的假设。方法回顾性分析2010年至2017年期间在佛罗里达州迈阿密尼克劳斯儿童医院住院的168例原发性精神病诊断患者，这些患者接受了静息状态功能磁共振成像(fMRI)作为精神症状神经影像学检查的一部分。初步诊断包括重度抑郁症、双相情感障碍和精神分裂症。对照组为75例无精神病史的顽固性癫痫住院患儿。之所以选择这个比较组，是因为在同一家医院进行了大量的影像学研究。结果我们的研究结果显示，与顽固性癫痫对照组相比，精神病患者杏仁核中识别网络的频率显著增加。在癫痫组中，有识别网络显示杏仁核激活增加的患者比例为10.7%。在精神病组中，杏仁核网络激活增加的患者比例为50.0%。本研究表明，与顽固性癫痫对照组相比，需要住院治疗的严重精神疾病儿童的基底杏仁核激活有统计学意义上的显著增加。我们的发现需要进一步发展和完善，以确定哪些特定的病因或症状与该发现更相关。这可能最终演变成一种特定精神疾病的放射生物标志物，有可能指导未来的治疗。
{"title":"Amygdala Basal Activity Differs in Hospitalized Pediatric Psychiatry Patients Compared to Control","authors":"B. Bernal, D. Bohannon, Jorge González, N. Altman, Americo F. Padilla","doi":"10.17140/roj-3-120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/roj-3-120","url":null,"abstract":"Copyright 2019 by Bernal B. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. 12 Retrospective Research | Volume 3 | Issue 1| cc Introduction Patients with psychiatric disorders needing inpatient care often display aggression, fear, anxiety. These emotional proccesses are typically ascribed to the amygdala, as indicated by multiple publications. However, very few of these studies have been done with patients of the pediatric or adolescent population. The goal of our research was to analyze a hypothesized increase on the activity of the amygdala in patients being admitted for a psychiatric reason. Method We retrospectively analyzed a group of 168 patients with a primary psychiatric diagnosis that were hospitalized at Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami, Florida between the years 2010 and 2017 and who had a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as part of the neuroimage work-up for psychiatric symptoms. Primary diagnosis included major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The comparison group consisted of 75 hospitalized pediatric patients with intractable epilepsy and no past psychiatric history. This comparison group was chosen due to the large number of imaging studies available done in an identical hospital setting. Results The results of our study showed a considerable increase in the frequency of identified networks in the amygdala in psychotic patients vs comparison group with intractable epilepsy. The percentage of patients with identified networks that show an increase in amygdala activation in the epileptic group was 10.7%. The percentage of patients that showed an increase in amygdala network activation in the psychiatric group was 50.0%. Discussion This study suggests that children with severe psychiatric conditions requiring in-patient care have a statistically significant increase in basal amygdala activation compared to a control group with intractable epilepsy. Our findings require further development and refinement to ascertain which specific etiologies or symptoms are more related to the finding. This may ultimately evolve into a radiological biomarker for a specific psychiatric condition with potential to guide future treatment.","PeriodicalId":91603,"journal":{"name":"Radiology - open journal","volume":"765 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76926342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01Epub Date: 2015-12-11DOI: 10.17140/roj-1-101
Mansi Bharat Parekh, Abhijit Achyut Gurjarpadhye, Martin A C Manoukian, Arita Dubnika, Jayakumar Rajadas, Mohammed Inayathullah
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has come to be known as a unique radiological imaging modality because of its ability to perform tomographic imaging of body without the use of any harmful ionizing radiation. The radiologists use MRI to gain insight into the anatomy of organs, including the brain, while biomedical researchers explore the modality to gain better understanding of the brain structure and function. However, due to limited resolution and contrast, the conventional MRI fails to show the brain microstructure. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) harnesses the power of conventional MRI to deduce the diffusion dynamics of water molecules within the tissue and indirectly create a three-dimensional sketch of the brain anatomy. DTI enables visualization of brain tissue microstructure, which is extremely helpful in understanding various neuropathologies and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we briefly discuss the background and operating principles of DTI, followed by current trends in DTI applications for biomedical and clinical investigation of various brain diseases and disorders.
{"title":"Recent Developments in Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Brain.","authors":"Mansi Bharat Parekh, Abhijit Achyut Gurjarpadhye, Martin A C Manoukian, Arita Dubnika, Jayakumar Rajadas, Mohammed Inayathullah","doi":"10.17140/roj-1-101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/roj-1-101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has come to be known as a unique radiological imaging modality because of its ability to perform tomographic imaging of body without the use of any harmful ionizing radiation. The radiologists use MRI to gain insight into the anatomy of organs, including the brain, while biomedical researchers explore the modality to gain better understanding of the brain structure and function. However, due to limited resolution and contrast, the conventional MRI fails to show the brain microstructure. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) harnesses the power of conventional MRI to deduce the diffusion dynamics of water molecules within the tissue and indirectly create a three-dimensional sketch of the brain anatomy. DTI enables visualization of brain tissue microstructure, which is extremely helpful in understanding various neuropathologies and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we briefly discuss the background and operating principles of DTI, followed by current trends in DTI applications for biomedical and clinical investigation of various brain diseases and disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":91603,"journal":{"name":"Radiology - open journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4827917/pdf/nihms745890.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34459913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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