BAOJ obesity & weight loss management最新文献

英文中文

Self-Control in Weight Loss Process 减肥过程中的自我控制

BAOJ obesity & weight loss management

Pub Date : 2018-10-31 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76127

M. Marszał-Wiśniewska, E. Jarczewska-Gerc

Classical motivation theories assumed that the probability of success in goal striving process (including weight loss) depended on two factors: likelihood of success and attractiveness of the result. However, research referring to obesity showed that motivational factors are not sufficient in effective weight loss. In other words, obese people value anticip ated weight loss but still do not succeed in this process. It is implied by the fact that effectiveness and persistence of this process depend also on volitional factor. This factor refers to self-control mechanisms, which mediate between intention to reach the goal and its enactment. The current empirical data suggest that implementation intentions and mental simulations are especially beneficial techniques of self-control enhancement. This chapter will unveil main theories and research concerning self-control mechanisms and influence of various mental simulations and implementation intentions in weight loss process and weight-related behaviors. Moreover, our empirical data concerning individual differences in self-control of weight loss process are presented.

经典的动机理论认为，在目标争取过程中(包括减肥)成功的概率取决于两个因素:成功的可能性和结果的吸引力。然而，关于肥胖的研究表明，激励因素不足以有效减肥。换句话说，肥胖的人重视预期的减肥，但在这个过程中仍然没有成功。这一过程的有效性和持久性也取决于意志因素，这一事实暗示了这一点。这一因素是指自我控制机制，它在达到目标的意愿和目标的实现之间起中介作用。目前的实证数据表明，实施意图和心理模拟是特别有益的自我控制增强技术。本章将介绍各种心理模拟和实施意图在减肥过程和体重相关行为中的自我控制机制及其影响的主要理论和研究。此外，我们还提供了有关减肥过程中自我控制的个体差异的经验数据。

引用次数: 6

Physical Fitness and Body Shape (Physical Shape) 体能及体型(形体)

BAOJ obesity & weight loss management

Pub Date : 2018-10-31 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76314

Flor María Estrada, Miguel Ángel Nieto Castillo, J. S. Vega, Patricia Tlatempa Sotelo, A. Múrua

The purpose of this study was to determine Zulu women ’ s perceptions of their body image relative to weight status attending a noncommunicable disease (NCD) clinic in South Africa. A cross-sectional exploratory study design was used and included 328 (91%) Zulu women who were sampled systematically. The women were subjected to anthropometric measurements and engaged the Stunkard ’ s body image figures to determine perception. The study showed that 61% of the sample was in the 40 – 59 age strata. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 37kg/m 2 ( (cid:1) 9.41 kg/m 2 ), with over 90% being overweight or obese. A discrepancy between Zulu women ’ s perceived body image and actual BMI existed in all weight status categories with overweight and obesity demonstrating the widest variations (p < 0.000). Women perceived themselves to be thinner than their actual BMI. More than 99% associated an underweight body image to one with disease. Diabetes mellitus (72%) was the most frequent NCD encountered. Only 23% with this condition correctly perceived their body image. It was shown that the negative impact of preferring a larger body image in Zulu women with preexisting NCDs could be refueling their existing comorbidities.

本研究的目的是确定在南非参加非传染性疾病(NCD)诊所的祖鲁妇女对自己的身体形象相对于体重状况的看法。采用横断面探索性研究设计，系统抽样328名(91%)祖鲁族妇女。研究人员对这些女性进行了人体测量，并利用斯图卡德的身体形象来确定她们的感知能力。研究表明，61%的样品在40 - 59岁的地层中。平均体重指数(BMI)为37kg/ m2 ((cid:1) 9.41 kg/ m2)，超过90%的人超重或肥胖。在所有体重状态中，祖鲁族女性的身体形象与实际BMI存在差异，其中超重和肥胖表现出最大的差异(p < 0.000)。女性认为自己比实际的身体质量指数更瘦。超过99%的人认为体重过轻与疾病有关。糖尿病(72%)是最常见的非传染性疾病。在这种情况下，只有23%的人正确地感知到了自己的身体形象。研究表明，对于已经患有非传染性疾病的祖鲁女性来说，偏好更大的身体形象的负面影响可能会加剧她们现有的合并症。

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引用次数: 0

Male Obesity and Reproductive Health 男性肥胖与生殖健康

BAOJ obesity & weight loss management

Pub Date : 2018-10-31 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76932

M. Jaffar, S. Ahmad, M. A. Cheruveetil

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, and all this evidence suggests that the situation is likely to get worse ahead. A combination of an increasingly sedentary lifestyle and unfavorable diet in the western world has resulted in increasing numbers of overweight and obese children and adults. According to the WHO, approximately 1.6 billion adults were classed as being overweight and 400 million adults were obese in 2005. Also gaining attention is the reported decline in semen quality and male reproductive potential over the past 50 years. Surprisingly, such decreases have not been reported in regions where obesity is less prevalent. Since this decline in fertility has occurred in parallel with increasing rates of obesity, the possibility that obesity is a cause of male infertility and reduced fecundity should be addressed. Effects of obesity on female fertility have been studied extensively. Weight loss in anovulatory women restores fertility and increases the likelihood of ovulation and conception. In contrast to the extensive knowledge of the effects of obesity on female fertility, male factor infertility as a result of obesity has been overlooked, even after the discovery of a threefold increase in the incidence of obesity in patients with male factor infertility, demanding the concern over m ale obesity with respect to infertility.

肥胖在全球范围内已经达到流行病的程度，所有这些证据都表明，未来的情况可能会变得更糟。在西方世界，越来越多的久坐不动的生活方式和不利的饮食习惯导致越来越多的超重和肥胖的儿童和成人。据世界卫生组织统计，2005年约有16亿成年人超重，4亿成年人肥胖。在过去的50年里，精液质量和男性生殖潜力的下降也引起了人们的关注。令人惊讶的是，在肥胖不太普遍的地区，并没有这种下降的报道。由于生育率的下降与肥胖率的上升同时发生，肥胖是男性不育和生育能力下降的一个原因的可能性应该得到解决。肥胖对女性生育能力的影响已被广泛研究。不排卵女性的体重减轻可以恢复生育能力，增加排卵和受孕的可能性。与肥胖对女性生育能力的影响的广泛知识相比，肥胖导致的男性因素不育症一直被忽视，即使在发现男性因素不育症患者的肥胖发病率增加了三倍之后，也要求关注男性肥胖与不育症的关系。

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引用次数: 0

Men’s Body Image: The Effects of an Unhealthy Body Image on Psychological, Behavioral, and Cognitive Health 男性的身体形象:不健康的身体形象对心理、行为和认知健康的影响

BAOJ obesity & weight loss management

Pub Date : 2018-10-31 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75187

Amanda Baker, C. Blanchard

In the past two decades, growing empirical efforts have illuminated the need to understand body image disturbances and preoccupations associated with the male experience. Scholars, practitioners, and more recently, public policy are increasingly interested in the nature, causes, and consequences of men's body image apprehensions and weight concerns. This accession is largely due to the fact that men are progressively becoming more visible in popular culture (especially through exceedingly lean and muscular depictions) and concurrently, severe body image-related disorders such as anorexia nervosa among men are on the rise. This chapter aims to provide a review of the consequences associated with men's unhealthy body image including the psychological (e.g., weight distortions and emotional valence), behavioral (e.g., dieting/fasting, substance use, and cosmetic surgery), and cognitive health outcomes particular to the male experience (e.g., appearance schemas, cognitive performance, and cognitive load/malnutrition on cognitive functioning).

在过去的二十年里，越来越多的实证研究表明，有必要了解与男性经历相关的身体形象干扰和关注。学者、从业者，以及最近的公共政策越来越关注男性对身体形象和体重担忧的本质、原因和后果。这在很大程度上是由于男性在流行文化中越来越引人注目(尤其是通过极其精瘦和肌肉发达的描述)，同时，与身体形象相关的严重疾病，如男性神经性厌食症也在上升。本章旨在回顾与男性不健康身体形象相关的后果，包括心理(例如，体重扭曲和情绪效价)、行为(例如，节食/禁食、物质使用和整容手术)和男性体验特有的认知健康结果(例如，外表图式、认知表现和认知负荷/营养不良对认知功能的影响)。

引用次数: 4

Parenting Influences on Child Obesity-Related Behaviors: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective 父母对儿童肥胖相关行为的影响:一个自我决定理论的视角

BAOJ obesity & weight loss management

Pub Date : 2018-10-31 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75118

R. Pasquale, Andrea Rivolta

The relationships between parenting behaviors and child obesity-related behaviors have been extensively investigated through the use of different constructs such as parenting styles, domain-specific styles and specific parenting practices, but there is currently a need for a more comprehensive and integrative theoretical framework. This chapter argues about the usefulness of self-determination theory, and in particular of the specific dimensional parenting model related to the theory, as a framework to conceptually organize parenting practices relevant to children’s obesity-related behaviors. The three parenting dimensions of autonomy support, provision of structure and parental positive involvement, identified by self-determination theory as particularly relevant to the process of child’s internalization of socially desired behaviors and values, will be applied as a framework to conceptually organize the parenting practices in the feeding and physical activity domains.

父母行为与儿童肥胖相关行为之间的关系已经通过使用不同的构式(如父母教养方式、特定领域风格和特定教养实践)进行了广泛的研究，但目前还需要一个更全面和综合的理论框架。本章讨论了自我决定理论的有用性，特别是与该理论相关的特定维度育儿模型，作为概念性组织与儿童肥胖相关行为相关的育儿实践的框架。自主支持、结构提供和父母积极参与这三个育儿维度，被自我决定理论认为与儿童社会期望行为和价值观的内化过程特别相关，将被用作概念性组织喂养和身体活动领域的育儿实践的框架。

引用次数: 2

Unintentional Weight Loss 无意中减肥

BAOJ obesity & weight loss management

Pub Date : 2018-10-31 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74860

N. Freha

Unintentional weight loss (UWL) is a common symptom, particularly among older patients. In one site, patients with UWL have increased morbidity and mortality; in the other site, the prognosis of the patients is related to primary cause of the UWL. The dif- ferential diagnosis of the underlying diseases leading to UWL is broad and includes both malignant and nonmalignant gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, as well as endocrine, infectious, cardiopulmonary, and psychiatric disorders and side effects of medications. Patients with UWL should be investigated. The diagnostic approach to patients with UWL includes comprehensive medical history, physical examination, laboratory testing, imaging, and endoscopy. The imaging and endoscopy should be targeted according to the symptom, physical examination findings, and laboratory results. The treatment of UWL should be targeted to the primary disease causing weight loss. Non-pharmacologic nutrition intervention is the important treatment, and some pharmacologic treatment could be helpful in part of the patients.

无意体重减轻(UWL)是一种常见的症状，特别是在老年患者中。在一个地方，UWL患者的发病率和死亡率增加;在另一个部位，患者的预后与UWL的原发原因有关。导致UWL的基础疾病的鉴别诊断是广泛的，包括恶性和非恶性胃肠道(GI)疾病，以及内分泌、感染性、心肺、精神疾病和药物副作用。对UWL患者应进行调查。UWL患者的诊断方法包括全面的病史、体格检查、实验室检查、影像学检查和内窥镜检查。应根据症状、体格检查结果和实验室结果进行有针对性的影像学和内窥镜检查。UWL的治疗应针对导致体重下降的原发疾病。非药物营养干预是重要的治疗方法，一些药物治疗对部分患者是有帮助的。

引用次数: 6

The Eating Attitudes and Mental Health in Japanese Female University Students 日本女大学生的饮食态度与心理健康

BAOJ obesity & weight loss management

Pub Date : 2018-10-31 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74627

Daiki Kato, Mio Yoshie, M. Ishihara

First, the relationship between eating attitudes and anxiety in Japanese female university students was examined. The results of the analysis show that especially trait anxiety sig nificantly relates with eating disorder tendency. Following this, the interrelationship of eating attitudes, body-checking behavior cognition, and depression was examined. The results show that the obsessive thoughts body image score increases as the eating disor - der tendency score also increases, indicating that inappropriate eating attitudes have a strong impact on obsessive thoughts. Finally, the relationship between eating attitudes, trust, and isolation was examined. The results of the analysis show that inappropriate eating behavior significantly correlates with distrust and isolation. the standard deviation (SD) was 13.30. We categorized that the average minus 1/2 SD and less was the EAT-L group (N = 63) and the average plus 1/2 SD and more was the EAT-H group (N = 46). The participants with scores between the EAT-L and EAT-H groups were divided into the EAT-M group (N = 88). The scores of trust for others, trust in oneself, and distrust were compared between the EAT-L, EAT-M and EAT-H groups using one-way ANOVA. The results showed that there was a significant difference in distrust (F(2,194) = 11.12, p < .05) and trust for others (F(2,194) = 3.13, p < .05). Multiple comparisons showed that the score of distrust in the EAT-H group is higher than the EAT-M and EAT-L groups. The score of trust for others in the EAT-M group was higher than the EAT-L and EAT-H groups. There was no significant difference in trust in oneself (F(2,194) = 0.69, n.s.).

首先，研究了日本女大学生饮食态度与焦虑的关系。分析结果表明，尤其是特质焦虑与饮食失调倾向显著相关。在此基础上，研究了饮食态度、身体检查行为认知和抑郁之间的相互关系。结果表明，强迫思维身体形象得分随饮食失调倾向得分的增加而增加，表明不适当的饮食态度对强迫思维有很强的影响。最后，研究了饮食态度、信任和孤立之间的关系。分析结果表明，不适当的饮食行为与不信任和孤立显著相关。标准差(SD)为13.30。我们将平均- 1/2 SD和更少的是EAT-L组(N = 63)，平均+ 1/2 SD和更多的是EAT-H组(N = 46)。将得分介于EAT-L组和EAT-H组之间的参与者分为EAT-M组(N = 88)。采用单因素方差分析比较EAT-L组、EAT-M组和EAT-H组对他人的信任、对自己的信任和不信任的得分。结果显示，大学生对他人的不信任(F(2194) = 11.12, p < 0.05)和信任(F(2194) = 3.13, p < 0.05)存在显著差异。多重比较表明，EAT-H组的不信任得分高于EAT-M和EAT-L组。EAT-M组对他人的信任得分高于EAT-L和EAT-H组。在自我信任方面差异无统计学意义(F(2194) = 0.69, n.s.)。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of Body Image Perception on Weight Status: A Refuelling of Non-communicable Disease in Urban South African Zulu Women: Not Just Calipers, Tapes and Scales 身体形象感知对体重状况的影响:南非城市祖鲁妇女非传染性疾病的补充:不仅仅是卡尺，胶带和秤

BAOJ obesity & weight loss management

Pub Date : 2018-10-31 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74644

R. Devanathan, Viveka Devanathan

The purpose of this study was to determine Zulu women ’ s perceptions of their body image relative to weight status attending a noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) clinic in South Africa. A cross-sectional exploratory study design was used and included 328 (91%) Zulu women who were sampled systematically. The women were subjected to anthropo- metric measurements and engaged the Stunkard ’ s body image figures to determine perception. The study showed that 61% of the sample was in the 40 – 59 age strata. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 37 kg/m 2 ( (cid:1) 9.41 kg/m 2 ) with over 90% being overweight or obese. A discrepancy between Zulu women ’ s perceived body image and actual (BMI) existed in all weight status categories with overweight and obesity demonstrating the widest variations (p < 0.000). Women perceived themselves to be thinner than their actual BMI. More than 99% associated an underweight body image to one with disease. Diabetes mellitus (72%) was the most frequent NCD encountered. Only 23% with this condition correctly perceived their body image. It was shown that the negative impact of preferring a larger body image in Zulu women with preexisting NCD ’ s could be refueling their existing comorbidities.

本研究的目的是确定参加南非非传染性疾病(NCDs)诊所的祖鲁妇女对自己的身体形象相对于体重状况的看法。采用横断面探索性研究设计，系统抽样328名(91%)祖鲁族妇女。这些女性接受了人体测量，并参与了斯图卡德的身体形象数字来确定感知。研究表明，61%的样品在40 - 59岁的地层中。平均身体质量指数(BMI)为37 kg/ m2 ((cid:1) 9.41 kg/ m2)，超过90%的人超重或肥胖。在所有体重状况类别中，祖鲁族女性的身体形象与实际(BMI)存在差异，其中超重和肥胖表现出最大的差异(p < 0.000)。女性认为自己比实际的身体质量指数更瘦。超过99%的人认为体重过轻与疾病有关。糖尿病(72%)是最常见的非传染性疾病。在这种情况下，只有23%的人正确地感知到了自己的身体形象。研究表明，对于已经患有非传染性疾病的祖鲁族女性来说，偏爱更大的身体形象的负面影响可能会加剧她们现有的合并症。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing Children's Time-Use in Relation to Physical Fitness and Risks of Obesity and Diabetes: Development of a New Physical Activity Self-Report Instrument. 评估儿童的时间利用与体能以及肥胖和糖尿病风险的关系：开发新的体育活动自我报告工具。

BAOJ obesity & weight loss management

Pub Date : 2015-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-08-10

Y Cui, J Guo, M Santiago-Torres, D Schoeller, S Esmond, D Allen, M Henderson, A Rendon, A Carrel

Background: This study introduces a novel self-report instrument to measure children's time-use in physical and sedentary activities and examines the relationships between children's time-use and physical fitness and risks of obesity and diabetes.

Methods: The new instrument utilizes a series of timelines, each representing an activity type. 188 children (53% girls) aged 10 to 14 year-old participated in the study. Their time-use data for two weekdays and one weekend day were collected. Anthropometrics and cardiovascular fitness were measured and children's BMI z-score and PACER z-score were computed. One-time blood draw for fasting glucose and insulin were used to calculate insulin resistance using homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA_IR).

Results: The reliability assessment of this instrument indicated a moderately reproducible procedure (ICC > 0.6) for six activity types. The validity correlation for motorized travel time was high (r = 0.226, P < 0.05) between self-report instrument and GPS tracks. PACER z-score was positively correlated with time-uses of play (r = 0.159, P < 0.05), and organized sports (r = 0.198, P < 0.05); and was highly inversely correlated with BMI z-score (r = -0.441, P < 0.0001) and HOMA_IR (r = -0.472, P < 0.0001). Overall, only 14% of the children had physical activity for more than 60 minutes daily over three observation days.

Conclusions: This instrument is particularly useful in assessing children's activity patterns, especially for specific physical activities. The new instrument provides a reproducible measure of children's perception of their activities. Our results emphasize the temporal context which is critical to formulating effective interventions targeting physical activity increase in children. Further efforts are needed to understand the differences between activity time obtained by the new self-report instrument and GPS tracks.

研究背景本研究介绍了一种新的自我报告工具，用于测量儿童在体力活动和久坐活动中的时间使用情况，并研究儿童的时间使用情况、体能与肥胖和糖尿病风险之间的关系：新工具采用一系列时间轴，每个时间轴代表一种活动类型。188 名 10 至 14 岁的儿童（53% 为女孩）参与了研究。研究收集了他们在两个工作日和一个周末的时间使用数据。研究人员测量了儿童的人体测量和心血管健康状况，并计算了儿童的体重指数 z 值和 PACER z 值。通过一次性抽血检测空腹血糖和胰岛素，使用胰岛素抵抗的稳态模型评估（HOMAIR）计算胰岛素抵抗：该工具的信度评估表明，六种活动类型的程序具有适度的可重复性（ICC > 0.6）。自我报告工具和 GPS 轨迹之间在机动旅行时间方面的有效性相关性很高（r = 0.226，P < 0.05）。PACER z 分数与游戏时间（r = 0.159，P < 0.05）和有组织运动时间（r = 0.198，P < 0.05）呈正相关；与 BMI z 分数（r = -0.441，P < 0.0001）和 HOMAIR（r = -0.472，P < 0.0001）呈高度反相关。总体而言，只有 14% 的儿童在三个观察日中每天的体育活动时间超过 60 分钟：结论：该工具在评估儿童活动模式，尤其是特定体育活动模式方面特别有用。新工具提供了一种可重复的儿童活动感知测量方法。我们的研究结果强调了时间背景，这对于制定有效的干预措施来增加儿童的体育活动量至关重要。还需要进一步努力，以了解新的自我报告工具和全球定位系统跟踪所获得的活动时间之间的差异。

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