The fertility gap between women with primary vs no education widens as incomes increase, but decreases at higher (secondary vs primary) education levels. Educated women are more physically capable of giving birth than uneducated women; but want fewer children and control birth better. Educated women provide better care at home, thus increasing the value of their children’s human capital and reducing the need for more children. At relatively early stages of a country’s development, educated women adopt modern birth control methods more often than uneducated women. ELEVAToR PiTCh
{"title":"Female education and its impact on fertility","authors":"Jungho Kim","doi":"10.15185/izawol.228.v2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.228.v2","url":null,"abstract":"The fertility gap between women with primary vs no education widens as incomes increase, but decreases at higher (secondary vs primary) education levels. Educated women are more physically capable of giving birth than uneducated women; but want fewer children and control birth better. Educated women provide better care at home, thus increasing the value of their children’s human capital and reducing the need for more children. At relatively early stages of a country’s development, educated women adopt modern birth control methods more often than uneducated women. ELEVAToR PiTCh","PeriodicalId":92056,"journal":{"name":"IZA world of labor : evidence-based policy making","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67361357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digital payments improve the speed and reduce the cost of payments between entrepreneurs and suppliers, employees, customers, and governments. Digital financial systems make it easier for entrepreneurs to access credit products to start and expand their businesses and encourage formal entrepreneurship by facilitating compliance with regulatory and tax obligations. Governments in developing countries can promote digital financial services by investing in the necessary physical and regulatory infrastructure and collaborating with private entities to offer training for potential users. ELEVATOR PITCH
{"title":"How digital payments can benefit entrepreneurs","authors":"Leora F. Klapper","doi":"10.15185/izawol.396.v2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.396.v2","url":null,"abstract":"Digital payments improve the speed and reduce the cost of payments between entrepreneurs and suppliers, employees, customers, and governments. Digital financial systems make it easier for entrepreneurs to access credit products to start and expand their businesses and encourage formal entrepreneurship by facilitating compliance with regulatory and tax obligations. Governments in developing countries can promote digital financial services by investing in the necessary physical and regulatory infrastructure and collaborating with private entities to offer training for potential users. ELEVATOR PITCH","PeriodicalId":92056,"journal":{"name":"IZA world of labor : evidence-based policy making","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67363694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eliminating discrimination in hiring isn’t enough","authors":"Mackenzie Alston","doi":"10.15185/izawol.508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.508","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92056,"journal":{"name":"IZA world of labor : evidence-based policy making","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67365832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does it pay to be beautiful?","authors":"Eva Sierminska, Karan Singhal","doi":"10.15185/izawol.161.v2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.161.v2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92056,"journal":{"name":"IZA world of labor : evidence-based policy making","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135585539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In most developed countries, women have closed the gap in educational attainment and labor market experience, yet gender wage gaps persist. This has led to an increased focus on the role of employers and employment practices. In particular, research has focused on the types of workplace where men and women work, their promotion prospects and the extent to which they are rewarded differently for similar work. Understanding the relative importance of these features, and the mechanisms that generate them, is necessary to design effective policy responses.
{"title":"Employers and the gender wage gap","authors":"John Forth, Nikolaos Theodoropoulos","doi":"10.15185/izawol.511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.511","url":null,"abstract":"In most developed countries, women have closed the gap in educational attainment and labor market experience, yet gender wage gaps persist. This has led to an increased focus on the role of employers and employment practices. In particular, research has focused on the types of workplace where men and women work, their promotion prospects and the extent to which they are rewarded differently for similar work. Understanding the relative importance of these features, and the mechanisms that generate them, is necessary to design effective policy responses.","PeriodicalId":92056,"journal":{"name":"IZA world of labor : evidence-based policy making","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135008743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AUTHOR’S MAIN MESSAGE The Polish labor market appears to be in very good shape: the employment rate is historically high, and the unemployment rate has dropped to a record low level. Since the mid-2000s, wage growth has accelerated, and wage inequality has declined, supported by the rising minimum wage. However, labor force participation at older ages remains low, and the rapidly aging population will further reduce labor supply. Since 2014, large immigration inflows have reduced labor shortages, but mainly in low-skilled jobs. The lack of migration and integration policy hinders matching migrant workers with jobs. ELEVATOR PITCH In the early 2000s, Poland’s unemployment rate reached 20%. That is now a distant memory, as employment has increased noticeably and the unemployment rate had dropped to 3.4% in 2021. The labor force participation of older workers increased following reforms aimed at prolonging careers. However, participation remains low compared to most developed countries and the reversal of the statutory retirement age in 2017 leaves Poland vulnerable to the effects of population aging. Rising immigration has eased the resulting labor shortages, but women, people with disabilities, and agricultural workers remain underemployed. During the Covid-19 pandemic the slowdown in economic growth and increase in unemployment were small. KEY FINDINGS
{"title":"The labor market in Poland, 2000−2021","authors":"P. Lewandowski, I. Magda","doi":"10.15185/izawol.426.v2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.426.v2","url":null,"abstract":"AUTHOR’S MAIN MESSAGE The Polish labor market appears to be in very good shape: the employment rate is historically high, and the unemployment rate has dropped to a record low level. Since the mid-2000s, wage growth has accelerated, and wage inequality has declined, supported by the rising minimum wage. However, labor force participation at older ages remains low, and the rapidly aging population will further reduce labor supply. Since 2014, large immigration inflows have reduced labor shortages, but mainly in low-skilled jobs. The lack of migration and integration policy hinders matching migrant workers with jobs. ELEVATOR PITCH In the early 2000s, Poland’s unemployment rate reached 20%. That is now a distant memory, as employment has increased noticeably and the unemployment rate had dropped to 3.4% in 2021. The labor force participation of older workers increased following reforms aimed at prolonging careers. However, participation remains low compared to most developed countries and the reversal of the statutory retirement age in 2017 leaves Poland vulnerable to the effects of population aging. Rising immigration has eased the resulting labor shortages, but women, people with disabilities, and agricultural workers remain underemployed. During the Covid-19 pandemic the slowdown in economic growth and increase in unemployment were small. KEY FINDINGS","PeriodicalId":92056,"journal":{"name":"IZA world of labor : evidence-based policy making","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67363323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Was the pandemic a “youth-cession”? The pandemic has yielded dramatic consequences in terms of job losses and firm closures almost everywhere. Empirical evidence suggests that the drop was more severe for young people as compared to adults, with little systematic gender differences. The primary reason is that young people are mainly employed via temporary contracts in the sectors most hit by the pandemic. Policymakers should focus on generating sustained and stable economic growth to enable markets to reabsorb the high youth unemployment caused by the pandemic crisis. ELEVATOR PITCH
{"title":"Covid-19 and the youth-to-adult unemployment gap","authors":"Francesco Pastore","doi":"10.15185/izawol.500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.500","url":null,"abstract":"Was the pandemic a “youth-cession”? The pandemic has yielded dramatic consequences in terms of job losses and firm closures almost everywhere. Empirical evidence suggests that the drop was more severe for young people as compared to adults, with little systematic gender differences. The primary reason is that young people are mainly employed via temporary contracts in the sectors most hit by the pandemic. Policymakers should focus on generating sustained and stable economic growth to enable markets to reabsorb the high youth unemployment caused by the pandemic crisis. ELEVATOR PITCH","PeriodicalId":92056,"journal":{"name":"IZA world of labor : evidence-based policy making","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67365520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluating apprenticeship training programs for firms","authors":"Samuel Muehlemann, H. Pfeifer","doi":"10.15185/izawol.506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.506","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92056,"journal":{"name":"IZA world of labor : evidence-based policy making","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67365923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Delegating authority can make firms more productive and profitable, as employees are often better informed than managers. Managers must be able to trust that employees will not misuse their autonomy, and employees need to trust that managers will keep their promises. If they are trusted, managers can delegate decision-making to employees with confidence that a promised future reward will be sufficient to appropriately motivate them. Consequently, trust is an important input into running a firm well. One policy option to facilitate better-run firms is to promote management training programs, much like a modernized version of the state-sponsored training programs offered in the US in the post WWII period. ELEVATOR PITCH
{"title":"Trust in management in organizations","authors":"Kieron J. Meagher, A. Wait","doi":"10.15185/izawol.507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.507","url":null,"abstract":"Delegating authority can make firms more productive and profitable, as employees are often better informed than managers. Managers must be able to trust that employees will not misuse their autonomy, and employees need to trust that managers will keep their promises. If they are trusted, managers can delegate decision-making to employees with confidence that a promised future reward will be sufficient to appropriately motivate them. Consequently, trust is an important input into running a firm well. One policy option to facilitate better-run firms is to promote management training programs, much like a modernized version of the state-sponsored training programs offered in the US in the post WWII period. ELEVATOR PITCH","PeriodicalId":92056,"journal":{"name":"IZA world of labor : evidence-based policy making","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67366020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Instruction time and educational outcomes","authors":"Andrés Barrios Fernández","doi":"10.15185/izawol.509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.509","url":null,"abstract":"the","PeriodicalId":92056,"journal":{"name":"IZA world of labor : evidence-based policy making","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67366393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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