Brittany L. Jacobs, Claire C. Zvosec, Brent D. Oja
This phenomenological study seeks to better understand the role of the referee in the Olympic sporting structure and to deconstruct the apparent dichotomies that exist within this role. Eleven rugby sevens referees each completed a pre and post interview for a total of twenty-two interviews. From the data, four sources of role ambiguity or conflict emerged; (1) remaining unnoticed vs. media exposure; (2) the team vs. individualistic nature of officiating; (3) being a judge vs. being an athlete, and (4) amateurism vs. professionalism. This study discusses how these dichotomies highlight the major sources of role ambiguity and role conflict for rugby sevens officials within the larger Olympic context. Implications regarding increased role clarity, reduced role strain, and referee management are discussed.
{"title":"Navigating Role Ambiguity & Conflict: Exploring the Role of the Referee Within the Olympic Sporting Structure","authors":"Brittany L. Jacobs, Claire C. Zvosec, Brent D. Oja","doi":"10.17161/jas.v5i2.7572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/jas.v5i2.7572","url":null,"abstract":"This phenomenological study seeks to better understand the role of the referee in the Olympic sporting structure and to deconstruct the apparent dichotomies that exist within this role. Eleven rugby sevens referees each completed a pre and post interview for a total of twenty-two interviews. From the data, four sources of role ambiguity or conflict emerged; (1) remaining unnoticed vs. media exposure; (2) the team vs. individualistic nature of officiating; (3) being a judge vs. being an athlete, and (4) amateurism vs. professionalism. This study discusses how these dichotomies highlight the major sources of role ambiguity and role conflict for rugby sevens officials within the larger Olympic context. Implications regarding increased role clarity, reduced role strain, and referee management are discussed. ","PeriodicalId":92062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of amateur sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48333244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Smith, Timothy B. Kellison, Brandon Pottebaum, Beth A. Cianfrone
The amateur team uniform sales market, long run through small, local shops and sales representatives, is undergoing profound change. The rise of customization and ecommerce may be leading long-time retailers to weigh the benefits of adopting new tactics versus maintaining traditional sales strategies. To gain insight on the team uniform sales market, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six professionals with histories working in the sporting apparel industry. In sum, the participants had more than 40 years of experience. Based on the interviews, several themes emerged that capture the amateur team uniform sales market, including the current market conditions, changes in the market landscape over the past decade, and forecasts for the future of the uniform sales market. The results of the study indicate the amateur team uniform sales industry is rapidly changing, and that the large number of independent dealers and the rise of consolidation is leading to a more crowded and competitive marketplace.
{"title":"The Changing Landscape of the Team Uniform Sales Market","authors":"M. Smith, Timothy B. Kellison, Brandon Pottebaum, Beth A. Cianfrone","doi":"10.17161/jas.v5i2.8194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/jas.v5i2.8194","url":null,"abstract":"The amateur team uniform sales market, long run through small, local shops and sales representatives, is undergoing profound change. The rise of customization and ecommerce may be leading long-time retailers to weigh the benefits of adopting new tactics versus maintaining traditional sales strategies. To gain insight on the team uniform sales market, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six professionals with histories working in the sporting apparel industry. In sum, the participants had more than 40 years of experience. Based on the interviews, several themes emerged that capture the amateur team uniform sales market, including the current market conditions, changes in the market landscape over the past decade, and forecasts for the future of the uniform sales market. The results of the study indicate the amateur team uniform sales industry is rapidly changing, and that the large number of independent dealers and the rise of consolidation is leading to a more crowded and competitive marketplace.","PeriodicalId":92062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of amateur sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46230593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The case study examines Holy Cross’ decision not to join the Big East Conference in 1979. Specifically, the case analyzes the commitment to a marketing strategy to de-emphasize athletics at a time when many institutions were using the growth of television to help market their university brand. The study also highlights the impact the decision has had on the institution and the athletic department since 1979. Data were gathered by interviewing two former administrators with over 50 years of experience at Holy Cross, and reviewing archival data and documents including administrators’ correspondence and letters, newspaper articles, magazines and websites related to Holy Cross athletics. Themes are presented in a chronological format to show the sequence of each theme. Results indicated that although the Big East presented many opportunities, administrators valued the academic brand of the institution and refused to sacrifice that brand in the pursuit of big-time athletics.
{"title":"Declining the Big East: A Case Study of the College of the Holy Cross","authors":"Anthony G. Weaver","doi":"10.17161/jas.v5i2.7583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/jas.v5i2.7583","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The case study examines Holy Cross’ decision not to join the Big East Conference in 1979. Specifically, the case analyzes the commitment to a marketing strategy to de-emphasize athletics at a time when many institutions were using the growth of television to help market their university brand. The study also highlights the impact the decision has had on the institution and the athletic department since 1979. Data were gathered by interviewing two former administrators with over 50 years of experience at Holy Cross, and reviewing archival data and documents including administrators’ correspondence and letters, newspaper articles, magazines and websites related to Holy Cross athletics. Themes are presented in a chronological format to show the sequence of each theme. Results indicated that although the Big East presented many opportunities, administrators valued the academic brand of the institution and refused to sacrifice that brand in the pursuit of big-time athletics. ","PeriodicalId":92062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of amateur sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41351471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Concussions are one of the most discussed health concerns at all levels of sport. While much of this discussion focuses on football and the National Football League (NFL), there is growing awareness in the sport community that the risks of concussions extend to head injuries in all sports. Much remains unknown about youth concussions, particularly in terms of how parents feel about concussions and youth sport safety regulations. The purpose of this study was to examine parents’ perceptions and attitudes toward youth sport concussions. Results indicated that despite increased awareness and education there remain gaps in parental knowledge of concussions and the proper management of concussions. These findings led to a set of recommendations regarding parental concussion prevention and management education.
{"title":"Parent Perspectives on Youth Sport Concussion Management","authors":"Corinne M. Daprano, S. Davies, E. Bernstein","doi":"10.17161/JAS.V5I1.7698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/JAS.V5I1.7698","url":null,"abstract":"Concussions are one of the most discussed health concerns at all levels of sport. While much of this discussion focuses on football and the National Football League (NFL), there is growing awareness in the sport community that the risks of concussions extend to head injuries in all sports. Much remains unknown about youth concussions, particularly in terms of how parents feel about concussions and youth sport safety regulations. The purpose of this study was to examine parents’ perceptions and attitudes toward youth sport concussions. Results indicated that despite increased awareness and education there remain gaps in parental knowledge of concussions and the proper management of concussions. These findings led to a set of recommendations regarding parental concussion prevention and management education. ","PeriodicalId":92062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of amateur sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17161/JAS.V5I1.7698","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48935307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous research had found that level of team identification was positively associated with aggression at youth sporting events (Wann, Weaver, Belva, Ladd, & Armstrong, 2015). The current investigation was designed to extend this work by incorporating fan dysfunction into the model (i.e., fans who are confrontational and frequently complain). Spectators at either a recreational or select (i.e., travel) youth baseball game completed a survey packet assessing demographics, team identification with their favorite Major League Baseball team, identification with the youth team, fan dysfunction, and hostile and instrumental verbal aggression directed toward officials and opponents. Results indicated that, contrary to expectations, team identification was not a unique predictor of verbal aggression. Rather, fan dysfunction predicted each form of aggression, aggression toward both targets, and total aggression.
{"title":"The Verbal Aggression of Spectators at Youth Baseball Games: Investigating the Impact of Competition Level, Team Identification, and Fan Dysfunction","authors":"D. Wann, Michelle R. Sherman","doi":"10.17161/JAS.V5I1.6761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/JAS.V5I1.6761","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research had found that level of team identification was positively associated with aggression at youth sporting events (Wann, Weaver, Belva, Ladd, & Armstrong, 2015). The current investigation was designed to extend this work by incorporating fan dysfunction into the model (i.e., fans who are confrontational and frequently complain). Spectators at either a recreational or select (i.e., travel) youth baseball game completed a survey packet assessing demographics, team identification with their favorite Major League Baseball team, identification with the youth team, fan dysfunction, and hostile and instrumental verbal aggression directed toward officials and opponents. Results indicated that, contrary to expectations, team identification was not a unique predictor of verbal aggression. Rather, fan dysfunction predicted each form of aggression, aggression toward both targets, and total aggression. ","PeriodicalId":92062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of amateur sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17161/JAS.V5I1.6761","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49228393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wheelchair basketball has been played in the United States for more than 70 years, and the National Wheelchair Basketball Association (NWBA) governing body has professionalized the sport to some extent with a league and culminating annual championship for its eight divisions. However, teams continue to face challenges that characteristically align with those of amateur sport in addressing recruiting and retaining athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine the challenges elite, competitive wheelchair basketball programs face and to understand their approach to recruiting and retaining athletes with disabilities to play the sport. Green’s (2005) theory of sport development was chosen as the lens for this study because of its focus on establishment of a sport for sustainability through athlete participation. An online open-ended questionnaire was sent to all 139 NWBA team contacts, with 28 responses representing multiple divisions within the league. Findings revealed that teams were primarily formed through unstable means of personal interest and community needs as well as stable means of university and rehabilitation hospital systems. Participants identified funding as the biggest challenge as they offered little support for tournament travel or financial rewards for athletes. Teams recruited athletes through social connections and community presence, but offered little structure for their means of retaining athletes. These findings show the NWBA teams operate with challenges akin to amateur sport due to uncertainty of funding and athlete sustainability.
{"title":"Challenges of an established amateur sport: Exploring how wheelchair basketball grows and thrives through a sport development lense","authors":"Joshua R. Pate, Danielle Bragale","doi":"10.17161/JAS.V5I1.7937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/JAS.V5I1.7937","url":null,"abstract":"Wheelchair basketball has been played in the United States for more than 70 years, and the National Wheelchair Basketball Association (NWBA) governing body has professionalized the sport to some extent with a league and culminating annual championship for its eight divisions. However, teams continue to face challenges that characteristically align with those of amateur sport in addressing recruiting and retaining athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine the challenges elite, competitive wheelchair basketball programs face and to understand their approach to recruiting and retaining athletes with disabilities to play the sport. Green’s (2005) theory of sport development was chosen as the lens for this study because of its focus on establishment of a sport for sustainability through athlete participation. An online open-ended questionnaire was sent to all 139 NWBA team contacts, with 28 responses representing multiple divisions within the league. Findings revealed that teams were primarily formed through unstable means of personal interest and community needs as well as stable means of university and rehabilitation hospital systems. Participants identified funding as the biggest challenge as they offered little support for tournament travel or financial rewards for athletes. Teams recruited athletes through social connections and community presence, but offered little structure for their means of retaining athletes. These findings show the NWBA teams operate with challenges akin to amateur sport due to uncertainty of funding and athlete sustainability.","PeriodicalId":92062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of amateur sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17161/JAS.V5I1.7937","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43754618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interscholastic football has the highest participation rates among high school students in the United States. The popularity and nostalgic connection of football is widespread, but competitive balance is often challenged due to differing characteristics of high schools. This study utilized the theory of distributive justice and data from high school athletic associations in all 50 states and District of Columbia to consider which variables (public/private status, school population, rural/urban location, geographical region, and policies) may impact competitive balance at the state-championship level of interscholastic football. The results confirmed that traditionally strong private schools generally located in the Midwest and Northeast win state titles at disproportionately high rates. No other variable was as powerful or significant as the public/private variable. The findings of the study also challenged the effectiveness of existing policies designed to curb private school success. These results can serve pragmatic efforts to ensure competitive balance within interscholastic football.
{"title":"An Examination of Competitive Balance within Interscholastic Football","authors":"James E. Johnson, Allison K. Manwell, B. Scott","doi":"10.17161/JAS.V5I1.6708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/JAS.V5I1.6708","url":null,"abstract":"Interscholastic football has the highest participation rates among high school students in the United States. The popularity and nostalgic connection of football is widespread, but competitive balance is often challenged due to differing characteristics of high schools. This study utilized the theory of distributive justice and data from high school athletic associations in all 50 states and District of Columbia to consider which variables (public/private status, school population, rural/urban location, geographical region, and policies) may impact competitive balance at the state-championship level of interscholastic football. The results confirmed that traditionally strong private schools generally located in the Midwest and Northeast win state titles at disproportionately high rates. No other variable was as powerful or significant as the public/private variable. The findings of the study also challenged the effectiveness of existing policies designed to curb private school success. These results can serve pragmatic efforts to ensure competitive balance within interscholastic football. ","PeriodicalId":92062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of amateur sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45432358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For many years the desire for money and winning in Division I athletics, particularly in the sports of football (Football Bowl Subdivision) and men’s basketball, have encouraged colleges and universities to provide special admission for athletes with exceptional athletic ability, who in turn, often are less prepared to succeed academically. This has resulted in the widespread occurrence of unethical academic support practices (e.g., taking classes and writing papers for students and providing answers to exams) in order to maintain athletes’ eligibility and increase graduation rates to appease the public and to present the case that intercollegiate athletic are about education first. As one means of curbing academic misconduct, the authors recommend providing Division I football and basketball the option of playing their sport only without any academic eligibility requirement. Athletes who are struggling academically or lack academic commitment would no longer need to be bolstered by illegitimate academic support or less than accurate metrics. The present exploratory study sought to determine how many Division I football and basketball players would choose the option of playing their sport only versus playing and pursuing their degree under current National Collegiate Athletic Association Guidelines (NCAA) guidelines. The results showed that the majority would still choose to play and pursue their degree. Overall, the belief that one can play professionally did not diminish athletes’ desire to play and earn their degree. However, there were also a percentage of athletes that believed they can play professionally and also desired to play their sport only.
{"title":"Education Versus Athletics: What Will Division I Football and Basketball Players Choose?","authors":"A. Rudd, David Ridpath","doi":"10.17161/JAS.V5I1.7731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/JAS.V5I1.7731","url":null,"abstract":"For many years the desire for money and winning in Division I athletics, particularly in the sports of football (Football Bowl Subdivision) and men’s basketball, have encouraged colleges and universities to provide special admission for athletes with exceptional athletic ability, who in turn, often are less prepared to succeed academically. This has resulted in the widespread occurrence of unethical academic support practices (e.g., taking classes and writing papers for students and providing answers to exams) in order to maintain athletes’ eligibility and increase graduation rates to appease the public and to present the case that intercollegiate athletic are about education first. As one means of curbing academic misconduct, the authors recommend providing Division I football and basketball the option of playing their sport only without any academic eligibility requirement. Athletes who are struggling academically or lack academic commitment would no longer need to be bolstered by illegitimate academic support or less than accurate metrics. The present exploratory study sought to determine how many Division I football and basketball players would choose the option of playing their sport only versus playing and pursuing their degree under current National Collegiate Athletic Association Guidelines (NCAA) guidelines. The results showed that the majority would still choose to play and pursue their degree. Overall, the belief that one can play professionally did not diminish athletes’ desire to play and earn their degree. However, there were also a percentage of athletes that believed they can play professionally and also desired to play their sport only.","PeriodicalId":92062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of amateur sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45488602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AbstractResearch in the area of athletic identity has grown immensely since it was first brought forward in academic work nearly 20 years ago. The ideas of athletic identity have expanded into the areas of relating to injury and rehabilitation, transitioning into collegiate athletics, transitioning out of collegiate athletics, professional careers in sport, and even identity formation through sport. This research explored the experiences of 10 women who had completed their collegiate eligibility and had transitioned out of collegiate competition. Three themes emerged from the semi-structured interviews: (a) Sense of Loss, (b) Bewilderment, and (c) Enjoy the Experience. All the respondents agreed that transition was inevitable, but there were mixed results on whether the transition out of sport was positive or negative. The findings also revealed the struggle of creating an identity outside of sport. The participants indicated establishing new social circles, new routines with fitness, and separating from their sport were challenging. The respondents also believed it was their responsibility to offer advice to future transitioning student-athletes so they could be better prepared for their upcoming and inevitable transition out of sport.
{"title":"Female Student-Athletes’ Transition out of Collegiate Competition","authors":"Allison B. Smith, R. Hardin","doi":"10.17161/JAS.V4I2.6725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/JAS.V4I2.6725","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractResearch in the area of athletic identity has grown immensely since it was first brought forward in academic work nearly 20 years ago. The ideas of athletic identity have expanded into the areas of relating to injury and rehabilitation, transitioning into collegiate athletics, transitioning out of collegiate athletics, professional careers in sport, and even identity formation through sport. This research explored the experiences of 10 women who had completed their collegiate eligibility and had transitioned out of collegiate competition. Three themes emerged from the semi-structured interviews: (a) Sense of Loss, (b) Bewilderment, and (c) Enjoy the Experience. All the respondents agreed that transition was inevitable, but there were mixed results on whether the transition out of sport was positive or negative. The findings also revealed the struggle of creating an identity outside of sport. The participants indicated establishing new social circles, new routines with fitness, and separating from their sport were challenging. The respondents also believed it was their responsibility to offer advice to future transitioning student-athletes so they could be better prepared for their upcoming and inevitable transition out of sport. ","PeriodicalId":92062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of amateur sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42711000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Vann, Matt A Moore, Kelsey Freiburger, Hannah Johnson
This quantitative study explored whether serious injuries in varsity high school or collegiate athletes could produce Posttraumatic Growth (PTG). The impact of injury (season- or career-ending) and an athlete’s highest level of competition played (varsity high school or collegiate) were examined on five elements on the 2-item Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI): (1) relating to others, (2) new possibilities, (3) personal strength, (4) spiritual change, and (5) appreciation of life. This study provides evidence that sport level does not impact an athlete’s ability to produce PTG and bring awareness to trauma and the role PTG can have in an athlete’s life.
{"title":"The End is Not the Injury: Posttraumatic Growth After Sport Injuries","authors":"S. Vann, Matt A Moore, Kelsey Freiburger, Hannah Johnson","doi":"10.17161/JAS.V4I2.6705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/JAS.V4I2.6705","url":null,"abstract":"This quantitative study explored whether serious injuries in varsity high school or collegiate athletes could produce Posttraumatic Growth (PTG). The impact of injury (season- or career-ending) and an athlete’s highest level of competition played (varsity high school or collegiate) were examined on five elements on the 2-item Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI): (1) relating to others, (2) new possibilities, (3) personal strength, (4) spiritual change, and (5) appreciation of life. This study provides evidence that sport level does not impact an athlete’s ability to produce PTG and bring awareness to trauma and the role PTG can have in an athlete’s life.","PeriodicalId":92062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of amateur sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17161/JAS.V4I2.6705","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41969191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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