Journal of emerging diseases and virology最新文献

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Analysis of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Expression in Multiple Sclerosis Plaques. 多发性硬化斑块中的人类内源性逆转录病毒表达分析

Journal of emerging diseases and virology

Pub Date : 2017-08-01 Epub Date: 2017-07-24 DOI: 10.16966/2473-1846.133

P J Bhetariya, J D Kriesel, K F Fischer

Background: It has been suggested that Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to broadly evaluate the expression of HERV core (GAG) and envelope (ENV) genes in diseased brain white matter samples from MS patients compared to normal controls.

Methods: Twenty-eight HERV GAG and 88 ENV gene sequences were retrieved, classified by phylogeny, and grouped into clades. Consensus qPCR primers were designed for each clade, and quantitative PCR was performed on 33 MS and 9 normal control frozen brain samples. MS samples included chronic progressive (n=5), primary progressive (n=4), secondary progressive (n=14), relapsing remitting (n=3) and unclassified confirmed MS cases (n=7). The levels of GAG and ENV RNA within each of the samples were quantitated and normalized using the neuronal reference gene RPL19. Expression differences were analyzed for MS vs control.

Results: Expression of GAG clades 1A, 3B, and 3C mapping to HERV-E and HERV-K were significantly increased compared to controls, while GAG clade 3A expression was decreased. Expression of HERV ENV clades 2, 3A, 3B, mapping to RTVL, HERV-E and HERV-K and MSRV (HERV-W), were significantly increased in the MS group. However, the relative expression differences between the MS and control groups were small, differing less than 1.5-fold.

Conclusion: Expression of GAG and ENV mapping to HERV-E, RTVL and HERV-K10 families were significantly increased in the MS group. However, the relative expression differences between the MS and control groups were small, differing less than 1.5-fold. These results indicate that the expression of HERV GAG and ENV regions do not differ greatly between MS and controls in these frozen brain samples.

背景：有人认为人类内源性逆转录病毒（HERVs）与多发性硬化症（MS）的发病机制有关。本研究的目的是与正常对照组相比，广泛评估多发性硬化症患者病变脑白质样本中 HERV 核心（GAG）和包膜（ENV）基因的表达情况：方法：检索 28 个 HERV GAG 和 88 个 ENV 基因序列，按系统发育进行分类，并将其归入支系。为每个支系设计了共识 qPCR 引物，并对 33 例 MS 和 9 例正常对照的冷冻脑样本进行了定量 PCR 分析。多发性硬化症样本包括慢性进行性（5 例）、原发性进行性（4 例）、继发性进行性（14 例）、复发性缓解（3 例）和未分类的确诊多发性硬化症病例（7 例）。每个样本中的 GAG 和 ENV RNA 含量均使用神经元参考基因 RPL19 进行量化和归一化。分析了 MS 与对照组的表达差异：结果：与对照组相比，映射到 HERV-E 和 HERV-K 的 GAG 支链 1A、3B 和 3C 的表达量明显增加，而 GAG 支链 3A 的表达量减少。与 RTVL、HERV-E 和 HERV-K 以及 MSRV（HERV-W）对应的 HERV ENV 支链 2、3A、3B 的表达在 MS 组中显著增加。然而，MS 组与对照组之间的相对表达差异很小，相差不到 1.5 倍：结论：在多发性硬化症组中，映射到 HERV-E、RTVL 和 HERV-K10 家族的 GAG 和 ENV 的表达明显增加。然而，MS 组与对照组之间的相对表达差异很小，相差不到 1.5 倍。这些结果表明，在这些冷冻脑样本中，MS 组和对照组的 HERV GAG 和 ENV 区域表达差异不大。

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引用次数: 0

Understanding Primate Herpesviruses. 了解灵长类疱疹病毒。

Journal of emerging diseases and virology

Pub Date : 2017-03-01 Epub Date: 2017-01-31 DOI: 10.16966/2473-1846.127

R Eberle, L Jones-Engel

Viruses related to the herpes simplex viruses of humans are present in all nonhuman primate (NHP) species tested and cross species transmission has been documented. The herpesvirus present in macaques, Herpes B virus (BV) rarely causes disease in its natural macaque host. However, when transmitted to a nonnative host, BV has occasionally caused severe and even fatal disease if not treated immediately. Here we present a comprehensive review of the taxonomy, molecular biology, physiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of BV. We also summarizes what is known about related herpesviruses of other NHP species and the zoonotic potential of these viruses.

与人类单纯疱疹病毒相关的病毒存在于所有经测试的非人灵长类动物(NHP)物种中，并且有跨物种传播的记录。存在于猕猴体内的疱疹病毒，B型疱疹病毒(BV)很少在其天然宿主猕猴中引起疾病。然而，当传播到非本地宿主时，如果不立即治疗，BV有时会引起严重甚至致命的疾病。本文就细菌性阴道炎的分类、分子生物学、生理学、流行病学、诊断和治疗等方面作一综述。我们还总结了其他NHP物种的相关疱疹病毒的已知情况以及这些病毒的人畜共患潜力。

引用次数: 21

The Perfect Storm Review: Immune Dysregulation in Severe COVID-19 and the Possible Role of Mast Cell-Vitamin D Interactions 完美风暴评论:严重COVID-19的免疫失调和肥大细胞-维生素D相互作用的可能作用

Journal of emerging diseases and virology

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.16966/2473-1846.161

A. Houldsworth

COVID-19 is caused by a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and has two spike subunits on the envelope of SARS-CoV-2, S1 and S2, where S1 binds to the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE-2), a receptor on the host cells and S2 binds to the cell surface membrane. Different immune responses to the virus are apparent, from asymptomatic to severe respiratory distress, organ failure and ultimately death. Immune responses without hyper-inflammation are essential to successful viral resolution. Pathological and environmental factors drive the immunological repertoire, in response to the virus, influencing innate immune cell activation, cytokine-balance and T cell differentiation. This is determined by age, comorbidity, Vitamin D status and ethnicity related factors. Homeostasis of the immune system plays an important role in the development of COVID-19 pneumonia. Mast cell activation and release of histamine is important to the cytokine driven T-cell differentiation as the adaptive response. This review combines the relative effects of UV-index-related Vitamin-D synthesis with immune status. Innate immune responses, T cell differentiation and renin/angiotensin system are different in patients affected by COVID-19 and their different outcomes are explored.

COVID-19是由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)引起的，在SARS-CoV-2的包膜上有两个刺突亚基S1和S2，其中S1与宿主细胞上的受体血管紧张素转换酶(ACE-2)结合，S2与细胞表面膜结合。对病毒的不同免疫反应是明显的，从无症状到严重呼吸窘迫、器官衰竭和最终死亡。没有过度炎症的免疫反应是成功解决病毒的必要条件。病理和环境因素驱动免疫系统，以响应病毒，影响先天免疫细胞激活、细胞因子平衡和T细胞分化。这是由年龄、合并症、维生素D状况和种族相关因素决定的。免疫系统稳态在COVID-19肺炎的发生发展中发挥重要作用。肥大细胞的激活和组胺的释放对于细胞因子驱动的t细胞分化作为适应性反应是重要的。本文综述了与紫外线指数相关的维生素d合成与免疫状态的相关影响。探讨COVID-19患者的先天免疫反应、T细胞分化和肾素/血管紧张素系统的差异及其不同的结局。

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引用次数: 0

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