Bulcha Belay Etana, B. Malengier, Yasin Ahmed, H. D. Nemomssa, L. Langenhove
Bamboo plants are plants that can grow quickly and easily, and is an abundant and renewable resource plants analogous to deciduous tree and conifer. In this study, bamboo species of Yushania alpina was pretreated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrolyzed by dilute sulfuric acid to produce reducing sugar. Phenol-sulphur acid method was used to determine the response. Seventeen experimental runs were carried out at temperature range (110-128oC), concentration of H2SO4 range of (1-7%) and residence time range of (30-60 min) respectively. The effect of the parameters was measured by concentration of reducing sugar produced for each, and the optimization of glucose production was done by using Box-Behnken design methodology. The results reveal that, the temperature, concentration and time significantly affected the glucose production. At range of low temperature, concentration and time, the yield was decreased while at high value of factors the yield of reducing sugar increased. At 113.17oC, 3.43wt%, 33.65min and desirability of 0.71 the optimum reducing sugar of 19.9 found.
{"title":"Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Reducing Sugar Production for Enzymatic Digestibility of Bamboo Grass by Box-Behnken Design Methodology","authors":"Bulcha Belay Etana, B. Malengier, Yasin Ahmed, H. D. Nemomssa, L. Langenhove","doi":"10.16966/2576-6430.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2576-6430.129","url":null,"abstract":"Bamboo plants are plants that can grow quickly and easily, and is an abundant and renewable resource plants analogous to deciduous tree and conifer. In this study, bamboo species of Yushania alpina was pretreated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrolyzed by dilute sulfuric acid to produce reducing sugar. Phenol-sulphur acid method was used to determine the response. Seventeen experimental runs were carried out at temperature range (110-128oC), concentration of H2SO4 range of (1-7%) and residence time range of (30-60 min) respectively. The effect of the parameters was measured by concentration of reducing sugar produced for each, and the optimization of glucose production was done by using Box-Behnken design methodology. The results reveal that, the temperature, concentration and time significantly affected the glucose production. At range of low temperature, concentration and time, the yield was decreased while at high value of factors the yield of reducing sugar increased. At 113.17oC, 3.43wt%, 33.65min and desirability of 0.71 the optimum reducing sugar of 19.9 found.","PeriodicalId":92804,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental and toxicological studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67395064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metwaly Ts, E. Eh, Elaine Go, Tahawy E, el-Shimi Nm
Malathion is a dangerous and harmful substance because of its toxicity for humans, animals and aquatic life. Dewatered sewage sludge collected from the disposal area of sludge treatment (drying beds stage) that obtained from wastewater treatment plant in Daqhlia Governorate was thermally treated at three different temperatures 100, 375 and 500°C (which called SLG, SLG1and SLG2 respectively and used to remove malathion from aqueous solution. Experiments were performed at different doses (0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3)g of SLG, SLG1 and SLG2 and were shaked at different pH values (2-4-6-8-10-12) at different temperatures. The effect of operational indicators on removal rates has been studied, tested, improved and optimized. The optimum dosage of biomass dried sludge to remove 36.765µg/L of malathion from aqueous solution was 1g/100 mL and the optimum contact time was 30 minutes as the removal efficiency reached to 98%. Adsorption isotherm experiments were performed and showed that the Langmuir model fitted the experimental data well as compared to other models and the malathion adsorption onto SLG followed pseudo second-order model, through which the results obtained to be consistent with the practical results that were implemented.
{"title":"Removal of Malathion from Aqueous Solutions Using Dried Sludge Produced from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in Daqhlia Government in Egypt","authors":"Metwaly Ts, E. Eh, Elaine Go, Tahawy E, el-Shimi Nm","doi":"10.16966/2576-6430.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2576-6430.131","url":null,"abstract":"Malathion is a dangerous and harmful substance because of its toxicity for humans, animals and aquatic life. Dewatered sewage sludge collected from the disposal area of sludge treatment (drying beds stage) that obtained from wastewater treatment plant in Daqhlia Governorate was thermally treated at three different temperatures 100, 375 and 500°C (which called SLG, SLG1and SLG2 respectively and used to remove malathion from aqueous solution. Experiments were performed at different doses (0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3)g of SLG, SLG1 and SLG2 and were shaked at different pH values (2-4-6-8-10-12) at different temperatures. The effect of operational indicators on removal rates has been studied, tested, improved and optimized. The optimum dosage of biomass dried sludge to remove 36.765µg/L of malathion from aqueous solution was 1g/100 mL and the optimum contact time was 30 minutes as the removal efficiency reached to 98%. Adsorption isotherm experiments were performed and showed that the Langmuir model fitted the experimental data well as compared to other models and the malathion adsorption onto SLG followed pseudo second-order model, through which the results obtained to be consistent with the practical results that were implemented.","PeriodicalId":92804,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental and toxicological studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67395137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Firstly, the impacts of the pandemic on travel and related emissions for individuals are ambiguous. On one hand, employees do not need to commute to their workplaces, at least not on a daily basis [11], which eliminates many work-based travels, particularly during peak hours, and hence reduces mobile emissions [12]. On the other hand, other types of those commuters’ travel demands may increase, at least in part. They may reschedule their saved commuting time for on-site shopping, entrainment, family reunification, fitness, site visits of attractions, etc. Studies indicate that the WFH mode has reduced vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) by 11.5 percent from eliminated commuting trips, with the number of personal trips slightly increased [13]. The overall individual travel demands may be raised or decreased by the pandemic, and the proportions for the types of travel demands are significantly influenced during this pandemic period due to the WFH mode.
{"title":"Transportation-Related Toxic Emissions Influenced by Public Reactions to the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"D. J, W. H, Qiao F","doi":"10.16966/2576-6430.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2576-6430.128","url":null,"abstract":"Firstly, the impacts of the pandemic on travel and related emissions for individuals are ambiguous. On one hand, employees do not need to commute to their workplaces, at least not on a daily basis [11], which eliminates many work-based travels, particularly during peak hours, and hence reduces mobile emissions [12]. On the other hand, other types of those commuters’ travel demands may increase, at least in part. They may reschedule their saved commuting time for on-site shopping, entrainment, family reunification, fitness, site visits of attractions, etc. Studies indicate that the WFH mode has reduced vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) by 11.5 percent from eliminated commuting trips, with the number of personal trips slightly increased [13]. The overall individual travel demands may be raised or decreased by the pandemic, and the proportions for the types of travel demands are significantly influenced during this pandemic period due to the WFH mode.","PeriodicalId":92804,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental and toxicological studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67395361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urbanization the world over and in Ghana has resulted in many poor environmental consequences. Urban solid waste disposal in Ghana has become a heavy task for the central government; the municipal authorities and other stakeholdersto manage. The solid waste disposal problem is increasingly becoming unbearable for the stakeholders in the waste disposal sectors. This paper investigates the nature of the urban solid waste disposal challenge and its environmental sanitation related issues in Ghana and more especially in the Techiman municipality. Major issues concerning the management of solid waste problem in the country that were considered include: the inadequacy of logistics for managing the menace, human resources, funds and public education. Apart from discussing the waste situation in the study area the study also identifies the causes of the menace from the perspective of the various stakeholders. The waste collection and disposal facilities and services provided by the key stakeholders in the waste sector were examined in relation to the concepts of environmental sustainability and sanitation diseases respectively. Methods used in this study include observations; questionnaires and interviews from stakeholders, households, business units and the public health departments as well as pictures and documentaries. It was realized that the study area had an increased solid waste generation capacity which resulted in various kinds of epidemic diseases in humans and animals alike. The situation also tends to degrade the environment and even pollute the TanoRiver which inhabits the sacred fishes and serves as a site for tourist attraction to the municipal area. Some causes of the crisis can be identified as lack of political will to managing the solid waste situation in the country. Though the country has environmental laws, these laws are too flexibility and relaxed that most offenders go unpunished.
{"title":"An Effective Solid Waste Management and Environmental sanitation Diseases Reduction Module of Ghana- A Case of Thetechiman Municipal Area, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana","authors":"Francis Xavier Mk, D. Millar, J. Tanguo","doi":"10.16966/2576-6430.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2576-6430.110","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization the world over and in Ghana has resulted in many poor environmental consequences. Urban solid waste disposal in Ghana has become a heavy task for the central government; the municipal authorities and other stakeholdersto manage. The solid waste disposal problem is increasingly becoming unbearable for the stakeholders in the waste disposal sectors. This paper investigates the nature of the urban solid waste disposal challenge and its environmental sanitation related issues in Ghana and more especially in the Techiman municipality. Major issues concerning the management of solid waste problem in the country that were considered include: the inadequacy of logistics for managing the menace, human resources, funds and public education. Apart from discussing the waste situation in the study area the study also identifies the causes of the menace from the perspective of the various stakeholders. The waste collection and disposal facilities and services provided by the key stakeholders in the waste sector were examined in relation to the concepts of environmental sustainability and sanitation diseases respectively. Methods used in this study include observations; questionnaires and interviews from stakeholders, households, business units and the public health departments as well as pictures and documentaries. It was realized that the study area had an increased solid waste generation capacity which resulted in various kinds of epidemic diseases in humans and animals alike. The situation also tends to degrade the environment and even pollute the TanoRiver which inhabits the sacred fishes and serves as a site for tourist attraction to the municipal area. Some causes of the crisis can be identified as lack of political will to managing the solid waste situation in the country. Though the country has environmental laws, these laws are too flexibility and relaxed that most offenders go unpunished.","PeriodicalId":92804,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental and toxicological studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67394924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aims to provide information about the characteristics of safe drinking water in UAE, identify the causes of water pollution, the treatment process of both wastewater and water, as well as, some sustainability water projects in the UAE. Using secondary data sources, we’ve found that UAE’s water characteristics are classified into three main categories which are: Physical, chemical and biological characteristics that describe UAE’s water using standards and parameters. In addition, it was found that pollutants can affect both groundwater and surface water. The main sources of groundwater contamination are septic tanks effluents, over-pumping of wells, and agricultural activities. On the other hand, the main causes of marine water contamination are increased population and development which lead to increased wastes dumping in water, sediment dredge and fill operations and atmospheric deposition of pollutants. Wastewater treatment in UAE is illustrated by giving Al-Ruwais wastewater treatment plant as an example in where wastewater undergoes screening, aeration, multiple types of filtration and disinfection to produce water suitable for irrigation and some industrial activities. For domestic purposes, water is pretreated, desalinated then enriched with essential minerals. It was found also that UAE has many projects to ensure sustainability as using clean renewable resources for water desalination, harnessing resulting brine to produce salts, completely relying on treated wastewater for industrial and agricultural activities, and projects for decreasing irrigation water demands and carbon footprints as Badia Farms and Porous Alpha technology. Finally, we recommend using an integrated water protection system where water is protected and controlled in catchments, treatment plants, and distribution systems.
{"title":"Potable Water in UAE: An Overview of Water Characteristics and Sources of Contamination","authors":"Shawish Aa, T. Nabhan, A Almadidy","doi":"10.16966/2576-6430.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2576-6430.120","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to provide information about the characteristics of safe drinking water in UAE, identify the causes of water pollution, the treatment process of both wastewater and water, as well as, some sustainability water projects in the UAE. Using secondary data sources, we’ve found that UAE’s water characteristics are classified into three main categories which are: Physical, chemical and biological characteristics that describe UAE’s water using standards and parameters. In addition, it was found that pollutants can affect both groundwater and surface water. The main sources of groundwater contamination are septic tanks effluents, over-pumping of wells, and agricultural activities. On the other hand, the main causes of marine water contamination are increased population and development which lead to increased wastes dumping in water, sediment dredge and fill operations and atmospheric deposition of pollutants. Wastewater treatment in UAE is illustrated by giving Al-Ruwais wastewater treatment plant as an example in where wastewater undergoes screening, aeration, multiple types of filtration and disinfection to produce water suitable for irrigation and some industrial activities. For domestic purposes, water is pretreated, desalinated then enriched with essential minerals. It was found also that UAE has many projects to ensure sustainability as using clean renewable resources for water desalination, harnessing resulting brine to produce salts, completely relying on treated wastewater for industrial and agricultural activities, and projects for decreasing irrigation water demands and carbon footprints as Badia Farms and Porous Alpha technology. Finally, we recommend using an integrated water protection system where water is protected and controlled in catchments, treatment plants, and distribution systems.","PeriodicalId":92804,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental and toxicological studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67394870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aĭzman Ri, Nedovesova Sa, Golovin Ms, Iashvili Mv, Trofimovich Em
Deficit and imbalance of Ca2+ and Mg2+ can be considered as potential risk factors for urolithiasis, skin diseases, cardiovascular system and digestive organs [5-9]. One of the main effectors of homeostatic regulation of magnesium and calcium balance are kidneys [10-14], while data on the impact of excess Ca2 + and Mg2+ in drinking water on the functional state of various organs and systems of the growing organism are much less [15].
{"title":"Physical Development and Renal Functions in Adolescents Consuming Drinking Water with High Content of Vital Cation","authors":"Aĭzman Ri, Nedovesova Sa, Golovin Ms, Iashvili Mv, Trofimovich Em","doi":"10.16966/2576-6430.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2576-6430.115","url":null,"abstract":"Deficit and imbalance of Ca2+ and Mg2+ can be considered as potential risk factors for urolithiasis, skin diseases, cardiovascular system and digestive organs [5-9]. One of the main effectors of homeostatic regulation of magnesium and calcium balance are kidneys [10-14], while data on the impact of excess Ca2 + and Mg2+ in drinking water on the functional state of various organs and systems of the growing organism are much less [15].","PeriodicalId":92804,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental and toxicological studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67394990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artuz Ml, Artuz Ob, M. Sakınç, B. Yalcin, Erdogan Be
The aim of this study is to try to prove the hypothesis that “When species diversity reduced, the survived unit members in the environment would be increased”, which named by us as “Pessimum conditions rule” in the scale of the Sea of Marmara. To prove the hypothesis “Pessimum conditions rule”, data from 604 observations both of benthic and oceanographically stations gathered in a 7-year period (2006-2012) were analyzed and compared, and the results used to show the relationship between classic biotic descriptors (e.g. number of species, number of individuals, richness index, dominance index, Shannon/Menhinick diversities) and environmental variables (e.g. Dissolved Oxygen, temperature, Salinity, pH) and depth. Multiple analysis of covariance and multiple linear regressions were used for the statistical analysis of the data. Correlations between benthic community indices and water quality variables showed that generally might affect community diversity. Besides this, it is clear that variation within benthic habitats in the Sea of Marmara cannot be explained by a single factor, such as uncontrolled overfishing and the revolving changes in the adjacent connected seas or driven by biotic interactions rather than by the water quality. According to the sample composition of benthic catches and related frequency values, a relative increase in the number of individuals was observed. This is also apparent by the correlation between basic pollution parameters and the community index values regarding long-term data of the present work. The measured values of the constant environment, created due to the unique structure of the Mediterranean originated lower layer of the Sea of Marmara, and correlated biotic parameters were showing a coherent dispersion in the completely sampling period. However, contrary to this, the values of the number of species were exactly the opposite. In the present study, pessimum conditions rule has been especially distinctive in the Sea of Marmara regarding the long-term data of the benthic catches. Also, this work report on species composition of the benthic catches in the Sea of Marmara for an assessment of the status of these communities and relation these communities with pollution phenomenon.
{"title":"Fewer Species but More Existing Individuals: Testing the Hypothesis ‘Pessimum Conditions Rule’ Based on Long-Term Data of Species Composition of Benthic Fauna and Environmental Variables in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey","authors":"Artuz Ml, Artuz Ob, M. Sakınç, B. Yalcin, Erdogan Be","doi":"10.16966/2576-6430.116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2576-6430.116","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to try to prove the hypothesis that “When species diversity reduced, the survived unit members in the environment would be increased”, which named by us as “Pessimum conditions rule” in the scale of the Sea of Marmara. To prove the hypothesis “Pessimum conditions rule”, data from 604 observations both of benthic and oceanographically stations gathered in a 7-year period (2006-2012) were analyzed and compared, and the results used to show the relationship between classic biotic descriptors (e.g. number of species, number of individuals, richness index, dominance index, Shannon/Menhinick diversities) and environmental variables (e.g. Dissolved Oxygen, temperature, Salinity, pH) and depth. Multiple analysis of covariance and multiple linear regressions were used for the statistical analysis of the data. Correlations between benthic community indices and water quality variables showed that generally might affect community diversity. Besides this, it is clear that variation within benthic habitats in the Sea of Marmara cannot be explained by a single factor, such as uncontrolled overfishing and the revolving changes in the adjacent connected seas or driven by biotic interactions rather than by the water quality. According to the sample composition of benthic catches and related frequency values, a relative increase in the number of individuals was observed. This is also apparent by the correlation between basic pollution parameters and the community index values regarding long-term data of the present work. The measured values of the constant environment, created due to the unique structure of the Mediterranean originated lower layer of the Sea of Marmara, and correlated biotic parameters were showing a coherent dispersion in the completely sampling period. However, contrary to this, the values of the number of species were exactly the opposite. In the present study, pessimum conditions rule has been especially distinctive in the Sea of Marmara regarding the long-term data of the benthic catches. Also, this work report on species composition of the benthic catches in the Sea of Marmara for an assessment of the status of these communities and relation these communities with pollution phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":92804,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental and toxicological studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67395036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recharge Potentials Mapping using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques: Case of Shallow Aquifers in the Senegal River Delta","authors":"M. Diaw, I. Mall, S. Faye, Y. Travi","doi":"10.16966/2576-6430.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2576-6430.117","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92804,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental and toxicological studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67394643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lawn and Garden Equipment Sound: A Comparison of Gas and Battery Electric Equipment","authors":"C. Pollock, G. Sparks, Banks Jl","doi":"10.16966/2576-6430.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2576-6430.118","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92804,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental and toxicological studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67394762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
More than 11 million gas powered leaf blowers (GLB) operate in the US. Most are powered by inefficient 2-stroke engines. The noise is intolerable to some and many communities have enacted ordinances restricting their use. This pilot study aimed to characterize the low, medium, and high frequency sound components from commercial grade GLBs over distance, evaluate the adequacy of the A-weighted decibel (dB [A]) to describe this sound, and discuss the impact of GLB sound in a community setting. In a field experiment with 2 leaf blowers and a hose vacuum, the time averaged A-weighted dB(A) (LAEQ) and un-weighted dB (LEQ) metrics, and low, mid, and high frequency GLB sound components were evaluated at intervals out to 800 feet from point of operation (centroid). Sound levels at 50 feet for each GLB were consistent with manufacturer ratings. The sound from the 2 GLBs and hose vacuum exceeded 100 decibels for both LEQ and LAEQ at the centroid. At all distance intervals, LEQ was 11.2–12.5 decibels higher compared with LAEQ. With the exception of the high frequency dB, all sound metrics emitted from this equipment were found to exceed WHO outdoor daytime standards (55 dB) up to 800 feet away from the centroid. The dominance of the low frequency component over distance indicates that a dB-based metric is a more appropriate descriptor of this sound compared with a dB(A)-based metric. The loudness of GLB sound at point of operation is especially concerning for the auditory and non-auditory health of workers and others regularly exposed in close proximity. The ability of this sound - in particular its lower frequency components - to travel over long distances suggests that GLB sound has a wide ranging impact on surrounding communities and raises concerns over its adverse health impacts.
{"title":"Characteristics of Lawn and Garden Equipment Sound: A Community Pilot Study","authors":"E. Walker, Jamie L Banks","doi":"10.16966/2576-6430.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2576-6430.106","url":null,"abstract":"More than 11 million gas powered leaf blowers (GLB) operate in the US. Most are powered by inefficient 2-stroke engines. The noise is intolerable to some and many communities have enacted ordinances restricting their use. This pilot study aimed to characterize the low, medium, and high frequency sound components from commercial grade GLBs over distance, evaluate the adequacy of the A-weighted decibel (dB [A]) to describe this sound, and discuss the impact of GLB sound in a community setting. In a field experiment with 2 leaf blowers and a hose vacuum, the time averaged A-weighted dB(A) (LAEQ) and un-weighted dB (LEQ) metrics, and low, mid, and high frequency GLB sound components were evaluated at intervals out to 800 feet from point of operation (centroid). Sound levels at 50 feet for each GLB were consistent with manufacturer ratings. The sound from the 2 GLBs and hose vacuum exceeded 100 decibels for both LEQ and LAEQ at the centroid. At all distance intervals, LEQ was 11.2–12.5 decibels higher compared with LAEQ. With the exception of the high frequency dB, all sound metrics emitted from this equipment were found to exceed WHO outdoor daytime standards (55 dB) up to 800 feet away from the centroid. The dominance of the low frequency component over distance indicates that a dB-based metric is a more appropriate descriptor of this sound compared with a dB(A)-based metric. The loudness of GLB sound at point of operation is especially concerning for the auditory and non-auditory health of workers and others regularly exposed in close proximity. The ability of this sound - in particular its lower frequency components - to travel over long distances suggests that GLB sound has a wide ranging impact on surrounding communities and raises concerns over its adverse health impacts.","PeriodicalId":92804,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental and toxicological studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47395253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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