NMR spectrometers are considered to be an indispensable tool for structural biology. They are applied to determine the stereoscopic structure of protein molecules and to identify the chemical-reacting part between proteins and candidate medicines. Because the sensitivity and resolution of NMR spectrometers are improved with external magnetic fields, development projects of high-field NMR spectrometers have been carried out worldwide. At the Tsukuba Magnet Laboratory of the National Institute for Materials Science, the development of a high-field NMR magnet has been under way since 1995. The final target is to generate an additional 2.4T with an innermost coil, resulting in a central field of 23.5T corresponding to a 1H NMR frequency of 1GHz in a 54mm diameter room-temperature bore. The magnet was confirmed to operate as a high-resolution NMR magnet at 920MHz, using a Nb3Sn innermost coil. In the case of an NMR magnet, the required conditions of field homogeneity and stability are very strict. In this paper, we introduce the design issues of an NMR magnet by using our developed NMR magnet as an example. The future vision for high-field superconducting NMR magnets generating a field of 23.5T or more is also described.
{"title":"Development of a 1GHz NMR Magnet","authors":"T. Kiyoshi","doi":"10.2221/JCSJ.37.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2221/JCSJ.37.10","url":null,"abstract":"NMR spectrometers are considered to be an indispensable tool for structural biology. They are applied to determine the stereoscopic structure of protein molecules and to identify the chemical-reacting part between proteins and candidate medicines. Because the sensitivity and resolution of NMR spectrometers are improved with external magnetic fields, development projects of high-field NMR spectrometers have been carried out worldwide. At the Tsukuba Magnet Laboratory of the National Institute for Materials Science, the development of a high-field NMR magnet has been under way since 1995. The final target is to generate an additional 2.4T with an innermost coil, resulting in a central field of 23.5T corresponding to a 1H NMR frequency of 1GHz in a 54mm diameter room-temperature bore. The magnet was confirmed to operate as a high-resolution NMR magnet at 920MHz, using a Nb3Sn innermost coil. In the case of an NMR magnet, the required conditions of field homogeneity and stability are very strict. In this paper, we introduce the design issues of an NMR magnet by using our developed NMR magnet as an example. The future vision for high-field superconducting NMR magnets generating a field of 23.5T or more is also described.","PeriodicalId":93144,"journal":{"name":"Teion kogaku = Cryogenic engineering : [official journal of the Cryogenic Association of Japan]","volume":"37 1","pages":"10-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68187350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Otabe, T. Yasuda, T. Matsushita, M. Iwakuma, T. Bohno
Operating Test for a 1,000A Class Superconducting Transformer Cooled by Cryocoolers for AC Transport Loss Measurement Edmund Soji OTABE, Takashi YASUDA, Teruo MATSUSHITA, Masataka IWAKUMA* and Takaaki BOHNO** Department of Computer Science and Electronics, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka 820-8502 Research Institute of Superconductivity, Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581 * Fuji Electric Corporate Research and Development, Ltd., 7, Yawata-kaigandori, Ichihara, 290-8511 (Received April 28, 2002)
{"title":"Operating Test for a 1,000A Class Superconducting Transformer Cooled by Cryocoolers for AC Transport Loss Measurement.","authors":"E. Otabe, T. Yasuda, T. Matsushita, M. Iwakuma, T. Bohno","doi":"10.2221/JCSJ.37.427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2221/JCSJ.37.427","url":null,"abstract":"Operating Test for a 1,000A Class Superconducting Transformer Cooled by Cryocoolers for AC Transport Loss Measurement Edmund Soji OTABE, Takashi YASUDA, Teruo MATSUSHITA, Masataka IWAKUMA* and Takaaki BOHNO** Department of Computer Science and Electronics, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka 820-8502 Research Institute of Superconductivity, Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581 * Fuji Electric Corporate Research and Development, Ltd., 7, Yawata-kaigandori, Ichihara, 290-8511 (Received April 28, 2002)","PeriodicalId":93144,"journal":{"name":"Teion kogaku = Cryogenic engineering : [official journal of the Cryogenic Association of Japan]","volume":"37 1","pages":"427-433"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68187561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01Epub Date: 2002-02-28DOI: 10.1186/ar417
Jerome R Bill, Brian L Kotzin
Most techniques that identify antigen-specific T cells are dependent on the response of these cells to the relevant antigen in culture. Soluble multimers of MHC molecules, when occupied with the same peptide, will bind selectively to T cells specific for that MHC/peptide complex. Techniques to produce fluorescent MHC class II/peptide multimers have recently been developed. These reagents provide a method to facilitate detection and isolation of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and they represent a new research tool to study these cells in patients with immune-mediated diseases.
大多数识别抗原特异性 T 细胞的技术都依赖于这些细胞在培养过程中对相关抗原的反应。当 MHC 分子的可溶性多聚体与相同的肽结合时，会选择性地与该 MHC/肽复合物特异性的 T 细胞结合。最近开发出了生产荧光 MHC II 类/肽多聚体的技术。这些试剂提供了一种便于检测和分离抗原特异性 CD4+ T 细胞的方法，是研究免疫介导疾病患者体内这些细胞的一种新的研究工具。
{"title":"Use of soluble MHC class II/peptide multimers to detect antigen-specific T cells in human disease.","authors":"Jerome R Bill, Brian L Kotzin","doi":"10.1186/ar417","DOIUrl":"10.1186/ar417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most techniques that identify antigen-specific T cells are dependent on the response of these cells to the relevant antigen in culture. Soluble multimers of MHC molecules, when occupied with the same peptide, will bind selectively to T cells specific for that MHC/peptide complex. Techniques to produce fluorescent MHC class II/peptide multimers have recently been developed. These reagents provide a method to facilitate detection and isolation of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and they represent a new research tool to study these cells in patients with immune-mediated diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":93144,"journal":{"name":"Teion kogaku = Cryogenic engineering : [official journal of the Cryogenic Association of Japan]","volume":"36 1","pages":"261-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC128933/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90113962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47090-X_38
Y. Hozumi, M. Murakami, T. Iida
{"title":"Numerical Study of Pulse-tube Flow","authors":"Y. Hozumi, M. Murakami, T. Iida","doi":"10.1007/0-306-47090-X_38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47090-X_38","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93144,"journal":{"name":"Teion kogaku = Cryogenic engineering : [official journal of the Cryogenic Association of Japan]","volume":"33 1","pages":"321-328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/0-306-47090-X_38","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51341884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Numerical stability of the heat transfer equation of superfluid helium is discussed in detail for one- and two-dimensional cases. From the viewpoint of diffusive property of heat conduction, the stability conditions for explicit finite difference equations describing the so-called 1/3-power law have been derived. The stability condition depends on the temperature gradient as well as the heat conductivity function and the mesh spacing. To maintain the numerical stability, the time step should be lowered for low temperature gradients. A linearization of the 1/3-power law for low temperature gradients is useful to suppress the numerical instability, but a threshold of the linearization should be selected as low as possible not to affect numerical results. Finally, the validity of the stability conditions is demonstrated by performing two-dimensional numerical simulations of the natural convection of liquid helium with λ-transition.
{"title":"Numerical Stability Condition for Heat Transfer Simulation of Superfluid Helium","authors":"M. Sekiguchi, T. Suekane, T. Okamura, S. Hirai","doi":"10.2221/JCSJ.36.675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2221/JCSJ.36.675","url":null,"abstract":"Numerical stability of the heat transfer equation of superfluid helium is discussed in detail for one- and two-dimensional cases. From the viewpoint of diffusive property of heat conduction, the stability conditions for explicit finite difference equations describing the so-called 1/3-power law have been derived. The stability condition depends on the temperature gradient as well as the heat conductivity function and the mesh spacing. To maintain the numerical stability, the time step should be lowered for low temperature gradients. A linearization of the 1/3-power law for low temperature gradients is useful to suppress the numerical instability, but a threshold of the linearization should be selected as low as possible not to affect numerical results. Finally, the validity of the stability conditions is demonstrated by performing two-dimensional numerical simulations of the natural convection of liquid helium with λ-transition.","PeriodicalId":93144,"journal":{"name":"Teion kogaku = Cryogenic engineering : [official journal of the Cryogenic Association of Japan]","volume":"36 1","pages":"675-681"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68186747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hisayasu Kobayashi, Hideyuki Yoshida, Yoichi Suganuma, Y. Matsubara, A. Tominaga
The thermal oscillation in the near-saturated He II transports the work through channels above the critical heat flux qc of the phase transition. The oscillation does not entirely destroy the temperature distribution in the vortex state built at qc. Therefore the additional heat input above qc may be efficiently converted into the work flow superimposed on heat conduction, The characteristic frequencies of the thermal oscillation are discriminated by means of an oscillatory disk and a microphone. The thermal oscillation is dominated by the channel length reflecting the nature of the wave.
{"title":"Thermal Oscillation Anomalous Heat Transport Characteristics in Saturated- He II Channels","authors":"Hisayasu Kobayashi, Hideyuki Yoshida, Yoichi Suganuma, Y. Matsubara, A. Tominaga","doi":"10.2221/JCSJ.36.693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2221/JCSJ.36.693","url":null,"abstract":"The thermal oscillation in the near-saturated He II transports the work through channels above the critical heat flux qc of the phase transition. The oscillation does not entirely destroy the temperature distribution in the vortex state built at qc. Therefore the additional heat input above qc may be efficiently converted into the work flow superimposed on heat conduction, The characteristic frequencies of the thermal oscillation are discriminated by means of an oscillatory disk and a microphone. The thermal oscillation is dominated by the channel length reflecting the nature of the wave.","PeriodicalId":93144,"journal":{"name":"Teion kogaku = Cryogenic engineering : [official journal of the Cryogenic Association of Japan]","volume":"36 1","pages":"693-698"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68187166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hisayasu Kobayashi, Yoichi Suganuma, Hideyuki Yoshida, Y. Matsubara, A. Tominaga
Above the critical power input of the phase transition, the thermoacoustic oscillation is ignited in channels filled with He II at the atmospheric pressure. The clear sound is continuously generated under some conditions of the channel configuration. The characteristic frequency of the thermoacoustic oscillation, which depends on the channel length, is complementarily discriminated by means of a microphone and an oscillatory disk. Except for the thin layer of the triple phase transition near the heated surface, the temperature distribution along the channel length is held during the thermoacoustic oscillation.
{"title":"Thermoacoustic Oscillation in Pressurized He II","authors":"Hisayasu Kobayashi, Yoichi Suganuma, Hideyuki Yoshida, Y. Matsubara, A. Tominaga","doi":"10.2221/JCSJ.36.687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2221/JCSJ.36.687","url":null,"abstract":"Above the critical power input of the phase transition, the thermoacoustic oscillation is ignited in channels filled with He II at the atmospheric pressure. The clear sound is continuously generated under some conditions of the channel configuration. The characteristic frequency of the thermoacoustic oscillation, which depends on the channel length, is complementarily discriminated by means of a microphone and an oscillatory disk. Except for the thin layer of the triple phase transition near the heated surface, the temperature distribution along the channel length is held during the thermoacoustic oscillation.","PeriodicalId":93144,"journal":{"name":"Teion kogaku = Cryogenic engineering : [official journal of the Cryogenic Association of Japan]","volume":"36 1","pages":"687-692"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68187294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Tatsumoto, K. Hata, K. Hama, Y. Shirai, M. Shiotsu
This paper reviews the authors' recent works on steady-state heat transfer from heated wires and plates in a pool of saturated and subcooled superfluid helium (He II) for liquid temperatures from 1.8 to 2.1K. The following is described: 1) Critical heat fluxes (CHFs) on wires of various diameter and a theoretical CHF correlation based on the Gorter-Mellink equations that can describe the experimental data. 2) CHFs on flat plates with various widths and lengths and a correlation that can describe the experimental data. 3) CHFs on a flat plate at one side of a rectangular duct with various ratios of cross sectional duct area Ad to the heater surface area Ah, and a correlation that can describe the experimental data. 4) Two dimensional numerical analysis on heat transfer in the duct based on a rigorous two fluid model and comparison with the experimental data.
{"title":"Heat Transfer in Superfluid Helium (1)","authors":"H. Tatsumoto, K. Hata, K. Hama, Y. Shirai, M. Shiotsu","doi":"10.2221/JCSJ.36.656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2221/JCSJ.36.656","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the authors' recent works on steady-state heat transfer from heated wires and plates in a pool of saturated and subcooled superfluid helium (He II) for liquid temperatures from 1.8 to 2.1K. The following is described: 1) Critical heat fluxes (CHFs) on wires of various diameter and a theoretical CHF correlation based on the Gorter-Mellink equations that can describe the experimental data. 2) CHFs on flat plates with various widths and lengths and a correlation that can describe the experimental data. 3) CHFs on a flat plate at one side of a rectangular duct with various ratios of cross sectional duct area Ad to the heater surface area Ah, and a correlation that can describe the experimental data. 4) Two dimensional numerical analysis on heat transfer in the duct based on a rigorous two fluid model and comparison with the experimental data.","PeriodicalId":93144,"journal":{"name":"Teion kogaku = Cryogenic engineering : [official journal of the Cryogenic Association of Japan]","volume":"36 1","pages":"656-663"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68186592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Shiotsu, H. Tatsumoto, K. Hata, K. Hama, Y. Shirai
This paper reviews the authors' recent works on transient heat transfer from heated surfaces produced by stepwise heat inputs in a pool of pressurized superfluid helium (He II) for liquid temperatures from 1.8 to 2.1K. The following is described: (1) Typical behavior of transient heat transfer produced by a stepwise heat input; existence of quasi-steady state with a certain lifetime. (2) Lifetimes of quasi-steady states produced by stepwise heat inputs to a flat plate with various width and length and a correlation that can describe the experimental data. (3) Comparison of the lifetimes on flat plates with those on cylinders. (4) The lifetimes on a flat plate at one side of a rectangular duct with various ratios of cross sectional duct area Ad to the heater surface area Ah, and a correlation that can describe the experimental data. (5) The lifetimes on a flat plate at one side of a rectangular duct with an orifice. (6) Two dimensional numerical analysis on heat transfer in the duct based on a rigorous two fluid model and comparison with the experimental data.
{"title":"Heat Transfer in Superfluid Helium (2)","authors":"M. Shiotsu, H. Tatsumoto, K. Hata, K. Hama, Y. Shirai","doi":"10.2221/JCSJ.36.664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2221/JCSJ.36.664","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the authors' recent works on transient heat transfer from heated surfaces produced by stepwise heat inputs in a pool of pressurized superfluid helium (He II) for liquid temperatures from 1.8 to 2.1K. The following is described: (1) Typical behavior of transient heat transfer produced by a stepwise heat input; existence of quasi-steady state with a certain lifetime. (2) Lifetimes of quasi-steady states produced by stepwise heat inputs to a flat plate with various width and length and a correlation that can describe the experimental data. (3) Comparison of the lifetimes on flat plates with those on cylinders. (4) The lifetimes on a flat plate at one side of a rectangular duct with various ratios of cross sectional duct area Ad to the heater surface area Ah, and a correlation that can describe the experimental data. (5) The lifetimes on a flat plate at one side of a rectangular duct with an orifice. (6) Two dimensional numerical analysis on heat transfer in the duct based on a rigorous two fluid model and comparison with the experimental data.","PeriodicalId":93144,"journal":{"name":"Teion kogaku = Cryogenic engineering : [official journal of the Cryogenic Association of Japan]","volume":"36 1","pages":"664-670"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68186606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A two-dimensional calculation code of He II heat conduction, using implicit method, has been developed. It considers a heat conduction equation of He II, omitting some parameters of the two-fluid model. Implicit method can avoid numerical instabilty from a mutual friction term. The computation time and computer power for the calculation can be saved. The temperature distribution of He II for various heat inputs, bath temperatures, and heater lengths may be calculated on a personal computer in short time.
{"title":"Two-dimensional Heat Conduction Analysis of He II, Using Implicit Method","authors":"Masato Takahashi, T. Suekane, T. Okamura","doi":"10.2221/JCSJ.36.682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2221/JCSJ.36.682","url":null,"abstract":"A two-dimensional calculation code of He II heat conduction, using implicit method, has been developed. It considers a heat conduction equation of He II, omitting some parameters of the two-fluid model. Implicit method can avoid numerical instabilty from a mutual friction term. The computation time and computer power for the calculation can be saved. The temperature distribution of He II for various heat inputs, bath temperatures, and heater lengths may be calculated on a personal computer in short time.","PeriodicalId":93144,"journal":{"name":"Teion kogaku = Cryogenic engineering : [official journal of the Cryogenic Association of Japan]","volume":"36 1","pages":"682-686"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68187243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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