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Resilience Rhetorics in Science, Technology, and Medicine 科学、技术和医学中的弹性修辞
Pub Date : 2020-01-07 DOI: 10.13008/2151-2957.1303
K. Walker, L. Cagle
Rhetoric is a resilient art. Its stability and mutability across centuries attest to its dynamism as a domain of knowledge production and engaged practice. While resilience is understood differentially across scholarly and popular domains, it nearly always addresses questions of how to respond, adapt, and persist through adverse circumstances (for a review of this diverse literature, see Flynn, Sotirin, & Brady, 2012). For example, resilience has become a key trope for describing the practices of (bio)security, sustainability, human health, child development, infrastructure, technological systems, and other common sites of study in rhetorics of science, technology, and medicine (RSTM). Recently, rhetoricians have also taken up resilience; these scholars are interested both in using rhetoric to understand resilience and using resilience to understand rhetoric.
修辞是一门有弹性的艺术。几个世纪以来,它的稳定性和可变性证明了它作为知识生产和参与实践领域的活力。虽然学术和流行领域对韧性的理解各不相同,但它几乎总是解决如何在不利环境中做出反应、适应和坚持的问题(有关这些不同文献的综述,请参见Flynn、Sotirin和Brady,2012)。例如,复原力已成为描述(生物)安全、可持续性、人类健康、儿童发展、基础设施、技术系统以及科学、技术和医学修辞学(RSTM)中其他常见研究领域的一个关键比喻。最近,修辞学家们也开始恢复能力;这些学者既有兴趣用修辞来理解复原力,也有兴趣用复原力来理解修辞。
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引用次数: 2
Addressing the Social Determinants of Health: “Vulnerable” Populations and the Presentation of Healthy People 2020 解决健康的社会决定因素:“弱势”人群和2020年健康人的介绍
Pub Date : 2020-01-07 DOI: 10.13008/2151-2957.1297
E. Rodríguez, Dawn S. Opel
: Population health is a concept at the core of national healthcare reform efforts. Population health focuses on the social determinants of health, or the living conditions of people at work, home, and play. To participate in population health initiatives, organizations must collect population-level data, creating a discourse of resilience-as-ability-to-cope through mapping community demographics, as though a counting of bodies and their material conditions creates a foundation for sustained, improved health outcomes. In 2010, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP) launched an initiative called Healthy People 2020, a set of ten-year national goals and objectives for health promotion and disease prevention. We analyze this data project, arguing that discourses of resiliency (through improved national, state, and local data collection efforts) and vulnerability (of the people who are reduced to data) create a constitutive rhetoric for U.S. public health officials to rally around the cause of population health yet exclude the very people upon whom such a cause should focus. Specifically, an examination of the ODPHP’s Healthy People 2020 website reveals that the reduction of bodies to quantification in data displays for health professionals, when viewed through the lens of Philip Wander’s Third Persona, objectifies groups of people already historically marginalized and obfuscates pathways to social action. We argue that instead, an ecological, relational definition of resilience must be fostered through autonomy of communities in the decisions they make about their own community members’ health and wellness.
:人口健康是国家医疗改革工作的核心概念。人口健康关注健康的社会决定因素,或人们在工作、家庭和娱乐中的生活条件。为了参与人口健康倡议,各组织必须收集人口层面的数据,通过绘制社区人口统计图,创造一种韧性的话语,即应对能力,就好像对尸体及其物质条件的统计为持续改善健康结果奠定了基础。2010年,美国卫生与公众服务部疾病预防和健康促进办公室(ODPHP)发起了一项名为“2020年健康人”的倡议,这是一套十年国家健康促进和疾病预防目标。我们分析了这个数据项目,认为关于弹性(通过改进国家、州和地方的数据收集工作)和脆弱性(被减少到数据中的人)的论述为美国公共卫生官员围绕人口健康事业团结起来,但却排除了这一事业应该关注的人,创造了一种构成性的修辞。具体而言,对ODPHP的《2020健康人》网站的审查表明,从Philip Wander的《第三人格》的视角来看,在卫生专业人员的数据显示中,将身体减少到量化,将历史上已经被边缘化的人群物化,并混淆了社会行动的途径。相反,我们认为,必须通过社区在决定其社区成员的健康和身心健康时的自主权,来促进对韧性的生态、关系定义。
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引用次数: 5
Dementia, Rhetorical Schemes, and Cognitive Resilience 痴呆症、修辞手法和认知弹性
Pub Date : 2020-01-07 DOI: 10.13008/2151-2957.1301
R. Harris
: I argue for the importance of rhetorical schemes for understanding, diagnosing, and coping with forms of dementia. Schemes give salience (recruit attention), memorability (affect storage and facilitate retrieval), and aesthetic effects (induce a pleasurable emotional response) to configurations of language. They do so because of the way they play to neurocognitive pattern biases, like repetition, sequence, and position. Dementia is a condition under which language ability degrades, alongside memory and attention, but pattern biases appear to be comparatively robust, and schemic configurations become more and more frequent in dementia speech. Rhetorical schemes, that is, are notably resilient to the forces that diminish language use in individuals with dementia.
:我主张修辞方案对理解、诊断和应对各种形式的痴呆症的重要性。方案赋予语言配置显著性(吸引注意力)、可记忆性(影响存储和促进检索)和美学效果(诱导愉快的情绪反应)。他们这样做是因为他们处理神经认知模式偏见的方式,比如重复、顺序和位置。痴呆症是一种语言能力与记忆力和注意力一起下降的情况,但模式偏见似乎相对较强,在痴呆症言语中,阴谋配置变得越来越频繁。也就是说,修辞方案对减少痴呆症患者语言使用的力量具有显著的弹性。
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引用次数: 2
Resilient Turns: Epistrophe, Incrementum, Metonymy 弹性转身:Epitrophe、Incremetum、Metonymy
Pub Date : 2020-01-07 DOI: 10.13008/2151-2957.1300
Oren Abeles, J. Jack, S. Singer
: In this essay, we demonstrate how rhetorical analyses of style can maintain their focus on linguistic patterns while simultaneously attending to material ones. Focusing on the trope of metonymy and the figures of incrementum and epistrophe , we show how these devices represent different modes of material-semiotic addressivity, resiliently turning and reconfiguring the rhetorical ecologies they capacitate. Using three case studies — a corpus of news articles about water quality amid extensive wind turbine development in Chatham-Kent, Ontario; traditional and “rogue” pain scales; and scientific literature about CRISPR— we explore the stylistic affordances of epistrophe , incrementum , and metonymy, showing how these “turnings” allow resilient material semiotic articulations. We conclude by suggesting how our framework may be applied and extended to other topics and how this understanding of tropes and figures may align with other research trajectories in RSTM.
在这篇文章中,我们展示了风格的修辞分析如何在关注材料模式的同时保持对语言模式的关注。我们以转喻的比喻以及增量和上位的比喻为中心,展示了这些手段如何代表不同的材料符号寻址模式,弹性地转向和重新配置它们所承载的修辞生态。使用三个案例研究——安大略省查塔姆肯特市大规模风力涡轮机开发期间的水质新闻文章集;传统和“无赖”疼痛量表;以及关于CRISPR的科学文献——我们探索了鼻音、增量和转喻的文体可供性,展示了这些“转向”如何允许弹性的材料符号表达。最后,我们建议如何将我们的框架应用和扩展到其他主题,以及这种对比喻和数字的理解如何与RSTM中的其他研究轨迹相一致。
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引用次数: 4
“It’s just a cycle”: Resilience, poetics, and intimate disruptions “这只是一个循环”:韧性、诗学和亲密的破坏
Pub Date : 2020-01-07 DOI: 10.13008/2151-2957.1302
B. McGreavy
The phrase “It’s just a cycle” is commonly articulated in coastal resilience efforts and also shapes broader public debates about climate change. Identifying the structure of arguments around cycles is a useful starting point for defining differences in perspective, but there is more to competing claims about cycles. It is this more that this essay aims to explore, starting with an opening example from an engaged rhetorical ethnographic project with Maine’s clam fishery. The example helps set up a methodological orientation to working with cycles within resilience-focused collaborations that draws from aesthetics and poetics. This approach aims to show how cycles shape world making and how attending to cycles as a trope can create a space for critical, intimate, and poetic disruptions of colonial patterns in resilience discourse.
“这只是一个循环”这句话在海岸恢复力的努力中很常见,也影响了关于气候变化的更广泛的公众辩论。识别围绕周期的争论结构是定义视角差异的有用起点,但关于周期的竞争主张还有更多。正是这一点,本文旨在探索,从缅因州蛤蜊渔业的一个修辞民族志项目中的一个开放性例子开始。这个例子有助于建立一个方法论方向,在以弹性为重点的合作中处理周期,这些合作借鉴了美学和诗学。这种方法旨在展示周期如何塑造世界,以及将周期作为一种比喻如何为韧性话语中对殖民模式的批判性、亲密性和诗意破坏创造空间。
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引用次数: 3
The Recalcitrance and Resilience of Scientific Function. 科学功能的顽固性与弹性。
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.13008/2151-2957.1299
Diane Marie Keeling, Patricia Garza, Charisse Michelle Nartey, Anne-Ruxandra Carvunis

"Function" is a vitally important concept in the scientific community. Scientists use it to describe and address a wide variety of research problems. In publications, however, scientists within and across disciplines interpret function differently. For example, intense debate surrounds what percentage of the human genome should be deemed "functional" rather than "junk DNA." In this essay, we analyze the use of function in the research of de novo gene birth, a budding scientific field that studies how novel genes can emerge in non-genic sequences. Our research team, composed of a rhetorical scholar, philosopher, structural biologist and systems biologist, crafts a taxonomy of how "function" is variously constituted in de novo gene birth publications, including as expressions, capacities, interactions, physiological implications and evolutionary implications. We argue function is shaped by the diverse onto-epistemological perspectives of scientists and is both a recalcitrant and resilient concept of scientific practice. Informed by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari's writings on a scientific mode of thinking, functions are time-space scales of objects under investigation that make possible references to scientific measurements.

“功能”在科学界是一个极其重要的概念。科学家们用它来描述和解决各种各样的研究问题。然而,在出版物中,学科内部和跨学科的科学家对功能的解释不同。例如,激烈的争论围绕着人类基因组的多少百分比应该被视为“功能”而不是“垃圾DNA”。在本文中,我们分析了功能在研究de novo基因出生中的应用,这是一个新兴的科学领域,研究新基因如何在非基因序列中出现。我们的研究团队由修辞学家、哲学家、结构生物学家和系统生物学家组成,对“功能”如何在新生基因出生出版物中不同地构成进行了分类,包括表达、能力、相互作用、生理影响和进化影响。我们认为,功能是由科学家的不同本体认识论观点塑造的,它既是科学实践的一个顽固性概念,也是一个有弹性的概念。吉尔·德勒兹(Gilles Deleuze)和菲利克斯·瓜塔里(Felix Guattari)关于科学思维模式的著作告诉我们,函数是被研究对象的时空尺度,它使科学测量成为可能。
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引用次数: 1
Response to Jack, Singer, and Abeles 对杰克、辛格和阿贝斯的回应
Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.13008/2151-2957.1304
J. Fahnestock
My thanks to Jack, Singer, and Abeles for a stimulating paper that invites us to think more deeply about the methods of rhetorical analysis. I am also grateful for the invitation to offer some observations on their work as they each show the applicability of the figures of speech to discourses on three very different subjects, and as collectively they challenge a verbal/material dissociation in our understanding and application of the rhetorical tradition.
我要感谢杰克、辛格和阿贝尔斯这篇令人振奋的论文,它邀请我们更深入地思考修辞分析的方法。我也很感谢邀请我对他们的工作进行一些观察,因为他们每个人都展示了修辞格在三个非常不同主题的话语中的适用性,并且他们共同挑战了我们对修辞传统的理解和应用中的语言/材料分离。
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引用次数: 0
‘The Light Cloak of the Saint:’ The Changing Rhetorical Situations of Esperanto’s “Internal Idea" and its Relevance to Contemporary Problems “圣徒的轻斗篷”:世界语“内在观念”的修辞情境变化及其与当代问题的关联
Pub Date : 2019-02-27 DOI: 10.13008/2151-2957.1278
Alessandra Madella
Esperanto was conceived as a model of commercial usefulness, but also to confront the higher aims of its “internal idea.” The interna ideo of Esperanto has historically taken various forms, but it has most often been concerned with protecting a multiethnic world in its diversities, building bridges that allow for a more equitable coexistence of minorities. This underlying ethical thrust makes the international language a potential lever for a more just society in the current global conditions. In order to support this claim, I reconstruct the rhetorical situation of Zamenhof’s pronouncements on the “internal idea,” including Hillelism and Homaranismo. I also argue that George Orwell’s dystopic Newspeak can be considered a political commentary about what would happen to Esperanto if the “internal idea” were to be hijacked in the name of economic progress or the supposed tranquility of commerce.
世界语被认为是一种商业实用性的典范,但同时也是为了对抗其“内部理念”的更高目标。世界语的国际概念在历史上采取了各种形式,但它最关心的是保护一个多元化的多民族世界,搭建桥梁,使少数民族更公平地共存。这种潜在的伦理推力使国际语言成为在当前全球条件下实现更公正社会的潜在杠杆。为了支持这一说法,我重构了扎门霍夫关于“内部思想”的言论的修辞状况,包括Hillelism和Homaranismo。我还认为,乔治·奥威尔的反乌托邦《新闻峰》可以被视为一篇政治评论,讲述如果“内部思想”以经济进步或所谓的商业安宁的名义被劫持,世界语会发生什么。
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引用次数: 0
Scientific Futures for a Rhetoric of Science: "We do this and they do that?" A Junior-Senior Scholar Session, RSA 2018, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; 1 June 2018 科学修辞学的科学未来:“我们这样做,他们那样做?”RSA 2018,明尼阿波利斯,明尼苏达州,美国;2018年6月1日
Pub Date : 2019-02-27 DOI: 10.13008/2151-2957.1282
David R. Gruber, R. Harris
GRUBER: To start, I want to say that Rhetoric of Science [RoS] is understudied even by rhetoric scholars. In graduate school, I was one of maybe two pursuing it, and it’s never felt central to the field; perhaps, this is because it requires knowing about a very different and often derided disciplinary area. To do RoS, you have to learn the science. Lots of Rhetoric scholars have to become interdisciplinary; those in Rhetoric of Medicine, for example, have to do a lot of background work, but RoS has been particularly good at examining how scientific experiments are made and justified, whereas other areas might focus more on the way that X is applied or sold to the public. The distinction that I’ve just made there is intended to drive at a key point: science, in the lab and on the initial inventional and conceptual level, remains understudied. And I think the lack of work within the scientific process indicates a problem of how we, as rhetorical scholars, think about ourselves. Overall, I want to argue that we imagine ourselves talking about science mostly after-the-fact, after the press release, after the popular media presentation, and not sitting in and amongst the working processes of shaping science.
格鲁伯:首先,我想说的是,即使是修辞学学者,对《科学修辞学》的研究也不足。在研究生院的时候,我可能是两个研究它的人之一,但它从来都不是这个领域的核心;也许,这是因为它需要了解一个非常不同的、经常被嘲笑的学科领域。要做RoS,你必须学习科学。许多修辞学学者必须成为跨学科的;例如,医学修辞学必须做大量的背景工作,但RoS特别擅长检查科学实验是如何进行和证明的,而其他领域可能更多地关注X的应用或向公众出售的方式。我刚才所做的区分是为了推动一个关键点:科学,在实验室和最初的发明和概念层面上,仍然没有得到充分的研究。我认为科学过程中缺乏工作表明了我们作为修辞学者如何看待自己的问题。总的来说,我想说的是,我们想象自己在谈论科学时,大多是在事实之后,在新闻发布之后,在大众媒体展示之后,而不是坐在塑造科学的工作过程中。
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引用次数: 0
Toward a Rhetoric of DNA: The Advent of CRISPR 迈向DNA的修辞学:CRISPR的出现
Pub Date : 2019-02-27 DOI: 10.13008/2151-2957.1276
M. Zerbe
The nucleic acid DNA, which contains an organism’s genetic information, consists of a four-letter alphabet that has until recently been characterized as a read-only text. The development of a quick, inexpensive DNA targeting and manipulation technique called CRISPR, pronounced “crisper,” though, has changed DNA from this arhetorical, read-only data set, as it has been characterized in the rhetoric literature to date, to a fully rhetorical text—one that can be not only read but created, interpreted, copied, altered, and stored as well. The Book of Nature, an idea with roots in antiquity but popularized during the nineteenth century, provides proof of concept in the form of an historical and theoretical context in which DNA can be viewed in this light. Once ensconced in the Book of Nature, DNA can no longer be considered a code; rather, it is a text. DNA text has structural components that are similar to those of traditional text, and now, with CRISPR, it also has purposes, audiences, and stakeholders. Given the enormous potential of DNA text for both good and ill, rhetoricians of science and medicine must participate in discussions of the complex literacy, policy, and ethics issues this new form of text brings about.
核酸DNA包含生物体的遗传信息,由四个字母组成,直到最近还被描述为只读文本。然而,一种名为CRISPR的快速、廉价的DNA靶向和操作技术的发展,发音为“更脆”,已经将DNA从迄今为止修辞学文献中所描述的这种非语言的只读数据集变成了一种完全修辞的文本——一种不仅可以阅读,还可以创建、解释、复制、更改和存储的文本。《自然之书》是一个起源于古代但在19世纪普及的思想,它以历史和理论背景的形式提供了概念的证明,在这种背景下可以从这个角度看待DNA。DNA一旦被载入《自然之书》,就不能再被视为一种密码;相反,它是一个文本。DNA文本具有与传统文本相似的结构成分,现在,有了CRISPR,它也有了目的、受众和利益相关者。鉴于DNA文本对好的和坏的都有巨大的潜力,科学和医学的修辞学家必须参与讨论这种新形式的文本带来的复杂的识字、政策和伦理问题。
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引用次数: 2
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Poroi
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