Inventors cannot exploit new scientific discoveries if they do not pay attention to them. However, allocating attention to science is difficult because the scientific literature is vast, fast-changing, and often unreliable. Inventors are therefore likely to rely on informational cues when screening new publications. I posit that inventors pay significantly less attention to discoveries “made in academia” than to those “made in industry” because they believe that the work of academic scientists will be less useful to them. I test this proposition by examining inventors’ patent references to the scientific literature in the case of simultaneous discoveries made by at least one team based in academia and another based in industry. I find that inventors are 23% less likely to cite the academic paper than its twin from industry. My results highlight the importance of inventors’ attention as a hitherto underexplored bottleneck shaping the translation of science into new technologies.
{"title":"Made in Academia: The Effect of Institutional Origin on Inventors' Attention to Science","authors":"M. Bikard","doi":"10.1287/orsc.2018.1206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1206","url":null,"abstract":"Inventors cannot exploit new scientific discoveries if they do not pay attention to them. However, allocating attention to science is difficult because the scientific literature is vast, fast-changing, and often unreliable. Inventors are therefore likely to rely on informational cues when screening new publications. I posit that inventors pay significantly less attention to discoveries “made in academia” than to those “made in industry” because they believe that the work of academic scientists will be less useful to them. I test this proposition by examining inventors’ patent references to the scientific literature in the case of simultaneous discoveries made by at least one team based in academia and another based in industry. I find that inventors are 23% less likely to cite the academic paper than its twin from industry. My results highlight the importance of inventors’ attention as a hitherto underexplored bottleneck shaping the translation of science into new technologies.","PeriodicalId":93599,"journal":{"name":"Organization science (Providence, R.I.)","volume":"74 1","pages":"818-836"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88165704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Does a person become more or less creative when exploring a new field? Exploring new fields exposes a person to new knowledge that might increase the novelty of inventive output; at the same time, ...
{"title":"Paradise of Novelty - Or Loss of Human Capital? Exploring New Fields and Inventive Output","authors":"Sam Arts, L. Fleming","doi":"10.1287/orsc.2018.1216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1216","url":null,"abstract":"Does a person become more or less creative when exploring a new field? Exploring new fields exposes a person to new knowledge that might increase the novelty of inventive output; at the same time, ...","PeriodicalId":93599,"journal":{"name":"Organization science (Providence, R.I.)","volume":"77 1","pages":"1074-1092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82615126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although knowledge sharing among competitors is seemingly counterintuitive, scholars have found that competitors share knowledge under certain conditions: among actors who have a preexisting relati...
{"title":"Here's an Opportunity: Knowledge Sharing Among Competitors as a Response to Buy-in Uncertainty","authors":"Tristan L. Botelho","doi":"10.1287/orsc.2018.1214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1214","url":null,"abstract":"Although knowledge sharing among competitors is seemingly counterintuitive, scholars have found that competitors share knowledge under certain conditions: among actors who have a preexisting relati...","PeriodicalId":93599,"journal":{"name":"Organization science (Providence, R.I.)","volume":"41 1","pages":"1033-1055"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90441033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Where does generalized trust—that is, the inclination to place trust in strangers—come from? Our claim is that in economic action, sources of generalized trust may not differ much from the sources of personalized trust. Contrary to a common assumption of a sharp distinction between personalized and generalized trust, we assert a likely spillover effect from relational exchange to a person’s expectations in interacting with an anonymous other. Our research integrates behavioral measures elicited by a novel incentivized trust game with survey data using a random sample of 540 entrepreneurs of private industrial firms in the Yangzi delta region of China. We show that entrepreneurs with more experience in relational exchange display greater trust in strangers. Likewise, we find robust evidence of a positive association between beliefs in the effectiveness of community business norms and generalized trust.
{"title":"Learning to Trust: From Relational Exchange to Generalized Trust in China","authors":"V. Nee, H. Holm, Sonja Opper","doi":"10.1287/orsc.2018.1213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1213","url":null,"abstract":"Where does generalized trust—that is, the inclination to place trust in strangers—come from? Our claim is that in economic action, sources of generalized trust may not differ much from the sources of personalized trust. Contrary to a common assumption of a sharp distinction between personalized and generalized trust, we assert a likely spillover effect from relational exchange to a person’s expectations in interacting with an anonymous other. Our research integrates behavioral measures elicited by a novel incentivized trust game with survey data using a random sample of 540 entrepreneurs of private industrial firms in the Yangzi delta region of China. We show that entrepreneurs with more experience in relational exchange display greater trust in strangers. Likewise, we find robust evidence of a positive association between beliefs in the effectiveness of community business norms and generalized trust.","PeriodicalId":93599,"journal":{"name":"Organization science (Providence, R.I.)","volume":"17 1","pages":"969-986"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80086601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the effects of high-status inbound mobility on the performance of incumbents. Leveraging sociological theory on status, we suggest that high-status newcomers generate only l...
本研究探讨了高职位入职流动对在职人员绩效的影响。利用社会地位理论，我们认为高地位的新移民只产生1…
{"title":"Starstruck: How Hiring High-Status Employees Affects Incumbents' Performance","authors":"Matteo Prato, F. Ferraro","doi":"10.1287/orsc.2018.1204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1204","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the effects of high-status inbound mobility on the performance of incumbents. Leveraging sociological theory on status, we suggest that high-status newcomers generate only l...","PeriodicalId":93599,"journal":{"name":"Organization science (Providence, R.I.)","volume":"86 1","pages":"755-774"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88080107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although extant literature has long argued that firm embeddedness within knowledge networks increases innovation, we know much less about how interactions across multiple knowledge networks jointly influence learning and innovation outcomes within firms. This paper contributes to our understanding of global innovation in multinational corporations (MNCs) by exploring how competing tensions across parent, host-country, and third-country knowledge networks in terms of knowledge domain diversity and dominance, organizational bias, and knowledge relevance perceptions influence innovation outcomes. Empirical results from a comprehensive panel of U.S. MNCs reveal different “preferred” combinations of high and low embeddedness across parent, host-country, and third-country knowledge networks for incremental versus radical innovation outcomes, reflecting how competing tensions across knowledge networks can limit or enhance knowledge search for diverse knowledge and influence innovation outcomes in the foreign operations of MNCs.
{"title":"The Influence of Multiple Knowledge Networks on Innovation in Foreign Operations","authors":"Heather Berry","doi":"10.1287/orsc.2018.1203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1203","url":null,"abstract":"Although extant literature has long argued that firm embeddedness within knowledge networks increases innovation, we know much less about how interactions across multiple knowledge networks jointly influence learning and innovation outcomes within firms. This paper contributes to our understanding of global innovation in multinational corporations (MNCs) by exploring how competing tensions across parent, host-country, and third-country knowledge networks in terms of knowledge domain diversity and dominance, organizational bias, and knowledge relevance perceptions influence innovation outcomes. Empirical results from a comprehensive panel of U.S. MNCs reveal different “preferred” combinations of high and low embeddedness across parent, host-country, and third-country knowledge networks for incremental versus radical innovation outcomes, reflecting how competing tensions across knowledge networks can limit or enhance knowledge search for diverse knowledge and influence innovation outcomes in the foreign operations of MNCs.","PeriodicalId":93599,"journal":{"name":"Organization science (Providence, R.I.)","volume":"102 1","pages":"855-872"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86267287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores whether employees who have access to social media are more likely than employees who do not to develop shared cognition—similar perceptions of what and whom coworkers know. It a...
{"title":"Social Media and the Development of Shared Cognition: The Roles of Network Expansion, Content Integration, and Triggered Recalling","authors":"P. Leonardi","doi":"10.1287/orsc.2017.1200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1200","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores whether employees who have access to social media are more likely than employees who do not to develop shared cognition—similar perceptions of what and whom coworkers know. It a...","PeriodicalId":93599,"journal":{"name":"Organization science (Providence, R.I.)","volume":"10 1","pages":"547-568"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88143158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recognizing the need to better understand institutional change processes in authoritarian states, which play an increasingly prominent role in the world economy, we examine the efficacy of civic activism aimed at spurring governmental action concerning the environmental performance of firms in China. We highlight the paradox of “responsive authoritarianism” on display in China: to avoid needing to rule by coercion alone, the government seeks citizens’ feedback and tolerates pressures for change, but at the same time it resists the associated legitimacy threats regarding its capacity to rule. Local governments and the media play crucial and dual roles in this system: they mitigate change pressures from civic activism that takes place within the state’s systems, but they magnify change pressures from publicly visible civic activism occurring outside those systems. We test our conceptual model using a unique data set of environmental penalties imposed on Chinese publicly listed firms from 2007 to 2011. Our f...
{"title":"The Paradox of Responsive Authoritarianism: How Civic Activism Spurs Environmental Penalties in China","authors":"Christopher Marquis, Yanhua Bird","doi":"10.1287/orsc.2018.1212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1212","url":null,"abstract":"Recognizing the need to better understand institutional change processes in authoritarian states, which play an increasingly prominent role in the world economy, we examine the efficacy of civic activism aimed at spurring governmental action concerning the environmental performance of firms in China. We highlight the paradox of “responsive authoritarianism” on display in China: to avoid needing to rule by coercion alone, the government seeks citizens’ feedback and tolerates pressures for change, but at the same time it resists the associated legitimacy threats regarding its capacity to rule. Local governments and the media play crucial and dual roles in this system: they mitigate change pressures from civic activism that takes place within the state’s systems, but they magnify change pressures from publicly visible civic activism occurring outside those systems. We test our conceptual model using a unique data set of environmental penalties imposed on Chinese publicly listed firms from 2007 to 2011. Our f...","PeriodicalId":93599,"journal":{"name":"Organization science (Providence, R.I.)","volume":"78 1","pages":"948-968"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85800519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The modular organization has been found to be particularly effective in exploring and adapting to changing environments. One powerful means of exploration has been argued to be structural recombination—that is, the splitting and merging of modules. Once undertaken, structural recombination can lead to novel architectural opportunities that enable greater innovation and long-term performance. However, little research exists that explores whether and to what extent a focal module may be readily available for recombinatory opportunities in the first place. In this paper, I investigate the design hierarchy choices related to visibility and information hiding in organizational module designs (i.e., business divisions). In a longitudinal sample of 222 divisions in 18 of the largest European universal banks, I find support for modularity-informed predictions in which visibility and information hiding affect module recombination decisions. In a post hoc analysis, I explore a complementary theoretical explanation ...
{"title":"Organizational Module Design and Architectural Inertia: Evidence from Structural Recombination of Business Divisions","authors":"Daniel Albert","doi":"10.1287/orsc.2018.1210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1210","url":null,"abstract":"The modular organization has been found to be particularly effective in exploring and adapting to changing environments. One powerful means of exploration has been argued to be structural recombination—that is, the splitting and merging of modules. Once undertaken, structural recombination can lead to novel architectural opportunities that enable greater innovation and long-term performance. However, little research exists that explores whether and to what extent a focal module may be readily available for recombinatory opportunities in the first place. In this paper, I investigate the design hierarchy choices related to visibility and information hiding in organizational module designs (i.e., business divisions). In a longitudinal sample of 222 divisions in 18 of the largest European universal banks, I find support for modularity-informed predictions in which visibility and information hiding affect module recombination decisions. In a post hoc analysis, I explore a complementary theoretical explanation ...","PeriodicalId":93599,"journal":{"name":"Organization science (Providence, R.I.)","volume":"58 1","pages":"890-911"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80154236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most existing theories of relationship formation imply that organizations establish ties to procure complementary resources, and that doing so adroitly generates relational rents. Although this entails a responsibility for organizations to recognize and harness complementarity, most theories struggle with ambiguity around the concept of resource complementarity, neglect its power implications, and rely on rules of thumb that assign no role to managers’ intentions. To explain the formation of ties that successfully combine critical resources, we propose that a positive interplay among resources exists only insofar as organizations use task requirements to guide their combination. As such, a well-matched tie is one that manages task resource interdependence while offsetting imbalances in task-related resources. We test our theory on project-based, interorganizational partnerships for public construction in Italy. We find that (1) the probability of tie formation increases with the quality of the match betwe...
{"title":"Fit for the Task: Complementarity, Asymmetry, and Partner Selection in Alliances","authors":"M. Furlotti, Giuseppe Soda","doi":"10.1287/orsc.2018.1205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1205","url":null,"abstract":"Most existing theories of relationship formation imply that organizations establish ties to procure complementary resources, and that doing so adroitly generates relational rents. Although this entails a responsibility for organizations to recognize and harness complementarity, most theories struggle with ambiguity around the concept of resource complementarity, neglect its power implications, and rely on rules of thumb that assign no role to managers’ intentions. To explain the formation of ties that successfully combine critical resources, we propose that a positive interplay among resources exists only insofar as organizations use task requirements to guide their combination. As such, a well-matched tie is one that manages task resource interdependence while offsetting imbalances in task-related resources. We test our theory on project-based, interorganizational partnerships for public construction in Italy. We find that (1) the probability of tie formation increases with the quality of the match betwe...","PeriodicalId":93599,"journal":{"name":"Organization science (Providence, R.I.)","volume":"23 1","pages":"837-854"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81618225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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