Background: One of the best recognized health effects of high educational attainment is lower body mass index (BMI), however recent research suggests that this association might be racialized and differ for Black and White individuals. Aims: To investigate whether race moderates the inverse association between educational attainment and BMI as adults. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional analysis of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Refresher with a total sample size of 1972 adults, 128 of whom are Black and 1842 of whom are White, above the age of 24 in the United States. The sample was randomly selected. Educational attainment and income were independent variables. BMI was the outcome. Linear regression was used for multivariable analysis. SPSS was used for data analysis. Results: Income was inversely associated with BMI. There was a statistical interaction between race and educational attainment suggesting a weaker inverse association between education and BMI for Black than White adults. Conclusion: Opposite to the pattern for Whites, being a highly educated individual in the US does not lend protection against high BMI for Black people. This finding may reflect racism, social stratification, and marginalization of Black Americans in the US, regardless of their education. High BMI of highly educated Black Americans may be due to poor nutrition, low physical activity, and/or low walkability of neighborhood; however, such conclusions require additional research.
{"title":"Association between Educational Attainment and Body Mass Index: Role of Race","authors":"Joslyn Cabral, Martha Camacho Rodriguez, Gareb Feumba Othniel, Jessica Gordon, Stephanie Sanchez, Shervin Assari","doi":"10.29245/2767-5157/2023/2.1128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2767-5157/2023/2.1128","url":null,"abstract":"Background: One of the best recognized health effects of high educational attainment is lower body mass index (BMI), however recent research suggests that this association might be racialized and differ for Black and White individuals. Aims: To investigate whether race moderates the inverse association between educational attainment and BMI as adults. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional analysis of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Refresher with a total sample size of 1972 adults, 128 of whom are Black and 1842 of whom are White, above the age of 24 in the United States. The sample was randomly selected. Educational attainment and income were independent variables. BMI was the outcome. Linear regression was used for multivariable analysis. SPSS was used for data analysis. Results: Income was inversely associated with BMI. There was a statistical interaction between race and educational attainment suggesting a weaker inverse association between education and BMI for Black than White adults. Conclusion: Opposite to the pattern for Whites, being a highly educated individual in the US does not lend protection against high BMI for Black people. This finding may reflect racism, social stratification, and marginalization of Black Americans in the US, regardless of their education. High BMI of highly educated Black Americans may be due to poor nutrition, low physical activity, and/or low walkability of neighborhood; however, such conclusions require additional research.","PeriodicalId":93655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endocrinological science","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136240462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-11DOI: 10.29245/2767-5157/2023/1.1125
V. I. Goudochnikov
The review is presented about contribution of glucocorticoids and stress to programming / imprinting phenomena. After their definition, possible mechanisms of such phenomena are described, including the role of glucocorticoids in ontopathogenic model, as well as the ways of diminishing adverse effects of these hormones. It is outlined that health professionals should participate in educational campaigns for decreasing adverse actions of stress and glucocorticoids, especially in perinatal period. Moreover, DOHaD concept should be introduced to the contents of university courses in biomedical sciences.
{"title":"Central Positions of Glucocorticoids and Stress in the Phenomena of Hormonal and Metabolic Programming / Imprinting","authors":"V. I. Goudochnikov","doi":"10.29245/2767-5157/2023/1.1125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2767-5157/2023/1.1125","url":null,"abstract":"The review is presented about contribution of glucocorticoids and stress to programming / imprinting phenomena. After their definition, possible mechanisms of such phenomena are described, including the role of glucocorticoids in ontopathogenic model, as well as the ways of diminishing adverse effects of these hormones. It is outlined that health professionals should participate in educational campaigns for decreasing adverse actions of stress and glucocorticoids, especially in perinatal period. Moreover, DOHaD concept should be introduced to the contents of university courses in biomedical sciences.","PeriodicalId":93655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endocrinological science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44457083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.29245/2767-5157/2022/2.1234
Guangzhe Zheng, S. Bi, Jiayu Ren, Sijin Liu, Bin Shi
Occupational exposure to particulate matter (PM) induced pulmonary fibrosis has aroused broad public concern. Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis is a central pathologic process of pneumoconiosis. Meanwhile, ferroptosis is a newly defined iron-dependent programmed cell death (PCD) that features increased intracellular labile iron and lethal accumulation of lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis has been found to involve particulate-induced cytotoxicity. Recent studies have suggested that ferroptosis is closely associated with the occurrence and progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we present a mini review to summarize the main mechanisms responsible for PM-induced pulmonary fibrosis via inducing macrophage ferroptosis to provide new insights into basic and clinical research of pulmonary fibrosis.
{"title":"Remarkable contribution of particulate matter-induced macrophage ferroptosis to the pathology of pulmonary fibrosis","authors":"Guangzhe Zheng, S. Bi, Jiayu Ren, Sijin Liu, Bin Shi","doi":"10.29245/2767-5157/2022/2.1234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2767-5157/2022/2.1234","url":null,"abstract":"Occupational exposure to particulate matter (PM) induced pulmonary fibrosis has aroused broad public concern. Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis is a central pathologic process of pneumoconiosis. Meanwhile, ferroptosis is a newly defined iron-dependent programmed cell death (PCD) that features increased intracellular labile iron and lethal accumulation of lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis has been found to involve particulate-induced cytotoxicity. Recent studies have suggested that ferroptosis is closely associated with the occurrence and progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we present a mini review to summarize the main mechanisms responsible for PM-induced pulmonary fibrosis via inducing macrophage ferroptosis to provide new insights into basic and clinical research of pulmonary fibrosis.","PeriodicalId":93655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endocrinological science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46479783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-17DOI: 10.29245/2767-5157/2022/1.1123
Anthony C. Hackney, Gabriel H. Zieff, Amy R. Lane, Johna K. Register-Mihalik
We examined whether endurance training for a standard marathon (42.2 km) had a greater influence on male libido than more generalized endurance exercise training. We surveyed adult men (>1000) who regularly engaged in endurance running to evaluate exercise training histories-patterns and libido characteristics. Our participants were primarily recruited from North America and Europe. Results indicate men conducting marathon training had lower libido scores (p<0.05; ~20%, d=0.44) than those not doing such specific training. Factors most related to libido were: 1) the number of years of training, and 2) the proportion of high-intensity effort conducted in training (inverse relationships); regardless of whether marathon training was performed or not. Our survey approach did not allow us to determine the cause of the reduced libido, but we speculate it could relate to: 1) chronic physical fatigue from high volumes of exercise training, 2) behavioral accommodations in energy expenditure, or else ‘Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport’ (RED-S) syndrome, and/ or 3) endocrinological adaptations as a result of the exercise training (i.e., low testosterone). From a practical perspective, we recommend couples attempting conception should inform their healthcare providers of the male partner’s exercise habits concerning endurance running as this may be a factor relative to potential infertility.
{"title":"Marathon Running and Sexual Libido in Adult Men: Exercise Training and Racing Effects","authors":"Anthony C. Hackney, Gabriel H. Zieff, Amy R. Lane, Johna K. Register-Mihalik","doi":"10.29245/2767-5157/2022/1.1123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2767-5157/2022/1.1123","url":null,"abstract":"We examined whether endurance training for a standard marathon (42.2 km) had a greater influence on male libido than more generalized endurance exercise training. We surveyed adult men (>1000) who regularly engaged in endurance running to evaluate exercise training histories-patterns and libido characteristics. Our participants were primarily recruited from North America and Europe. Results indicate men conducting marathon training had lower libido scores (p<0.05; ~20%, d=0.44) than those not doing such specific training. Factors most related to libido were: 1) the number of years of training, and 2) the proportion of high-intensity effort conducted in training (inverse relationships); regardless of whether marathon training was performed or not. Our survey approach did not allow us to determine the cause of the reduced libido, but we speculate it could relate to: 1) chronic physical fatigue from high volumes of exercise training, 2) behavioral accommodations in energy expenditure, or else ‘Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport’ (RED-S) syndrome, and/ or 3) endocrinological adaptations as a result of the exercise training (i.e., low testosterone). From a practical perspective, we recommend couples attempting conception should inform their healthcare providers of the male partner’s exercise habits concerning endurance running as this may be a factor relative to potential infertility.","PeriodicalId":93655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endocrinological science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48864504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.29245/2767-5157/2022/1.1121
S. Fjalldal, L. Stenberg, S. Gabery, S. Karlsson, Eva Marie Erfurth
Context: Autoimmune hypothalamitis (AHT) is extremely rare and appears on the Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) as a predominant suprasellar mass. There are only a few case reports of AHT in the literature and none was presented together with hypothalamic obesity (HO). Methods of prediction of hypothalamus (HT) damage are included as the pathogenesis of HO. Case description: A 19-year-old female was operated with a transcranial operation due to a large suprasellar mass with symptoms of visual deficiencies and headache. The diagnosis of AHT was confirmed in specimen of lymphocyte-dominated infiltration with plasma cells, neutrophils and fibrocytes. The operation reduced the AHT mass and a further reduction was accomplished by long-term oral Prednisone. Directly after operation she suffered from hypothalamic obesity which worsened after the introduction of Prednisone treatment. During Prednisone treatment a reduction in the inflammation mass and improvement of vision was recorded. She was treated with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist and Metformin as treatment for her diabetes mellitus type II and with supplementations of her pituitary insufficiencies. The patient exhibits dramatic weight reduction while on a strict caloric diet at two follow-up occasions. However, this effect was reversed once the patient had stopped the calorie restricted diet. Conclusion: The coexistence of AHT and HO is extremely difficult to treat as the former involves Prednisone treatment. Pharmacological intervention of HO has had limited effect on weight, but extreme diet was successful, however with short endurance.
{"title":"Hypothalamic Inflammation and Hypothalamic Obesity: Case Report and Mini-Review","authors":"S. Fjalldal, L. Stenberg, S. Gabery, S. Karlsson, Eva Marie Erfurth","doi":"10.29245/2767-5157/2022/1.1121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2767-5157/2022/1.1121","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Autoimmune hypothalamitis (AHT) is extremely rare and appears on the Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) as a predominant suprasellar mass. There are only a few case reports of AHT in the literature and none was presented together with hypothalamic obesity (HO). Methods of prediction of hypothalamus (HT) damage are included as the pathogenesis of HO. Case description: A 19-year-old female was operated with a transcranial operation due to a large suprasellar mass with symptoms of visual deficiencies and headache. The diagnosis of AHT was confirmed in specimen of lymphocyte-dominated infiltration with plasma cells, neutrophils and fibrocytes. The operation reduced the AHT mass and a further reduction was accomplished by long-term oral Prednisone. Directly after operation she suffered from hypothalamic obesity which worsened after the introduction of Prednisone treatment. During Prednisone treatment a reduction in the inflammation mass and improvement of vision was recorded. She was treated with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist and Metformin as treatment for her diabetes mellitus type II and with supplementations of her pituitary insufficiencies. The patient exhibits dramatic weight reduction while on a strict caloric diet at two follow-up occasions. However, this effect was reversed once the patient had stopped the calorie restricted diet. Conclusion: The coexistence of AHT and HO is extremely difficult to treat as the former involves Prednisone treatment. Pharmacological intervention of HO has had limited effect on weight, but extreme diet was successful, however with short endurance.","PeriodicalId":93655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endocrinological science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45952596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anthony C Hackney, Gabriel H Zieff, Amy R Lane, Johna K Register-Mihalik
We examined whether endurance training for a standard marathon (42.2 km) had a greater influence on male libido than more generalized endurance exercise training. We surveyed adult men (>1000) who regularly engaged in endurance running to evaluate exercise training histories-patterns and libido characteristics. Our participants were primarily recruited from North America and Europe. Results indicate men conducting marathon training had lower libido scores (p<0.05; ~20%, d=0.44) than those not doing such specific training. Factors most related to libido were: 1) the number of years of training, and 2) the proportion of high-intensity effort conducted in training (inverse relationships); regardless of whether marathon training was performed or not. Our survey approach did not allow us to determine the cause of the reduced libido, but we speculate it could relate to: 1) chronic physical fatigue from high volumes of exercise training, 2) behavioral accommodations in energy expenditure, or else 'Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport' (RED-S) syndrome, and/or 3) endocrinological adaptations as a result of the exercise training (i.e., low testosterone). From a practical perspective, we recommend couples attempting conception should inform their healthcare providers of the male partner's exercise habits concerning endurance running as this may be a factor relative to potential infertility.
{"title":"Marathon Running and Sexual Libido in Adult Men: Exercise Training and Racing Effects.","authors":"Anthony C Hackney, Gabriel H Zieff, Amy R Lane, Johna K Register-Mihalik","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We examined whether endurance training for a standard marathon (42.2 km) had a greater influence on male libido than more generalized endurance exercise training. We surveyed adult men (>1000) who regularly engaged in endurance running to evaluate exercise training histories-patterns and libido characteristics. Our participants were primarily recruited from North America and Europe. Results indicate men conducting marathon training had lower libido scores (p<0.05; ~20%, d=0.44) than those not doing such specific training. Factors most related to libido were: 1) the number of years of training, and 2) the proportion of high-intensity effort conducted in training (inverse relationships); regardless of whether marathon training was performed or not. Our survey approach did not allow us to determine the cause of the reduced libido, but we speculate it could relate to: 1) chronic physical fatigue from high volumes of exercise training, 2) behavioral accommodations in energy expenditure, or else <i>'Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport'</i> (RED-S) syndrome, and/or 3) endocrinological adaptations as a result of the exercise training (i.e., low testosterone). From a practical perspective, we recommend couples attempting conception should inform their healthcare providers of the male partner's exercise habits concerning endurance running as this may be a factor relative to potential infertility.</p>","PeriodicalId":93655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endocrinological science","volume":"4 1","pages":"10-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9442612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40353933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-02DOI: 10.29245/2767-5157/2021/1.1118
Qilu Yu, Maurice C. Johnson, H. Fishbein, R. Birch, Xiaoshu Zhu, Russell E. Mardon, W. Pace, Holly L. Sawyer, S. Mathew, L. Merrill, Keith D Umbel, Sophia Jang
We identified trajectories of diabetes risk factors in the Longitudinal Epidemiologic Assessment of Diabetes Risk (LEADR) cohort analyzing 8 years of electronic health records on 1.4 million patients, and investigated associations between trajectories and progression to new onset Type 2 diabetes. Design and Methods: Analyzing LEADR data (2010-2016), we applied Latent Class Trajectory Analysis (LCTA) to classify patterns of risk factor change. There were 824,043 patients with BMIs; 955,128 patients with systolic blood pressures; 957,491 patients with diastolic blood pressures; 300,137 patients with HDLs; 267,553 patients with non-HDL cholesterols; and 297,026 patients with triglycerides. Patients had to have data for all risk factors being assessed. Association between trajectories and incidence of type 2 diabetes for 94,551 patients was assessed using negative binomial regression analysis. Results: Compared to a static BMI trajectory, those with a sustained weight increase (25%+ from starting BMI) were at higher risk of type 2 diabetes over 4.8 years of follow-up (range 2.0 to 8.0 years) (adjusted rate ratios ranged 1.53-1.62, p-value<0.05). Patients with a BMI decrease trajectory (of ~10%), were at reduced risk of diabetes (adjusted rate ratios ranged 0.54-0.74, p-value<.05). BP and lipid trajectories had significant associations with diabetes onset. Conclusions: Regardless of the starting BMI, those who increased their BMI by 25% within two years and maintained the higher weight were significantly at increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Monitoring BMI change and other known risk factor trajectories, BP and lipids, are additional tools for identifying patients at risk for type 2 diabetes.
{"title":"Latent Class Trajectory Analysis of Risk Factors Uncovers Progression to Type 2 Diabetes","authors":"Qilu Yu, Maurice C. Johnson, H. Fishbein, R. Birch, Xiaoshu Zhu, Russell E. Mardon, W. Pace, Holly L. Sawyer, S. Mathew, L. Merrill, Keith D Umbel, Sophia Jang","doi":"10.29245/2767-5157/2021/1.1118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2767-5157/2021/1.1118","url":null,"abstract":"We identified trajectories of diabetes risk factors in the Longitudinal Epidemiologic Assessment of Diabetes Risk (LEADR) cohort analyzing 8 years of electronic health records on 1.4 million patients, and investigated associations between trajectories and progression to new onset Type 2 diabetes. Design and Methods: Analyzing LEADR data (2010-2016), we applied Latent Class Trajectory Analysis (LCTA) to classify patterns of risk factor change. There were 824,043 patients with BMIs; 955,128 patients with systolic blood pressures; 957,491 patients with diastolic blood pressures; 300,137 patients with HDLs; 267,553 patients with non-HDL cholesterols; and 297,026 patients with triglycerides. Patients had to have data for all risk factors being assessed. Association between trajectories and incidence of type 2 diabetes for 94,551 patients was assessed using negative binomial regression analysis. Results: Compared to a static BMI trajectory, those with a sustained weight increase (25%+ from starting BMI) were at higher risk of type 2 diabetes over 4.8 years of follow-up (range 2.0 to 8.0 years) (adjusted rate ratios ranged 1.53-1.62, p-value<0.05). Patients with a BMI decrease trajectory (of ~10%), were at reduced risk of diabetes (adjusted rate ratios ranged 0.54-0.74, p-value<.05). BP and lipid trajectories had significant associations with diabetes onset. Conclusions: Regardless of the starting BMI, those who increased their BMI by 25% within two years and maintained the higher weight were significantly at increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Monitoring BMI change and other known risk factor trajectories, BP and lipids, are additional tools for identifying patients at risk for type 2 diabetes.","PeriodicalId":93655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endocrinological science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43943209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-14DOI: 10.29245/2767-5157/2020/2.1111
S. Ahi
{"title":"A commentary on: Vitamin D deficiency in non-autoimmune hypothyroidism; a case-control study","authors":"S. Ahi","doi":"10.29245/2767-5157/2020/2.1111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2767-5157/2020/2.1111","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endocrinological science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48007037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-28DOI: 10.29245/2767-5157/2020/2.1112
Sunil J. Wimalawansa
In addition to being involved in the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism and the musculoskeletal functions, vitamin D has immune modulatory effects through several independent pathways. Its active hormone, calcitriol [1,25(OH)2D] effect both innate and adaptive immune systems essential for optimal immune functions. Vitamin D deficiency exacerbates immune-related disorders, including type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, respiratory infections, including COVID-19. In those with COVID-19, complications and the number of deaths is higher in those who are older than 70 years, persons with a darker skin colour and/or ethnic minorities living in colder climatic regions, institutionalized persons, and with pre-existing chronic diseases. These groups of people have exceedingly high prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency and thereof weaker immune systems. Collectively, these increases the vulnerability to microbial infections, particularly respiratory viruses, and for developing severe complications and deaths. Vitamin D related immune protective effects includes, the generation of anti-microbial peptides cathelicidin and defensins and antibodies against invading pathogens; the initiation of immune defences via natural killer cells, macrophages, and epithelial cells; the enhanced expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) and diminish expression of inflammatory cytokines; and reduce replication and enhance elimination of viruses from the body. The severity of complications and deaths associated with COVID-19 markedly increases in the presence of severe hypovitaminosis D: serum 25(OH)D concentration of less than 10 ng/mL. Excess complications and deaths from COVID-19 can be cost-effectively prevented with rapidly boosting the immunity using upfront loading, high doses of vitamin D; this will create an equivalent of internal “body armour”-defence system, that protects against COVID-19.
{"title":"Reducing Risks from COVID-19: Cost-Effective Ways of Strengthening Individual's and the Population Immunity with Vitamin D","authors":"Sunil J. Wimalawansa","doi":"10.29245/2767-5157/2020/2.1112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2767-5157/2020/2.1112","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to being involved in the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism and the musculoskeletal functions, vitamin D has immune modulatory effects through several independent pathways. Its active hormone, calcitriol [1,25(OH)2D] effect both innate and adaptive immune systems essential for optimal immune functions. Vitamin D deficiency exacerbates immune-related disorders, including type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, respiratory infections, including COVID-19. In those with COVID-19, complications and the number of deaths is higher in those who are older than 70 years, persons with a darker skin colour and/or ethnic minorities living in colder climatic regions, institutionalized persons, and with pre-existing chronic diseases. These groups of people have exceedingly high prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency and thereof weaker immune systems. Collectively, these increases the vulnerability to microbial infections, particularly respiratory viruses, and for developing severe complications and deaths. Vitamin D related immune protective effects includes, the generation of anti-microbial peptides cathelicidin and defensins and antibodies against invading pathogens; the initiation of immune defences via natural killer cells, macrophages, and epithelial cells; the enhanced expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) and diminish expression of inflammatory cytokines; and reduce replication and enhance elimination of viruses from the body. The severity of complications and deaths associated with COVID-19 markedly increases in the presence of severe hypovitaminosis D: serum 25(OH)D concentration of less than 10 ng/mL. Excess complications and deaths from COVID-19 can be cost-effectively prevented with rapidly boosting the immunity using upfront loading, high doses of vitamin D; this will create an equivalent of internal “body armour”-defence system, that protects against COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":93655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endocrinological science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48349522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-05DOI: 10.29245/2767-5157/2020/2.1107
Lorena V. Rincones Rojas, Amenaida C. Ferrer Marcano, Juan S. Mojica Muñoz, Angelica M. García, Luis G. Celis
Overweight and obesity are considered a global epidemic in the twenty first century, it is a multifactorial disease due, in part, to a genetic component. The most common genetic alteration is one that affects the neuroregulatory pathway of Leptin, a fundamental hormone for appetite regulation. Mutations that affect the LEP gene are present in the different exons of this gene and have been described for many years. Although obesity due to a genetic mutation is not the most common cause, its diagnosis is of paramount importance since it can affect the quality of life and life expectancy of the patients suffering from this condition. The purpose of this mini review is to present up-to-date evidence regarding Leptin gene mutations, possible treatment strategies such as Leptin Replacement Therapy (LRT), leptin sensitizers and anti-inflammatory drugs, and discuss the importance of stablishing health policies worldwide to achieve a timely and successful approach to this disease.
{"title":"Leptin Gene and Receptor Mutations and its Association with Obesity and Overweight: A Mini Review","authors":"Lorena V. Rincones Rojas, Amenaida C. Ferrer Marcano, Juan S. Mojica Muñoz, Angelica M. García, Luis G. Celis","doi":"10.29245/2767-5157/2020/2.1107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2767-5157/2020/2.1107","url":null,"abstract":"Overweight and obesity are considered a global epidemic in the twenty first century, it is a multifactorial disease due, in part, to a genetic component. The most common genetic alteration is one that affects the neuroregulatory pathway of Leptin, a fundamental hormone for appetite regulation. Mutations that affect the LEP gene are present in the different exons of this gene and have been described for many years. Although obesity due to a genetic mutation is not the most common cause, its diagnosis is of paramount importance since it can affect the quality of life and life expectancy of the patients suffering from this condition. The purpose of this mini review is to present up-to-date evidence regarding Leptin gene mutations, possible treatment strategies such as Leptin Replacement Therapy (LRT), leptin sensitizers and anti-inflammatory drugs, and discuss the importance of stablishing health policies worldwide to achieve a timely and successful approach to this disease.","PeriodicalId":93655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endocrinological science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45587038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：