Pub Date : 2018-12-03DOI: 10.1515/9783110608144-004
R. B. Firestone
Four supernovae (SNe), exploding 300 pc from Earth, were recorded 44, 37, 32, and 22 kyr ago in the radiocarbon (14C) record during the past 50 kyr. Each SN left a nearly identical signature in the record, beginning with an initial sudden increase in atmospheric radiocarbon, when the SN exploded, followed by a hiatus of 1500 yr, and concluding with a sustained 2000 yr increase in global radiocarbon due to γ -rays produced by diffusive shock in the SN remnant (SNR). For the past 18 kyr excess radiocarbon has decayed with the 14C half-life. SN22kyrBP, is identified as the Vela SN that exploded 250 ± 30 pc from Earth. These SN are confirmed in the 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, and NO3 geologic records. The rate of near-Earth SNe is consistent with the observed rate of historical SNe giving a galactic rate of 14 ± 3 kyr−1 assuming the Chandra Galactic Catalog SNR distribution. The Earth has been used as a calorimeter to determine that ≈2 × 1049 erg were released as γ -rays at the time of each SN explosion and ≈1050 erg in γ -rays following each SN. The background rate of 14C production by cosmic rays has been determined as 1.61 atoms cm−2 s−1. Approximately 1/3 of the cosmic ray energy produced by diffusive shock in the SNR was observed to be emitted as high-energy γ -rays. Analysis of the 10Be/9Be ratio in marine sediment identified 19 additional near-Earth SNe that exploded 50–300 kyr ago. Comparison of the radiocarbon record with global temperature variations indicated that each SN explosion is correlated with a concurrent global warming of ≈3◦C–4◦C.
{"title":"C","authors":"R. B. Firestone","doi":"10.1515/9783110608144-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110608144-004","url":null,"abstract":"Four supernovae (SNe), exploding 300 pc from Earth, were recorded 44, 37, 32, and 22 kyr ago in the radiocarbon (14C) record during the past 50 kyr. Each SN left a nearly identical signature in the record, beginning with an initial sudden increase in atmospheric radiocarbon, when the SN exploded, followed by a hiatus of 1500 yr, and concluding with a sustained 2000 yr increase in global radiocarbon due to γ -rays produced by diffusive shock in the SN remnant (SNR). For the past 18 kyr excess radiocarbon has decayed with the 14C half-life. SN22kyrBP, is identified as the Vela SN that exploded 250 ± 30 pc from Earth. These SN are confirmed in the 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, and NO3 geologic records. The rate of near-Earth SNe is consistent with the observed rate of historical SNe giving a galactic rate of 14 ± 3 kyr−1 assuming the Chandra Galactic Catalog SNR distribution. The Earth has been used as a calorimeter to determine that ≈2 × 1049 erg were released as γ -rays at the time of each SN explosion and ≈1050 erg in γ -rays following each SN. The background rate of 14C production by cosmic rays has been determined as 1.61 atoms cm−2 s−1. Approximately 1/3 of the cosmic ray energy produced by diffusive shock in the SNR was observed to be emitted as high-energy γ -rays. Analysis of the 10Be/9Be ratio in marine sediment identified 19 additional near-Earth SNe that exploded 50–300 kyr ago. Comparison of the radiocarbon record with global temperature variations indicated that each SN explosion is correlated with a concurrent global warming of ≈3◦C–4◦C.","PeriodicalId":93757,"journal":{"name":"Haptics : science, technology, and applications : 11th International Conference, EuroHaptics 2018, Pisa, Italy, June 13-16, 2018, proceedings. EuroHaptics Conference (11th : 2018 : Pisa, Italy)","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79280030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-03DOI: 10.1515/9783110608144-044
Harburg Schwaben
Compared to women, men are less likely to seek help for mental health difficulties. Despite considerable interest, a paucity in evidence-based solutions remains to solve this problem. The current review sought to synthesise the specific techniques within male-specific interventions that may contribute to an improvement in psychological help-seeking (attitudes, intentions or behaviours). A systematic review identified 6,598 potential articles from three databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsychInfo). Nine studies were eligible. A meta-analysis was problematic due to disparate interventions, outcomes and populations. The decision to use an innovative approach that adopted the Behavioural Change Techniques (BCTs) taxonomy to synthesise each intervention’s key features likely to be responsible for improving help-seeking was made. Of the nine studies, four were engagement strategies (i.e. brochures/documentaries), two RCTs, two pilot RCTs and one retrospective review. Regarding quality assessment, three were scored as ‘strong’, five as ‘moderate’ and one as ‘weak’. Key processes that improved help-seeking attitudes, intentions or behaviours for men included: using role-models to convey information, psycho-educational material to improve mental health knowledge, assistance with recognising and managing symptoms, active problem-solving tasks, motivating behaviour change, sign posting services and finally, content that built on positive male traits (e.g. responsibility and strength). This is the first review to use this novel approach of using BCTs to summarise and identify specific techniques that may contribute to an improvement in male help-seeking interventions, whether engagement with treatment or the intervention itself. Overall, this review summarises previous male help-seeking interventions, informing future research/clinical developments. Published interventions measuring help-seeking behaviours were identified from the electronic databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsychINFO. A comprehensive review was conducted on the 1 st of March 2019 without any restrictions for publication year, language or method. The search strategy was first formulated for Ovid (MEDLINE) before being adapted for other databases. Subject headings of ‘help-seeking’ OR ‘barrier’ related terms AND ‘mental health’ related terms AND ‘intervention’ related terms AND ‘male sex’ related terms were used (see supplementary appendix 1). Furthermore, publications identified from manual reference checks were also included to ensure a comprehensive search strategy.
{"title":"A","authors":"Harburg Schwaben","doi":"10.1515/9783110608144-044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110608144-044","url":null,"abstract":"Compared to women, men are less likely to seek help for mental health difficulties. Despite considerable interest, a paucity in evidence-based solutions remains to solve this problem. The current review sought to synthesise the specific techniques within male-specific interventions that may contribute to an improvement in psychological help-seeking (attitudes, intentions or behaviours). A systematic review identified 6,598 potential articles from three databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsychInfo). Nine studies were eligible. A meta-analysis was problematic due to disparate interventions, outcomes and populations. The decision to use an innovative approach that adopted the Behavioural Change Techniques (BCTs) taxonomy to synthesise each intervention’s key features likely to be responsible for improving help-seeking was made. Of the nine studies, four were engagement strategies (i.e. brochures/documentaries), two RCTs, two pilot RCTs and one retrospective review. Regarding quality assessment, three were scored as ‘strong’, five as ‘moderate’ and one as ‘weak’. Key processes that improved help-seeking attitudes, intentions or behaviours for men included: using role-models to convey information, psycho-educational material to improve mental health knowledge, assistance with recognising and managing symptoms, active problem-solving tasks, motivating behaviour change, sign posting services and finally, content that built on positive male traits (e.g. responsibility and strength). This is the first review to use this novel approach of using BCTs to summarise and identify specific techniques that may contribute to an improvement in male help-seeking interventions, whether engagement with treatment or the intervention itself. Overall, this review summarises previous male help-seeking interventions, informing future research/clinical developments. Published interventions measuring help-seeking behaviours were identified from the electronic databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsychINFO. A comprehensive review was conducted on the 1 st of March 2019 without any restrictions for publication year, language or method. The search strategy was first formulated for Ovid (MEDLINE) before being adapted for other databases. Subject headings of ‘help-seeking’ OR ‘barrier’ related terms AND ‘mental health’ related terms AND ‘intervention’ related terms AND ‘male sex’ related terms were used (see supplementary appendix 1). Furthermore, publications identified from manual reference checks were also included to ensure a comprehensive search strategy.","PeriodicalId":93757,"journal":{"name":"Haptics : science, technology, and applications : 11th International Conference, EuroHaptics 2018, Pisa, Italy, June 13-16, 2018, proceedings. EuroHaptics Conference (11th : 2018 : Pisa, Italy)","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85414274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：