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Plant community responses to the individual and interactive effects of warming and herbivory across multiple years. 多年来植物群落对气候变暖和草食动物的单独和交互影响的反应。
Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4441
Moriah L Young, Kara C Dobson, Mark D Hammond, Phoebe L Zarnetske

Anthropogenic climate warming affects plant communities by changing community structure and function. Studies on climate warming have primarily focused on individual effects of warming, but the interactive effects of warming with biotic factors could be at least as important in community responses to climate change. In addition, climate change experiments spanning multiple years are necessary to capture interannual variability and detect the influence of these effects within ecological communities. Our study explores the individual and interactive effects of warming and insect herbivory on plant traits and community responses within a 7-year warming and herbivory manipulation experiment in two early successional plant communities in Michigan, USA. We find stronger support for the individual effects of both warming and herbivory on multiple plant morphological and phenological traits; only the timing of plant green-up and seed set demonstrated an interactive effect between warming and herbivory. With herbivory, warming advanced green-up, but with reduced herbivory, there was no significant effect of warming. In contrast, warming increased plant biomass, but the effect of warming on biomass did not depend upon the level of insect herbivores. We found that these treatments had stronger effects in some years than others, highlighting the need for multiyear experiments. This study demonstrates that warming and herbivory can have strong direct effects on plant communities, but that their interactive effects are limited in these early successional systems. Because the strength and direction of these effects can vary by ecological context, it is still advisable to include levels of biotic interactions, multiple traits and years, and community type when studying climate change effects on plants and their communities.

人为气候变暖会改变群落结构和功能,从而影响植物群落。有关气候变暖的研究主要集中在气候变暖的个体影响上,但气候变暖与生物因素的交互影响在群落对气候变化的反应中至少同样重要。此外,为了捕捉年际变化并检测这些效应对生态群落的影响,有必要进行跨年度的气候变化实验。我们的研究在美国密歇根州的两个早期演替植物群落中进行了为期 7 年的气候变暖和草食性操纵实验,探讨了气候变暖和昆虫草食性对植物性状和群落响应的个体效应和交互效应。我们发现,气候变暖和草食性对多种植物形态和物候特征的单独影响得到了更有力的支持;只有植物返青和结籽的时间显示出气候变暖和草食性之间的交互影响。在有食草动物活动的情况下,气候变暖会使植物返青时间提前,但在食草动物活动减少的情况下,气候变暖没有显著影响。相反,气候变暖会增加植物生物量,但气候变暖对生物量的影响并不取决于昆虫食草动物的数量。我们发现,这些处理方法在某些年份比其他年份有更强的效果,这说明需要进行多年实验。这项研究表明,气候变暖和食草动物会对植物群落产生强烈的直接影响,但在这些早期演替系统中,它们的交互影响是有限的。由于这些影响的强度和方向会因生态环境而异,因此在研究气候变化对植物及其群落的影响时,最好还是包括生物相互作用的程度、多种性状和年份以及群落类型。
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引用次数: 0
High beta diversity of gaps contributes to plot-level tree diversity in a tropical forest. 间隙的高贝塔多样性促进了热带森林中地块级树木的多样性。
Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4443
Fanhua Kong, Fangliang He, Ryan A Chisholm

Canopy gaps are widely recognized as being crucial for maintaining the diversity of forest tree communities. But empirical studies have found mixed results because the differences in diversity between individual gaps and non-gaps are often small and statistically undetectable. One overlooked factor, however, is how small individual gap versus non-gap differences may accumulate across sites and potentially have a large effect on forest diversity at the plot scale. Our study investigated sapling richness, density, and composition in 124 treefall gaps, and 200 non-gap sites in the 50-ha tropical forest plot at Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. Additionally, we analyzed species accumulation curves to understand how species richness increases with increasing stem numbers. We observed that sapling richness and density were only slightly higher in gaps 7 years after formation and statistically indistinguishable from non-gaps after 12 years. However, species accumulation curves across multiple gaps were substantially higher than those across non-gaps. Species composition showed small differences between individual gaps and non-gaps but differed significantly between collections of gaps and non-gaps. Specifically, 55 species specialized in 7-year-old gaps compared with 24 in non-gaps; of these, 23 gap-specialized species and zero non-gap species were pioneers. Our results indicate that tree species richness is higher in gaps because of both higher stem density and the presence of gap-specialized species. Our study has finally provided compelling evidence to support the idea that gaps enhance the overall diversity of tropical forest tree communities.

树冠间隙被广泛认为是维持森林树木群落多样性的关键。但实证研究发现,由于个体间隙与非间隙之间的多样性差异往往很小,在统计学上无法检测到,因此研究结果喜忧参半。然而,一个被忽视的因素是,个体间隙与非间隙之间的微小差异如何在不同地点累积,并可能对地块尺度上的森林多样性产生巨大影响。我们的研究调查了巴拿马巴罗科罗拉多岛(BCI)50公顷热带雨林地块中124个落木间隙点和200个非间隙点的树苗丰富度、密度和组成。此外,我们还分析了物种积累曲线,以了解物种丰富度是如何随着茎干数量的增加而增加的。我们观察到,树苗丰富度和密度在间隙形成 7 年后仅略有增加,12 年后在统计上与非间隙没有区别。然而,多个隙地的物种积累曲线大大高于非隙地。物种组成在单个间隙和非间隙之间的差异很小,但在间隙集合和非间隙集合之间的差异很大。具体来说,有 55 个物种在 7 年树龄的隙地中专化,而在非隙地中只有 24 个;其中,23 个隙地专化物种和 0 个非隙地物种是先驱物种。我们的研究结果表明,隙地的树种丰富度较高,这是因为茎干密度较高和存在隙地特化物种。我们的研究最终提供了令人信服的证据,支持 "间隙能提高热带森林树木群落的整体多样性 "这一观点。
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引用次数: 0
Germination responses to changing rainfall timing reveal potential climate vulnerability in a clade of wildflowers. 发芽对降雨时间变化的反应揭示了一个野花类群潜在的气候脆弱性。
Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4423
Samantha J Worthy, Arquel Miller, Sarah R Ashlock, Eda Ceviker, Julin N Maloof, Sharon Y Strauss, Johanna Schmitt, Jennifer R Gremer

The seasonal timing of life history transitions is often critical to fitness, and many organisms rely upon environmental cues to match life cycle events with favorable conditions. In plants, the timing of seed germination is mediated by seasonal cues such as rainfall and temperature. Variation in cue responses among species can reflect evolutionary processes and adaptation to local climate and can affect vulnerability to changing conditions. Indeed, climate change is altering the timing of precipitation, and germination responses to such change can have consequences for individual fitness, population dynamics, and species distributions. Here, we assessed responses to the seasonal timing of germination-triggering rains for eleven species spanning the Streptanthus/Caulanthus clade (Brassicaceae). To do so, we experimentally manipulated the onset date of rainfall events, measured effects on germination fraction, and evaluated whether responses were constrained by evolutionary relationships across the phylogeny. We then explored the possible consequences of these responses to contemporary shifts in precipitation timing. Germination fractions decreased with later onset of rains and cooler temperatures for all but three Caulanthus species. Species' germination responses to the timing of rainfall and seasonal temperatures were phylogenetically constrained, with Caulanthus species appearing less responsive. Further, four species are likely already experiencing significant decreases in germination fractions with observed climate change, which has shifted the timing of rainfall towards the cooler, winter months in California. Overall, our findings emphasize the sensitivity of germination to seasonal conditions, underscore the importance of interacting environmental cues, and highlight vulnerability to shifting precipitation patterns with climate change, particularly in more northern, mesic species.

生活史转换的季节性时机往往对适应性至关重要,许多生物依靠环境线索将生命周期事件与有利条件相匹配。在植物中,种子萌发的时间受降雨和温度等季节性线索的影响。不同物种对线索反应的差异可反映出进化过程和对当地气候的适应性,并可影响对变化条件的脆弱性。事实上,气候变化正在改变降水的时间,而发芽对这种变化的反应会对个体适应性、种群动态和物种分布产生影响。在此,我们评估了十字花科(Streptanthus/Caulanthus)11个物种对萌芽触发降雨季节性时间的反应。为此,我们通过实验操纵了降雨事件的开始日期,测量了对发芽率的影响,并评估了这些反应是否受到整个系统进化关系的制约。然后,我们探讨了这些反应对当代降水时间变化可能产生的影响。除三个 Caulanthus 物种外,其他所有物种的发芽率都随着降雨开始时间的推迟和气温的降低而降低。物种对降雨时间和季节性温度的发芽反应受到系统发育的限制,其中茎叶草物种的反应较弱。此外,有四个物种的发芽率很可能已经随着观测到的气候变化而显著下降,因为气候变化已经使加州的降雨时间向冬季凉爽的月份转移。总之,我们的研究结果强调了萌芽对季节条件的敏感性,强调了相互作用的环境线索的重要性,并突出了随着气候变化降水模式变化的脆弱性,尤其是在较北部的中生物种中。
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引用次数: 0
Transferability of ecological forecasting models to novel biotic conditions in a long-term experimental study. 在一项长期实验研究中,生态预测模型对新生物条件的可移植性。
Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4406
Patricia Kaye T Dumandan, Juniper L Simonis, Glenda M Yenni, S K Morgan Ernest, Ethan P White

Ecological forecasting models play an increasingly important role for managing natural resources and assessing our fundamental knowledge of processes driving ecological dynamics. As global environmental change pushes ecosystems beyond their historical conditions, the utility of these models may depend on their transferability to novel conditions. Because species interactions can alter resource use, timing of reproduction, and other aspects of a species' realized niche, changes in biotic conditions, which can arise from community reorganization events in response to environmental change, have the potential to impact model transferability. Using a long-term experiment on desert rodents, we assessed model transferability under novel biotic conditions to better understand the limitations of ecological forecasting. We show that ecological forecasts can be less accurate when the models generating them are transferred to novel biotic conditions and that the extent of model transferability can depend on the species being forecast. We also demonstrate the importance of incorporating uncertainty into forecast evaluation with transferred models generating less accurate and more uncertain forecasts. These results suggest that how a species perceives its competitive landscape can influence model transferability and that when uncertainties are properly accounted for, transferred models may still be appropriate for decision making. Assessing the extent of the transferability of forecasting models is a crucial step to increase our understanding of the limitations of ecological forecasts.

生态预测模型在管理自然资源和评估我们对驱动生态动态过程的基本知识方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。随着全球环境变化推动生态系统超越其历史条件,这些模型的实用性可能取决于它们在新条件下的可移植性。由于物种间的相互作用会改变资源的利用、繁殖的时间以及物种实现的生态位的其他方面,因此生物条件的变化(可能是由于环境变化引起的群落重组事件)有可能影响模型的可移植性。通过对沙漠啮齿动物的长期实验,我们评估了模型在新的生物条件下的可转移性,以更好地理解生态预测的局限性。我们发现,当生成生态预测的模型被转移到新的生物条件下时,生态预测的准确性可能会降低,而且模型可转移性的程度可能取决于预测的物种。我们还证明了将不确定性纳入预测评估的重要性,转移后的模型产生的预测准确性更低,不确定性更高。这些结果表明,一个物种如何看待其竞争格局会影响模型的可转移性,当不确定性得到适当考虑时,转移模型可能仍然适合于决策制定。评估预测模型的可转移性程度是提高我们对生态预测局限性认识的关键一步。
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引用次数: 0
Rainfall during multiyear La Niñas caused the decline of social wasps in Northeastern Amazonia. 多年拉尼娜现象期间的降雨导致亚马孙东北部社会黄蜂数量减少。
Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4433
Alain Dejean, Vivien Rossi, Arthur Compin, Bruno Corbara, James M Carpenter, Jérôme Orivel, Frédéric Petitclerc, Benoit Burban, Frédéric Azémar
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引用次数: 0
Challenging conventional views on the elevational limits of pronghorn habitat. 挑战关于长角羚栖息地海拔极限的传统观点。
Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4422
Ellen O Aikens, Jessica Speiser, Karma Choki, Michele Lovara, Anna Weesies, Jeffrey Tillery, Sean Ryder, Erica Lafferty, Amanda E Cheeseman, William J Severud, Hall Sawyer
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引用次数: 0
Climate and topography control variation in the tropical dry forest-rainforest ecotone. 气候和地形控制着热带干旱森林-雨林生态区的变化。
Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4442
Jonathan A Walter, Jeff W Atkins, Catherine M Hulshof

Ecotones are the transition zones between ecosystems and can exhibit steep gradients in ecosystem properties controlling flows of energy and organisms between them. Ecotones are understood to be sensitive to climate and environmental changes, but the potential for spatiotemporal dynamics of ecotones to act as indicators of such changes is limited by methodological and logistical constraints. Here, we use a novel combination of satellite remote sensing and analyses of spatial synchrony to identify the tropical dry forest-rainforest ecotone in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. We further examine how climate and topography influence the spatiotemporal dynamics of the ecotone, showing that ecotone is most prevalent at mid-elevations where the topography leads to moisture accumulation and that climatic moisture availability influences up and downslope interannual variation in ecotone location. We found some evidence for long-term (22 year) trends toward upslope or downslope ecotone shifts, but stronger evidence that regional climate mediates topographic controls on ecotone properties. Our findings suggest the ecotone boundary on the dry forest side may be less resilient to future precipitation reductions and that if drought frequency increases, ecotone reductions are more likely to occur along the dry forest boundary.

生态区是生态系统之间的过渡地带,在生态系统特性方面可能表现出陡峭的梯度,控制着生态系统之间的能量和生物流动。据了解,生态区对气候和环境变化非常敏感,但由于方法和后勤方面的限制,生态区的时空动态作为此类变化指标的潜力受到了限制。在这里,我们利用卫星遥感和空间同步分析的新颖组合,确定了哥斯达黎加瓜纳卡斯特保护区的热带干旱林-雨林生态区。我们进一步研究了气候和地形如何影响生态带的时空动态,结果表明生态带在地形导致水分积聚的中海拔地区最为普遍,气候水分供应影响着生态带位置的上下坡度年际变化。我们发现了一些关于生态带上坡或下坡移动的长期(22 年)趋势的证据,但更有力的证据表明,区域气候介导了地形对生态带特性的控制。我们的研究结果表明,干旱森林一侧的生态带边界对未来降水量减少的抵御能力可能较弱,如果干旱频率增加,生态带减少更有可能发生在干旱森林边界沿线。
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引用次数: 0
Birds and bats reduce herbivory damage in Papua New Guinean highland forests. 鸟类和蝙蝠减少了巴布亚新几内亚高原森林的食草动物危害。
Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4421
Elise Sivault, Bonny Koane, Lucia Chmurova, Katerina Sam

Insectivorous predators, including birds and bats, play crucial roles in trophic cascades. However, previous research on these cascades has often relied on permanent predator exclosures, which prevent the isolation of specific effects of birds and bats, given their different activity patterns throughout the day. Moreover, limited knowledge exists regarding the variations in individual effects of these predators under different biotic and abiotic conditions, such as changes in elevation. To address these uncertainties, our study aimed to investigate the distinct effects of bats and birds on arthropod densities in foliage and herbivory damage in lowland and highland rainforests of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Predator exclosures were established for one month to exclude diurnal or nocturnal predators across 120 saplings (ca. 2.5-4 m tall) selected from two lowland and two highland forests (i.e., 30 saplings per study site) along the Mt. Wilhelm transect in PNG. Arthropods were collected and measured, and herbivory damage was analyzed at the end of the experiment. Birds significantly reduced arthropod densities by 30%, particularly in arthropods longer than 10 mm, regardless of elevation. Additionally, both birds and bats appeared to mitigate herbivory damage in highland forests, with protected saplings displaying up to 189% more herbivory. Our results support previous studies that have demonstrated the ability of insectivorous predators to reduce leaf damage through the control of arthropods. Furthermore, our approach highlights the importance and necessity of further research on the role of seasons and elevations in trophic cascades.

包括鸟类和蝙蝠在内的食虫捕食者在营养级联中发挥着至关重要的作用。然而,以往对这些级联的研究往往依赖于永久性的捕食者围栏,由于鸟类和蝙蝠全天的活动模式不同,这种围栏无法隔离鸟类和蝙蝠的特定影响。此外,对于这些捕食者在不同的生物和非生物条件(如海拔高度变化)下对个体影响的变化,我们的了解也很有限。为了解决这些不确定性,我们的研究旨在调查蝙蝠和鸟类对巴布亚新几内亚(PNG)低地和高地雨林中叶片节肢动物密度和草食性损害的不同影响。在巴布亚新几内亚威尔海姆山横断面沿线的两片低地和两片高地森林(即每个研究地点 30 棵树苗)中选取 120 棵树苗(高约 2.5-4 米)建立了为期一个月的捕食者隔离区,以排除昼间或夜间捕食者。实验结束后,对节肢动物进行了采集和测量,并分析了草食动物的破坏情况。无论海拔高低,鸟类都将节肢动物的密度大幅降低了 30%,尤其是长度超过 10 毫米的节肢动物。此外,鸟类和蝙蝠似乎都能减轻高原森林的食草动物破坏,受保护的树苗被食草动物破坏的程度最多可增加 189%。我们的研究结果支持了之前的研究,这些研究表明食虫捕食者有能力通过控制节肢动物来减少叶片损害。此外,我们的研究方法强调了进一步研究季节和海拔在营养级联中的作用的重要性和必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Phenology mediates direct and indirect interactions among co-occurring invasive plant species. 物候介导了共生入侵植物物种之间的直接和间接相互作用。
Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-06 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4446
Rachel A Reeb, Sara E Kuebbing

Why nonnative invasive plant species commonly co-occur, despite their competitive superiority and propensity to displace native species, remains a paradox in invasion biology. Negative interactions among competitively dominant invaders are potentially alleviated by two understudied mechanisms: seasonal priority effects, where phenological separation weakens the effect of competition on species with early phenology; and indirect facilitation, where competition between two species is mitigated by a third species. Although phenological separation has been speculated as a mechanism for explaining co-occurrence patterns of invasive plants, it has never been directly tested. In a greenhouse experiment, we tested the effect of phenological separation on direct and indirect interactions between three co-occurring invasive plant species found in the riparian forests of North America. These species have distinct natural phenological separation with reproduction in early spring (Ficaria verna), mid-spring (Alliaria petiolata), and late summer (Microstegium vimineum). When phenology was experimentally synchronized, direct pairwise interactions among invasive species were overwhelmingly negative, asymmetric, and unlikely to promote co-occurrence. However, increasing phenological separation generated seasonal priority effects, which weakened the effect of competition on species with early phenology. Furthermore, the addition of a third species generated indirect facilitative effects, which balanced competitive outcomes among the two weakest competitors. Based on these findings, we conclude that phenological separation modulates the strength of both seasonal priority effects and indirect facilitation within species interaction networks and may promote the co-occurrence of three common invasive species within this study system. We articulate how future studies can test the external validity of these findings in more complex environmental conditions and with a larger range of invasive plants.

尽管非本地入侵植物物种具有竞争优势并有取代本地物种的倾向,但为什么它们通常会共同出现,这仍然是入侵生物学中的一个悖论。具有竞争优势的入侵者之间的负面相互作用可能会通过两种未被充分研究的机制得到缓解:季节优先效应,即物候分离会削弱竞争对物候较早物种的影响;间接促进作用,即两个物种之间的竞争会通过第三个物种得到缓解。虽然物候分离被推测为一种解释入侵植物共生模式的机制,但它从未被直接测试过。在一项温室实验中,我们测试了物候分离对北美河岸森林中三种共生入侵植物物种之间直接和间接相互作用的影响。这些物种有明显的自然物候区隔,分别在早春(Ficaria verna)、仲春(Alliaria petiolata)和夏末(Microstegium vimineum)繁殖。在物候同步实验中,入侵物种之间的直接配对相互作用绝大多数是负的、不对称的,而且不太可能促进共生。然而,物候分离程度的增加会产生季节优先效应,从而削弱竞争对物候较早物种的影响。此外,第三个物种的加入产生了间接的促进效应,平衡了两个最弱竞争者之间的竞争结果。基于这些发现,我们得出结论,物候分离会调节物种相互作用网络中季节优先效应和间接促进效应的强度,并可能促进三种常见入侵物种在该研究系统中共同出现。我们阐明了未来的研究如何在更复杂的环境条件下,用更多的入侵植物来检验这些发现的外部有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Ephemeral piscivory in a mesopredator sunfish: Implications for pond food webs. 中食性太阳鱼的短暂食鱼行为:对池塘食物网的影响
Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4431
Timothy J Fernandes, Reilly O'Connor, Kevin S McCann, Brian J Shuter, Bailey C McMeans
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Ecology
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