Ramesh Ranjbar, Zahra Zamanzadeh, Ali Mohammad Ahadi
Objectives: A growing body of evidence has recently suggested that taking venlafaxine during pregnancy may be linked to increased risk of certain congenital defects. The study aimed to address the effects of venlafaxine use during pregnancy on the development of the brain in mice.
Experimental design: Fourteen female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into two equally-sized groups: venlafaxine-treated and control. After mating, pregnant mice of venlafaxine-treated group were orally received the venlafaxine 35 mg/kg/day throughout pregnancy, while pregnant control mice did not receive any treatment. All pups were killed on postnatal day 21 and brain images were quantified using ImageJ software. The mRNA expression levels of SHANK3, TUBB5 and DDC of genes in pups' brain tissue samples were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR method.
Principal observations: The mean brain size of pups was significantly smaller in the venlafaxine-treated group than in the control group. Results showed that the mRNA expression levels of SHANK3 and TUBB5 was significantly downregulated in venlafaxine-treated mice compared to control group. Expression of DDC gene didn't showed significant differences between two groups.
Conclusions: These results provide evidence that use of venlafaxine during pregnancy may affect the brain development in mice and altered the expression of SHANK3 and TUBB5 genes in brain tissue.
{"title":"Effects of Venlafaxine on the Size of Brain and Expression of <b><i>SHANK3</i></b>, <b><i>TUBB5</i></b> and <b><i>DDC</i></b> Genes in BALB/c Mice.","authors":"Ramesh Ranjbar, Zahra Zamanzadeh, Ali Mohammad Ahadi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>A growing body of evidence has recently suggested that taking venlafaxine during pregnancy may be linked to increased risk of certain congenital defects. The study aimed to address the effects of venlafaxine use during pregnancy on the development of the brain in mice.</p><p><strong>Experimental design: </strong>Fourteen female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into two equally-sized groups: venlafaxine-treated and control. After mating, pregnant mice of venlafaxine-treated group were orally received the venlafaxine 35 mg/kg/day throughout pregnancy, while pregnant control mice did not receive any treatment. All pups were killed on postnatal day 21 and brain images were quantified using ImageJ software. The mRNA expression levels of SHANK3, TUBB5 and DDC of genes in pups' brain tissue samples were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR method.</p><p><strong>Principal observations: </strong>The mean brain size of pups was significantly smaller in the venlafaxine-treated group than in the control group. Results showed that the mRNA expression levels of SHANK3 and TUBB5 was significantly downregulated in venlafaxine-treated mice compared to control group. Expression of DDC gene didn't showed significant differences between two groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results provide evidence that use of venlafaxine during pregnancy may affect the brain development in mice and altered the expression of SHANK3 and TUBB5 genes in brain tissue.</p>","PeriodicalId":94351,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology bulletin","volume":"53 3","pages":"22-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10434312/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41224825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cannabis is a widely used illicit substance that is historically consumed via smoking, but alternative methods of cannabis consumption have been growing in popularity over the past several decades. One such modality is vaporization, which can appeal specifically to adolescent consumers given these pen devices' ease of concealment, lack of characteristic odor, and marketability. Cannabis products designed for vaping often have higher concentrations of the psychoactive component of cannabis, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), when compared with traditional cannabis leaf smoking. This can increase the intensity of cannabis-related effects such as analgesia, relaxation, appetite stimulation, and reduced nausea and emesis, but also potentially increases the risk for adverse effects such as dysphoria, and more severely, cannabis-induced psychosis (CIP). Here, we present the case of an adolescent female who was brought after school to our emergency department presenting with symptoms of acute psychosis. Her subsequent workup was effectively normal apart from a urine drug screen positive for THC, which the patient confirmed was due to use of a cannabis pen prior to leaving school that day. This prompted the diagnosis of CIP, which was self-limited and resolved without significant intervention. We use this case to provide the symptomatology and treatment of CIP secondary to cannabis pen use, as well as more broadly discuss the potential implications of cannabis vaping on adolescent neurodevelopment, substance use, and psychiatric comorbidities.
{"title":"Cannabis Pen-Induced Psychosisin a First-Time Adolescent User.","authors":"Patrick J Beck, Abhishek Reddy","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cannabis is a widely used illicit substance that is historically consumed via smoking, but alternative methods of cannabis consumption have been growing in popularity over the past several decades. One such modality is vaporization, which can appeal specifically to adolescent consumers given these pen devices' ease of concealment, lack of characteristic odor, and marketability. Cannabis products designed for vaping often have higher concentrations of the psychoactive component of cannabis, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), when compared with traditional cannabis leaf smoking. This can increase the intensity of cannabis-related effects such as analgesia, relaxation, appetite stimulation, and reduced nausea and emesis, but also potentially increases the risk for adverse effects such as dysphoria, and more severely, cannabis-induced psychosis (CIP). Here, we present the case of an adolescent female who was brought after school to our emergency department presenting with symptoms of acute psychosis. Her subsequent workup was effectively normal apart from a urine drug screen positive for THC, which the patient confirmed was due to use of a cannabis pen prior to leaving school that day. This prompted the diagnosis of CIP, which was self-limited and resolved without significant intervention. We use this case to provide the symptomatology and treatment of CIP secondary to cannabis pen use, as well as more broadly discuss the potential implications of cannabis vaping on adolescent neurodevelopment, substance use, and psychiatric comorbidities.</p>","PeriodicalId":94351,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology bulletin","volume":"53 3","pages":"61-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10434310/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41224824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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