Anti-inflammatory & anti-allergy agents in medicinal chemistry最新文献

Background: Inflammatory, immune, and neurodegenerative diseases constitute a category of persistent and debilitating conditions affecting millions worldwide, with intertwined pathophysiological pathways. Recent research has spotlighted naturally occurring compounds like naringenin for potential therapeutic applications across multiple ailments.

Objectives: This review offers an encompassing exploration of naringenin's anti-inflammatory, immune-protective, and neuroprotective mechanisms, elucidating its pharmacological targets, signal transduction pathways, safety profile, and insights from clinical investigations.

Methods: Data for this review were amassed through the scrutiny of various published studies via search engines such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Content from reputable publishers including Bentham Science, Taylor and Francis, Nature, PLOS ONE, among others, was referenced.

Results: Naringenin exhibits substantial anti-inflammatory effects by restraining the NF-κB signaling pathway. It activates Nrf2, renowned for its anti-inflammatory properties, inducing the release of hemeoxynase-1 by macrophages. Furthermore, naringenin treatment downregulates the expression of Th1 cytokines and inflammatory mediators. It also impedes xanthine oxidase, counteracts reactive oxygen species (ROS), scavenges superoxide radicals, mitigates the accessibility of oxygen-induced K+ erythrocytes, and reduces lipid peroxidation. Naringenin's antioxidant prowess holds promise for addressing neurological conditions.

Conclusion: Extensive research has been undertaken to establish the anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective attributes of naringenin across various medical domains, lending credence to its pharmacological utility. The principal obstacle to naringenin's adoption as a therapeutic agent remains the dearth of in vivo data. Efforts should focus on rendering naringenin delivery patient-friendly, economically viable, and technologically advanced.

Introduction: Eleutherine bulbosa (Miller) Urb, popularly known as "marupazinho", is frequently used in traditional medicine for treating various diseases, including hypertension, ulcers, constipation, and intestinal infection. However, there is little scientific knowledge available regarding the pharmacological effects of this species. Thus in vivo and in silico phytochemical studies are required to establish whether this plant has these effects. Further tests were necessary to evaluate the pharmacological activity of the compounds found in this plant, and demonstrate results related to the anti-inflammatory process, which will serve as the basis for future research in this area.

Methods: Therefore, our study aimed to determine the acute toxicity levels of the hexanoic fraction of the ethanolic extract of Eleutherine bulbosa (referred to as ExtHF) using adult zebrafish, with the determination of the LD50, behavioral and histopathological evaluations, as well as the anti-inflammatory potential of ExtHF, at different doses, in abdominal edema induced by carrageenan. The acute toxicity study and histopathological analysis in zebrafish showed that ExtHF has a high toxic potential, with an LD50 of 346.74 mg/kg. However, ExtHF showed an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting abdominal edema at all doses tested.

Results: The inhibition rate of 66.2% and 62.4%, respectively, was observed with the 2.5 mg/kg dose, respectively, indicating that ExtHF is safe in terms of acute toxicity based on behavioral changes, mortality rate, and histopathological examination. Therefore, ExtHF has an acceptable level of safety for acute toxicity, defined by the analysis of behavioral changes, mortality, and histopathology, showing a significant anti-inflammatory effect in zebrafish at all doses, showing that ExtHF was very efficient in preventing the formation of edema, in addition, it was also revealed that ExtHF has a great effect in reversing the edema which is already installed.

Conclusion: Molecular docking studies revealed that the eleutherol molecule isolated from E. bulbosa has a dual inhibition profile against cyclooxygenase-1 and 2.

Introduction: The study investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of Kappaphycus alvarezii by employing zebrafish larvae as a model system.

Materials and methods: The seaweed extract was subjected to phytochemical screening, uncovering the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, proteins, and cardiac glycosides. UVvisible, FTIR, and GC-MS were employed to identify the presence of bioactive compounds. The western blotting method was used to confirm the target proteins.

Results: Analysis through GC-MS revealed the presence of specific organic bioactive compounds, including 4-chlorobuten-3-yne, Methane-D, trichloro, and 1-propanol,2-(1- methylethoxy), each with distinct retention times. In the group induced with a highcholesterol diet (HCD), the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST) were elevated, and K. alvarezii treatment successfully reversed this effect. Additionally, the HCD group exhibited upregulation in the protein expression of MMP-9, MMP-13, MPO, IL-6, TNFα, and NFκB due to inflammation, whereas K. alvarezii therapy reversed the inflammatory process in the treated group. These findings indicate the potential of K. alvarezii to counteract inflammatory responses induced by a high-cholesterol diet through modulation of antioxidant enzyme activities and downregulation of pro-inflammatory markers.

Conclusion: Kappaphycus alvarezii shows promise for developing natural sources for antiradicals, food supplements, nutraceuticals, and various functional foods with therapeutic applications.

Background: Angiotensin-(1-7) is a crucial endocrine modulatory peptide that can enhance conditions like diabetes, obesity, and other features of metabolic syndrome. However, there is a lack of data on its long-term effects.

Aim: This study aimed to assess the impact of chronic oral administration of Angiotensin-( 1-7) on adipose tissue modulation and metabolic processes in mice.

Methods: The Angiotensin-(1-7) peptide oral formulation was encapsulated within the hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin oligosaccharide (HPβCD) matrix. Male Swiss mice were divided into 4 groups: standard diet (ST)+HPßCD; ST+Ang-(1-7); high-fat diet HFD+HPßCD, and HFD+Ang-(1-7). The treatment lasted for 12 months, during which body weight, food intake, glycemic and lipid profiles, visceral adiposity, oxidative stress indicators, histological parameters, quantitative real-time PCR assessments, and comprehensive in silico bioinformatics analyses were conducted.

Results: Prolonged treatment with Ang-(1-7) led to improvements in glucose levels, visceral body adiposity, decreased cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and reduced oxidative stress. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that AKT1, an insulin signaling effector (INS), and key inflammatory markers like IL-6 and VEGF may be potential molecular mediators of Angiotensin-(1-7) effects. Non-obese animals treated with Angiotensin-(1- 7) showed increased expression levels of AKT1, supporting the findings from the bioinformatics analysis.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that chronic oral use of Ang-(1-7) enhances adipose and metabolic parameters, suggesting its potential as a long-term therapeutic agent for regulating metabolic disorders.

Background: A pivotal impetus has driven the development of numerous small molecules aiming to improve therapeutic strategies for type 2 diabetes. Glucokinase (GK) activation has been offered a new realm of therapeutic antidiabetic activity with novel heterocyclic derivatives. In the context of antidiabetic drug design, GK is an interesting and newly validated target. A key enzyme needed for blood glucose homeostasis is Glucokinase, which is dysfunctional in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Heterocyclic derivatives are utilized in this innovative approach to activate GK enzymes as medicinal agents that will significantly improve type 2 diabetes management.

Objectives: To address type 2 diabetes, as well as minimize unwanted side effects, this research endeavor aimed to develop activators of glucokinase.

Methods: A rigorous scrutiny was conducted of the Maybridge online repository, which houses a formidable collection of 53,000 lead compounds. A collection of 125 compounds that contain the thiazolidinedione core was selected from this extensive collection. The structures were generated using ChemDraw 2D, stabilized conformation with ChemBioDraw Ultra, and docked using Auto Dock Vina 1.5.6 in this methodology. In addition, log P was predicted online using the Swiss ADME algorithm. The PKCSM software was used to predict the toxicity of the leading compounds.

Results: The highest binding affinity was found for AS72 and AS108 to GK receptors. GI absorption and excretion of these compounds were efficient due to Lipinski's Rule of Five compliance. When compared with the standard drugs Dorzagliatin (GKA) and MRK (co-crystallized ligand), these substances demonstrated a notable lack of AMES toxicity, skin sensitization, and hepatotoxicity.

Conclusion: In recent studies, lead molecules that possess enhanced pharmacokinetic profiles, increased binding affinity, and lower toxicity were developed to act as glucokinase activators.

Aims: This study aimed at the synthesis of several spiro[benzofuran-3,3'-pyrroles] derivatives by a three-component reaction conducted by mixing DMAD, N-bridgehead heterocycles, and benzofuran-2,3-diones in dichloromethane at room temperature for 24 h. Moreover, in vitro evaluation of their cytotoxicity affinities against FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 was carried out.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to use a one-pot, three-component reaction to synthesize a novel set of spiro[benzofuran-3,3'-pyrroles] derivatives.

Methods: A novel set of spiro[benzofuran-3,3'-pyrroles] ((11-13)a-e) was synthesized by a one-pot three-component reaction involving dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, N-bridgehead heterocycles and benzofuran-2,3-diones in dichloromethane at room temperature for 24 h. The compounds were analyzed using NMR ¹H, ¹³C, 2D-NMR (COSY, HMQC, HMBC), and HRMS. Docking simulations were conducted to elucidate the anticancer activity of synthesized compounds on FLT3 protein, with Gilteritinib as a reference for comparison.

Results: This study demonstrated the successful design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of spiro[benzofuran-3,3'-pyrroles] derivatives as FLT3 inhibitors for AML treatment. The synthesized compounds demonstrated promising binding affinities and significant inhibitory activity against FLT3 kinase. The inhibitors (11a, 11b, 11c, 12d, and 12e) exhibited excellent selectivity profiles against FLT3. Particularly, compound 12e showed strong binding affinity and potent inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 2.5 μM).

Conclusion: Fifteen new synthetic spiro[benzofuran-3,3'-pyrroles] were prepared, characterized, and evaluated for cytotoxicity affinities against FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3. Compound 12e showed strong binding affinity and potent inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 2.5 μM), making it a promising candidate for further development as a therapeutic option for AML treatment. These findings lay the groundwork for further optimization and development of spiro[benzofuran-3,3'-pyrroles] derivatives as potential therapeutics for AML treatment. Further studies are needed to explore their efficacy and safety profiles in preclinical and clinical settings.

Objectives: This study assessed the In-vitro Antioxidant and In-vivo Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Allamanda blanchetii Leaf Extract in Rats.

Introduction: Diverse pharmacological applications of plants from the Apocynaceae family are reported in the literature. Allamanda blanchetii; an ornamental species belonging to the Apocynaceae family, is characterized by diverse biological activities, i.e. antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, membrane-stabilizing, antimicrobial, and anti-proliferative effects. This species represents a perennial flora that thrives in tropical and subtropical climates.

Materials and methods: Ultrasonication-assisted method used for plant extraction. The extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening tests, followed by total phenolic content analysis, using gallic acid as a standard. The antioxidant activity was examined by DPPH scavenging and FRAP assays. The acetic acid-induced writhing test, tail flick, and Hot plate method were used for the determination of analgesic activity. Anti-inflammatory activity by following carrageenan-induced paw edema.

Results: ABLE treatments show analgesic effectiveness against the acid-induced pain source, tail flick, and hot plate methods at different doses of ABLE 400,200,100 mg/kg results showed respectively- 55.32, 38.67, and 22.85 (% inhibition), 89.47%, 62.57 %, 49.57%, and 100%, 92.40%, 65.33% response after 180 min of drug administration. ABLE 400 and 200 mg/kg exhibit effective results (1.43± 0.005 and 1.50± 0.008) against carrageenan- induced intoxication.

Discussion: The fundamental components of antioxidants that can aid in the reduction of free radicals include phenol, flavonoids, and polyphenols. Applying DPPH and FRAP, ABLE exhibits remarkable antioxidant activity. When it comes to both centrally and peripherally acting analgesics, ABLE exhibits highly effective activity. Methanolic ABLE had a noticeable impact on paw edema caused by carrageenan. Antioxidants, alkaloids, and glycosides were present in methanolic ABLE, which allowed it to efficiently combat inflammatory mediators and the cause of pain.

Conclusion: Ultrasonic assistance is beneficial in isolating active metabolites in plants, with phenolic compounds exhibiting antioxidant activity. ABLE, a plant with 55% squalene, effectively combats inflammatory mediators and pain. Further investigation is needed to identify biomarkers in the plant.

The potential of underutilized plant species to improve food security, health, economic output, and the environment has not been fully realized. Sri Lanka an island on the Indian Ocean is home to numerous plant species with significant medicinal potential, including many underutilized plants that could help meet the growing demand for food, energy, medicines, and industrial resources. Globally, there are over a thousand known and unknown phytochemicals derived from plants. Although these compounds are primarily produced by plants for self-defence, in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated their anti-inflammatory properties. Recent research indicates that several phytochemicals can also protect humans from disease by regulating key inflammatory pathways, such as NF-κB, MAPK, JAK/STAT and Nrf-2, which are involved in autoimmune diseases. Thus, these bioactive compounds are vital for managing managing immune related conditions. This review will explore underutilized fruit crops from Sri Lanka that could be used against inflammation, including autoimmune diseases.

Background: The presence of insufficient insulin signaling in type 2 diabetes arises due to either insulin resistance or impaired insulin secretion, ultimately leading to elevated blood glucose levels, a condition known as hyperglycemia. Diabetes poses a pervasive worldwide challenge, with its prevalence steadily surging in both developed and developing nations. A promising avenue for improving the management of diabetes type 2 involves the exploration of glucokinase activators as an innovative therapeutic target. Notably, a recent breakthrough in this area has been the market approval granted by the Japanese FDA for the use of the innovative GKA, Dorzagliatin, in the treatment of diabetes type 2.

Objectives: To augment the management of diabetes type 2 and mitigate the undesirable side effects linked to prolonged use of conventional medications, this research endeavor sought to create innovative glucokinase activators.

Methods: The ZINC database yielded a collection of 56 compounds, each showcasing a 40% structural similarity to 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid. These compounds, all featuring the distinctive indole core, were meticulously selected for further investigation. Structural illustrations were crafted using ChemBioDraw Ultra, and 1.5.6 AutoDock Vina was for molecular docking. The Swiss ADME algorithm facilitated online log P predictions, while the software PKCSM was utilized to forecast the toxicity profiles of the leading compounds. DFT analysis was done to ensure the stability of compounds by using Gaussian 16 quantum chemistry software and Mulliken charge distributions used to optimize molecular geometries.

Results: Among all the compounds, RS33 and RS37 exhibited the highest affinities for GK receptors, with the docking scores of -8.93 and -8.44 kcal/mol, respectively. These compounds follow Lipinski's Rule, indicating promising absorption and excretion profiles through the gastrointestinal tract. Compared to standard drugs Dorzagliatin (GKA) and MRK (co-crystallized ligand), both RS33 and RS37 demonstrate no AMES toxicity, skin sensitization, and hepatotoxicity. RS43 is the most stable compound as it has high ΔE, η, and χ in DFT analysis.

Conclusion: The novel-designed lead molecules demonstrate an enhanced pharmacokinetic profile, superior binding affinity, and minimal toxicity, based on computational study. These attributes make them promising candidates for further optimization as glucokinase activators.