Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/5047d
Sankalp Dixit, S. Dixit
{"title":"Optimization and Fuel Properties of Water Degummed Linseed Biodiesel from Transesterification Process","authors":"Sankalp Dixit, S. Dixit","doi":"10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/5047d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/5047d","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9698,"journal":{"name":"Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74464998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/1687d
B. Olowe, J. Oluyege, O. Famurewa
Water quality is a description of chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water in connection with intended use(s) and a set of standards. The quality of water sources has been deteriorated due to point source and non-point source pollution. Therefore, the water quality of any specific source can be investigated using physical, chemical and/or microbiological parameters. One of the most effective tools in communicating information on the quality of water is by using the term water quality index (WQI), which is a rating, reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters. WQI provides a single number that expresses the overall water quality at a certain location and time based on several water quality parameters. Hence, this study aimed to assess the quality of drinking water sources in Ado-Ekiti and environs, Nigeria, using Water Quality Index (WQI). This study was carried out using experimental study design at the Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, between January 2014 and August 2014. Among several formulated water quality indices, the study adopted the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI) method, which classifies water quality according to the degree of purity. The WAWQI was determined on the basis of various physico-chemical parameters which included pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, chloride and nitrate. The parameters were determined using standard methods. The results of the study showed that the mean values of the physico-chemical parameters of majority of the samples fell below the WHO maximum permissible limits while others were above WHO specifications. The calculated WAWQI revealed the water quality level of the different water sources as follows; 54.16, 65.12, 67.46, 56.29, 46.08 and 49.59 for borehole, stream, pipe-borne, well, spring and packaged water samples, respectively. This result is an indication that the analyzed water samples from different sources were of poor water quality with the exception of spring and packaged water samples which are of good quality in terms of physico-chemical qualities and thus safe for human consumption.
{"title":"Drinking Water Quality Assessment Using Water Quality Index in Ado-Ekiti and Environs, Nigeria","authors":"B. Olowe, J. Oluyege, O. Famurewa","doi":"10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/1687d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/1687d","url":null,"abstract":"Water quality is a description of chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water in connection with intended use(s) and a set of standards. The quality of water sources has been deteriorated due to point source and non-point source pollution. Therefore, the water quality of any specific source can be investigated using physical, chemical and/or microbiological parameters. One of the most effective tools in communicating information on the quality of water is by using the term water quality index (WQI), which is a rating, reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters. WQI provides a single number that expresses the overall water quality at a certain location and time based on several water quality parameters. Hence, this study aimed to assess the quality of drinking water sources in Ado-Ekiti and environs, Nigeria, using Water Quality Index (WQI). This study was carried out using experimental study design at the Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, between January 2014 and August 2014. Among several formulated water quality indices, the study adopted the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI) method, which classifies water quality according to the degree of purity. The WAWQI was determined on the basis of various physico-chemical parameters which included pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, chloride and nitrate. The parameters were determined using standard methods. The results of the study showed that the mean values of the physico-chemical parameters of majority of the samples fell below the WHO maximum permissible limits while others were above WHO specifications. The calculated WAWQI revealed the water quality level of the different water sources as follows; 54.16, 65.12, 67.46, 56.29, 46.08 and 49.59 for borehole, stream, pipe-borne, well, spring and packaged water samples, respectively. This result is an indication that the analyzed water samples from different sources were of poor water quality with the exception of spring and packaged water samples which are of good quality in terms of physico-chemical qualities and thus safe for human consumption.","PeriodicalId":9698,"journal":{"name":"Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72836343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/9555d
H. Morgner
The phenomenon of hysteresis occurs frequently when fluids adsorb in mesoporous material in contact with a vapour reservoir. It piques interest because it seems to go against thermodynamics, which states that a system's response to a collection of boundary conditions is unique, irrespective of the systems’s history. It is, on the other hand, reproducible in experiments and by all computer simulation approaches. Many authors have attempted to address this problem by postulating that either or both branches of a double valued adsorption isotherm must be metastable. A finite lifetime against decay into the ground state distinguishes a metastable condition. However, there is no experimental evidence that the adsorption isotherm within the hysteresis loop is time dependent, and we are ignorant of any attempt in the literature to use computer simulation to estimate the lifetime of either of the adsorption isotherm branches. In the present contribution we evaluate a reliable estimate for the lifetime of the states within the hysteresis loop. We find that even the shortest lived states display lifetimes that are several times the age of the universe and, thus, are practically to be considered as stable states. Accordingly, the concept of bistability (in some cases even multistability) appears appropriate to describe the hysteresis loop of adsorption isotherms. Clearly, certain thermodynamic laws do not apply to confined systems. The current work is the first to attempt to formulate a time dependent theory for confined thermodynamics, allowing access to the lifetime of states within the hysteresis loop for the first time.
{"title":"Time Dependent Aspects of Adsorption: Evaluating the Lifetimes within the Hysteresis Loop","authors":"H. Morgner","doi":"10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/9555d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/9555d","url":null,"abstract":"The phenomenon of hysteresis occurs frequently when fluids adsorb in mesoporous material in contact with a vapour reservoir. It piques interest because it seems to go against thermodynamics, which states that a system's response to a collection of boundary conditions is unique, irrespective of the systems’s history. It is, on the other hand, reproducible in experiments and by all computer simulation approaches. Many authors have attempted to address this problem by postulating that either or both branches of a double valued adsorption isotherm must be metastable. A finite lifetime against decay into the ground state distinguishes a metastable condition. However, there is no experimental evidence that the adsorption isotherm within the hysteresis loop is time dependent, and we are ignorant of any attempt in the literature to use computer simulation to estimate the lifetime of either of the adsorption isotherm branches. In the present contribution we evaluate a reliable estimate for the lifetime of the states within the hysteresis loop. We find that even the shortest lived states display lifetimes that are several times the age of the universe and, thus, are practically to be considered as stable states. Accordingly, the concept of bistability (in some cases even multistability) appears appropriate to describe the hysteresis loop of adsorption isotherms. Clearly, certain thermodynamic laws do not apply to confined systems. The current work is the first to attempt to formulate a time dependent theory for confined thermodynamics, allowing access to the lifetime of states within the hysteresis loop for the first time.","PeriodicalId":9698,"journal":{"name":"Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79700300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/10048d
C. Boyadjiev
A theoretical analysis of the stability of the non-equilibrium chemical engineering processes is presented. A unified approach is proposed for the creation of the mathematical models of the systems that allows the determination of the velocities at which the systems move to their thermodynamic equilibriums and their use for mathematical analysis of systems velocities stability. For this purpose, is used mathematical stability theory, evolution (autonomous) equations, bifurcation theory (stable focuses, stable cycles), parameter eigenvalues and eigenfunctions.
{"title":"Chemical Engineering Processes Stability Theory","authors":"C. Boyadjiev","doi":"10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/10048d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/10048d","url":null,"abstract":"A theoretical analysis of the stability of the non-equilibrium chemical engineering processes is presented. A unified approach is proposed for the creation of the mathematical models of the systems that allows the determination of the velocities at which the systems move to their thermodynamic equilibriums and their use for mathematical analysis of systems velocities stability. For this purpose, is used mathematical stability theory, evolution (autonomous) equations, bifurcation theory (stable focuses, stable cycles), parameter eigenvalues and eigenfunctions.","PeriodicalId":9698,"journal":{"name":"Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80210903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/9761d
M. Henriques, C. Pereira, M. H. Gil
The goal of this study was to valorize bovine and ovine cheese whey from small and medium cheese manufacturing plants by producing liquid and dry whey protein concentrates (LWPC and WPC). The flexibility provided by batch ultrafiltration (UF) and diafiltration (DF) enabled the production of liquid bovine WPC with protein contents ranging from 43 to 66% (dry basis) and ovine WPC with protein contents ranging from 61 to 87% (dry basis). Diafiltration, performed in sequential dilution mode (DFsdm) did not significantly improve the composition of WPC liquid products comparing to the results achieved by conventional UF. In comparison to traditional UF, using DF in volume reduction mode (DFvrm) enhanced protein content by more than 20%. Ovine products have greater protein content (62-84% on a dry basis), which makes them more appealing for manufacturing. Protein profiles varied with the whey origin and with the concentration process. By using batch DFvrm it was possible to obtain richer protein products free of low molecular weight compounds in comparison to the DFsdm mode. Finally, it can be concluded that use of membrane technology allows the recovery and direct valorization of the whey components in medium and small cheese companies, solving their environmental problems and contributing to the circular economy.
{"title":"Characteristics of Bovine and Ovine Whey Protein Concentrates Obtained by Ultrafiltration and Diafiltration Using Different Configuration Processes","authors":"M. Henriques, C. Pereira, M. H. Gil","doi":"10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/9761d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/9761d","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this study was to valorize bovine and ovine cheese whey from small and medium cheese manufacturing plants by producing liquid and dry whey protein concentrates (LWPC and WPC). The flexibility provided by batch ultrafiltration (UF) and diafiltration (DF) enabled the production of liquid bovine WPC with protein contents ranging from 43 to 66% (dry basis) and ovine WPC with protein contents ranging from 61 to 87% (dry basis). Diafiltration, performed in sequential dilution mode (DFsdm) did not significantly improve the composition of WPC liquid products comparing to the results achieved by conventional UF. In comparison to traditional UF, using DF in volume reduction mode (DFvrm) enhanced protein content by more than 20%. Ovine products have greater protein content (62-84% on a dry basis), which makes them more appealing for manufacturing. Protein profiles varied with the whey origin and with the concentration process. By using batch DFvrm it was possible to obtain richer protein products free of low molecular weight compounds in comparison to the DFsdm mode. Finally, it can be concluded that use of membrane technology allows the recovery and direct valorization of the whey components in medium and small cheese companies, solving their environmental problems and contributing to the circular economy.","PeriodicalId":9698,"journal":{"name":"Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82615972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/9776d
Nonomura Makoto, Kurita Keiko
For the determination of anions, ion chromatography (IC) is a suitable analytical method. Bromine, fluorine, chlorine (Cl2), and hydrogen chloride (HCl) are all included in JIS as analytical procedures for halogen compounds in flue gas. IC, with the exception of HCl and Cl2, has not been adopted in JIS. Because the carbon dioxide in flue gas is absorbed in a 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution as an absorber, it is interfered with the measurement of F- and Cl- ions. The development of IC's pretreatment equipment for flue gas analysis, as well as its applications to real flue gas analysis, are described in this study. Using the pretreatment apparatus, theF-, Cl-, Br- and SO42- in the absorbing solution may be clearly separated by IC. IC can simultaneously determine halogen chemicals and sulphur oxides in real flue gas. This method has been adopted to Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS K 0105, JIS K 0085).
对于阴离子的测定，离子色谱法是一种合适的分析方法。溴、氟、氯(Cl2)和氯化氢(HCl)都包括在JIS中作为烟道气中卤素化合物的分析方法。除HCl和Cl2外，JIS中没有采用IC。由于烟气中的二氧化碳被0.1 M的氢氧化钠溶液作为吸收剂吸收，因此会干扰F-和Cl-离子的测量。本文介绍了IC公司烟气分析预处理设备的发展及其在实际烟气分析中的应用。利用该预处理装置，吸收液中的f -、Cl-、Br-和SO42-可被IC清晰地分离，IC可同时测定真实烟气中的卤素化学物质和硫氧化物。该方法已被日本工业标准(JIS k0105, JIS k0085)采用。
{"title":"Study on Simultaneous Determination of Halogen Compounds and Sulfur Oxides in Flue Gas by Using Ion Chromatography","authors":"Nonomura Makoto, Kurita Keiko","doi":"10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/9776d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/9776d","url":null,"abstract":"For the determination of anions, ion chromatography (IC) is a suitable analytical method. Bromine, fluorine, chlorine (Cl2), and hydrogen chloride (HCl) are all included in JIS as analytical procedures for halogen compounds in flue gas. IC, with the exception of HCl and Cl2, has not been adopted in JIS. Because the carbon dioxide in flue gas is absorbed in a 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution as an absorber, it is interfered with the measurement of F- and Cl- ions. The development of IC's pretreatment equipment for flue gas analysis, as well as its applications to real flue gas analysis, are described in this study. Using the pretreatment apparatus, theF-, Cl-, Br- and SO42- in the absorbing solution may be clearly separated by IC. IC can simultaneously determine halogen chemicals and sulphur oxides in real flue gas. This method has been adopted to Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS K 0105, JIS K 0085).","PeriodicalId":9698,"journal":{"name":"Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82115546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/8924d
F. W. Mahatmanti, E. Kusumastuti, W. D. P. Rengga, Nuryono, D. Siswanta
Chitosan is interestingly thought to be used as raw material to make membrane for it has functional group of –NH2 and –OH that is easy to modify. Chitosan membrane has weakness like low mechanical properties. To overcome those weaknesses, silica is added on chitosan membrane synthesis to improve chitosan membrane stability. In membrane synthesis process, plasticizer is used to improve mechanical properties, maintain integrality, and avoid holes and crackness. Polyethylene Glycol plasticizer addition is expected to increase physical and mechanical properties and hydrophilic properties on membrane surface significantly therefore metal ion solution can easily diffuse through chitosan-silica-PEG membrane. In this research, it is done chitosan-silica-PEG (Ch/Si/P) membrane synthesis with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) that is used as silica source then the membrane is used as adsorbent for ion Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) by batch method. Research shows that adsorption with batch method to all membranes is optimum pH for metal ions Cu(II) and Zn(II) = 6, Cd(II) = 5.5. Adsorption for ions Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) in membrane tends to follow Langmuir isotherm model. Generally, it can be said that Ch membrane ability on all adsorption metal ions increases with silica or PEG addition. Adsorption capacity value for Ch/Si/P membrane in (mu)mol/g for ion Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) in order are 262, 183, and 107 (mu)mol/g. Generally, in adsorption kinetic data there is a tendency of coefficient score of R2 linearity that is higher in the second order of pseudo kinetic model.
{"title":"Chitosan-silica- polyethylene Glycol (Ch/Si/P) Solid Membrane for Removal of Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions","authors":"F. W. Mahatmanti, E. Kusumastuti, W. D. P. Rengga, Nuryono, D. Siswanta","doi":"10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/8924d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/8924d","url":null,"abstract":"Chitosan is interestingly thought to be used as raw material to make membrane for it has functional group of –NH2 and –OH that is easy to modify. Chitosan membrane has weakness like low mechanical properties. To overcome those weaknesses, silica is added on chitosan membrane synthesis to improve chitosan membrane stability. In membrane synthesis process, plasticizer is used to improve mechanical properties, maintain integrality, and avoid holes and crackness. Polyethylene Glycol plasticizer addition is expected to increase physical and mechanical properties and hydrophilic properties on membrane surface significantly therefore metal ion solution can easily diffuse through chitosan-silica-PEG membrane. In this research, it is done chitosan-silica-PEG (Ch/Si/P) membrane synthesis with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) that is used as silica source then the membrane is used as adsorbent for ion Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) by batch method. Research shows that adsorption with batch method to all membranes is optimum pH for metal ions Cu(II) and Zn(II) = 6, Cd(II) = 5.5. Adsorption for ions Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) in membrane tends to follow Langmuir isotherm model. Generally, it can be said that Ch membrane ability on all adsorption metal ions increases with silica or PEG addition. Adsorption capacity value for Ch/Si/P membrane in (mu)mol/g for ion Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) in order are 262, 183, and 107 (mu)mol/g. Generally, in adsorption kinetic data there is a tendency of coefficient score of R2 linearity that is higher in the second order of pseudo kinetic model.","PeriodicalId":9698,"journal":{"name":"Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80250398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/9554d
H. Morgner
Although hysteresis in fluid adsorption in porous material has been known for over a century, the thermodynamic treatment of this phenomenon is still unspecified. We suggest recognising that thermodynamics is not designed to deal with constrained systems and creating a new set of rules to explain their behaviour. The basis for this suggestion is a significant number of simulation calculations. The simulation method used has been shown to describe both static and dynamic processes in this field [1]. The newly proposed theory takes into account the occurrence of hysteresis without inconsistencies Further, it will be shown, that the theory allows simulating diffusional and convectional transport (nanofluidics) by a unified ansatz without the need to introduce capillary forces (surface or interface tensions) by phenomenological parameters. The possibility for practical use is discussed in the second section of the study. It turns out that the new ideas pave the way for better applications by allowing for the use of unique states of matter observed in porous systems. We'll concentrate on the possibilities of driving a fluid in a pore into negative-pressure states under static and dynamic settings. It turns out that states with negative pressure can be reproducibly controlled. Negative pressure states have been understood in principle since Torricelli's time, and they have been explored as experimentally accessible conditions in the literature. Despite this, they have not been translated into functional utility, which is most likely due to the concept of their metastability in macroscopic systems. The topic of metastability has been discussed widely in the literature. Possible applications refer to controlling chemical reactions as well as new routes to efficient separation processes that are difficult to handle by conventional techniques.
{"title":"A New Theory and Its Applications: Fluids in Mesopores","authors":"H. Morgner","doi":"10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/9554d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/9554d","url":null,"abstract":"Although hysteresis in fluid adsorption in porous material has been known for over a century, the thermodynamic treatment of this phenomenon is still unspecified. We suggest recognising that thermodynamics is not designed to deal with constrained systems and creating a new set of rules to explain their behaviour. The basis for this suggestion is a significant number of simulation calculations. The simulation method used has been shown to describe both static and dynamic processes in this field [1]. The newly proposed theory takes into account the occurrence of hysteresis without inconsistencies Further, it will be shown, that the theory allows simulating diffusional and convectional transport (nanofluidics) by a unified ansatz without the need to introduce capillary forces (surface or interface tensions) by phenomenological parameters. The possibility for practical use is discussed in the second section of the study. It turns out that the new ideas pave the way for better applications by allowing for the use of unique states of matter observed in porous systems. We'll concentrate on the possibilities of driving a fluid in a pore into negative-pressure states under static and dynamic settings. It turns out that states with negative pressure can be reproducibly controlled. Negative pressure states have been understood in principle since Torricelli's time, and they have been explored as experimentally accessible conditions in the literature. Despite this, they have not been translated into functional utility, which is most likely due to the concept of their metastability in macroscopic systems. The topic of metastability has been discussed widely in the literature. Possible applications refer to controlling chemical reactions as well as new routes to efficient separation processes that are difficult to handle by conventional techniques.","PeriodicalId":9698,"journal":{"name":"Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86366678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/2264f
V. Soni, Meenakshi Sharma, Vaishali Soni, S. Soni
Heterocyclic systems containing benzothiazoles, carbazole (and azacarbazole) moieties have attracted the attention of chemists owing to these nuclei having been identified in the literature as most promising pharmacophores in drug design and synthesis. Based on these observations, it could be anticipated that incorporation of the bioactive azepine moiety and quinoline moiety into the molecular framework of benzothiazoles fused to carbazole (and azacarbazoles) could produce interesting series of compounds 9-12 with enhanced biological activities, whose structure was unequivocally established from its micro analyses and spectral data.
{"title":"Exploration of Newer Possibilities to the Synthesis of Diazepine and Quinoline Carboxylic Acid Substituted Analogues of Benzothiazolo Condensed Oxocarbazoles and Oxoazacarbazoles of Medicinal Interest","authors":"V. Soni, Meenakshi Sharma, Vaishali Soni, S. Soni","doi":"10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/2264f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cacs/v1/2264f","url":null,"abstract":"Heterocyclic systems containing benzothiazoles, carbazole (and azacarbazole) moieties have attracted the attention of chemists owing to these nuclei having been identified in the literature as most promising pharmacophores in drug design and synthesis. Based on these observations, it could be anticipated that incorporation of the bioactive azepine moiety and quinoline moiety into the molecular framework of benzothiazoles fused to carbazole (and azacarbazoles) could produce interesting series of compounds 9-12 with enhanced biological activities, whose structure was unequivocally established from its micro analyses and spectral data.","PeriodicalId":9698,"journal":{"name":"Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83790820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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