Pub Date : 2017-01-13DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2017.1279368
N. Andharia, A. Joseph, M. Hayashi, M. Okada, H. Matsuda
ABSTRACT The TREK-1 channel, the TWIK-1-related potassium (K+) channel, is a member of a family of 2-pore-domain K+ (K2P) channels, through which background or leak K+ currents occur. An interesting feature of the TREK-1 channel is the run-up of current: i.e. the current through TREK-1 channels spontaneously increases within several minutes of the formation of the whole-cell configuration. To investigate whether intracellular transport is involved in the run-up, we established 293T cell lines stably expressing the TREK-1c channel (K2P2.1) and examined the effects of inhibitors of membrane protein transport, N-methylmaleimide (NEM), brefeldin-A, and an endocytosis inhibitor, pitstop2, on the run-up. The results showing that NEM and brefeldin-A inhibited and pitstop2 facilitated the run-up suggest the involvement of intracellular protein transport. Correspondingly, in cells stably expressing the mCherry-TREK-1 fusion protein, NEM decreased and pitstop2 increased the cell surface localization of the fusion protein. Furthermore, the run-up was inhibited by the intracellular application of a peptide of the C-terminal fragment TREK335–360, corresponding to the interaction site with microtubule-associated protein 2 (Mtap2). This peptide also inhibited the co-immunoprecipitation of Mtap2 with anti-mCherry antibody. The extracellular application of an ezrin inhibitor (NSC668394) also suppressed the run-up and surface localization of the fusion protein. The co-application of these inhibitors abolished the TREK-1c current, suggesting that the additive effects of ezrin and Mtap2 enhance the surface expression of TREK-1c channels and the run-up. These findings clearly showed the involvement of intracellular transport in TREK-1c current run-up and its mechanism.
{"title":"Involvement of intracellular transport in TREK-1c current run-up in 293T cells","authors":"N. Andharia, A. Joseph, M. Hayashi, M. Okada, H. Matsuda","doi":"10.1080/19336950.2017.1279368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19336950.2017.1279368","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The TREK-1 channel, the TWIK-1-related potassium (K+) channel, is a member of a family of 2-pore-domain K+ (K2P) channels, through which background or leak K+ currents occur. An interesting feature of the TREK-1 channel is the run-up of current: i.e. the current through TREK-1 channels spontaneously increases within several minutes of the formation of the whole-cell configuration. To investigate whether intracellular transport is involved in the run-up, we established 293T cell lines stably expressing the TREK-1c channel (K2P2.1) and examined the effects of inhibitors of membrane protein transport, N-methylmaleimide (NEM), brefeldin-A, and an endocytosis inhibitor, pitstop2, on the run-up. The results showing that NEM and brefeldin-A inhibited and pitstop2 facilitated the run-up suggest the involvement of intracellular protein transport. Correspondingly, in cells stably expressing the mCherry-TREK-1 fusion protein, NEM decreased and pitstop2 increased the cell surface localization of the fusion protein. Furthermore, the run-up was inhibited by the intracellular application of a peptide of the C-terminal fragment TREK335–360, corresponding to the interaction site with microtubule-associated protein 2 (Mtap2). This peptide also inhibited the co-immunoprecipitation of Mtap2 with anti-mCherry antibody. The extracellular application of an ezrin inhibitor (NSC668394) also suppressed the run-up and surface localization of the fusion protein. The co-application of these inhibitors abolished the TREK-1c current, suggesting that the additive effects of ezrin and Mtap2 enhance the surface expression of TREK-1c channels and the run-up. These findings clearly showed the involvement of intracellular transport in TREK-1c current run-up and its mechanism.","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81944906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-13DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2017.1279370
C. Alcaino, Kaitlyn R. Knutson, P. Gottlieb, G. Farrugia, A. Beyder
ABSTRACT Enterochromaffin (EC) cells are the primary mechanosensors of the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium. In response to mechanical stimuliEC cells release serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). The molecular details ofEC cell mechanosensitivity are poorly understood. Recently, our group found that human and mouseEC cells express the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo2. The mechanosensitive currents in a humanEC cell model QGP-1 were blocked by the mechanosensitive channel blocker D-GsMTx4. In the present study we aimed to characterize the effects of the mechanosensitive ion channel inhibitor spider peptide D-GsMTx4 on the mechanically stimulated currents from both QGP-1 and human Piezo2 transfected HEK-293 cells. We found co-localization of 5-HT and Piezo2 in QGP-1 cells by immunohistochemistry. QGP-1 mechanosensitive currents had biophysical properties similar to dose-dependently Piezo2 and were inhibited by D-GsMTx4. In response to direct displacement of cell membranes, human Piezo2 transiently expressed in HEK-293 cells produced robust rapidly activating and inactivating inward currents. D-GsMTx4 reversibly and dose-dependently inhibited both the potency and efficacy of Piezo2 currents in response to mechanical force. Our data demonstrate an effective inhibition of Piezo2 mechanosensitive currents by the spider peptide D-GsMTx4.
{"title":"Mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo2 is inhibited by D-GsMTx4","authors":"C. Alcaino, Kaitlyn R. Knutson, P. Gottlieb, G. Farrugia, A. Beyder","doi":"10.1080/19336950.2017.1279370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19336950.2017.1279370","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Enterochromaffin (EC) cells are the primary mechanosensors of the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium. In response to mechanical stimuliEC cells release serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). The molecular details ofEC cell mechanosensitivity are poorly understood. Recently, our group found that human and mouseEC cells express the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo2. The mechanosensitive currents in a humanEC cell model QGP-1 were blocked by the mechanosensitive channel blocker D-GsMTx4. In the present study we aimed to characterize the effects of the mechanosensitive ion channel inhibitor spider peptide D-GsMTx4 on the mechanically stimulated currents from both QGP-1 and human Piezo2 transfected HEK-293 cells. We found co-localization of 5-HT and Piezo2 in QGP-1 cells by immunohistochemistry. QGP-1 mechanosensitive currents had biophysical properties similar to dose-dependently Piezo2 and were inhibited by D-GsMTx4. In response to direct displacement of cell membranes, human Piezo2 transiently expressed in HEK-293 cells produced robust rapidly activating and inactivating inward currents. D-GsMTx4 reversibly and dose-dependently inhibited both the potency and efficacy of Piezo2 currents in response to mechanical force. Our data demonstrate an effective inhibition of Piezo2 mechanosensitive currents by the spider peptide D-GsMTx4.","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82984751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-05DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2016.1273997
L. Jensen, M. Nielsen, M. Salomonsson, C. Sørensen
ABSTRACT L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels are considered to be the primary source of calcium influx during the myogenic response. However, many vascular beds also express T-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels. Recent studies suggest that these channels may also play a role in autoregulation. At low pressures (40–80 mmHg) T-type channels affect myogenic responses in cerebral and mesenteric vascular beds. T-type channels also seem to be involved in skeletal muscle autoregulation. This review discusses the expression and role of T-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels in the autoregulation of several different vascular beds. Lack of specific pharmacological inhibitors has been a huge challenge in the field. Now the research has been strengthened by genetically modified models such as mice lacking expression of T-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels (CaV3.1 and CaV3.2). Hopefully, these new tools will help further elucidate the role of voltage gated T-type Ca2+ channels in autoregulation and vascular function.
{"title":"T-type Ca2+ channels and autoregulation of local blood flow","authors":"L. Jensen, M. Nielsen, M. Salomonsson, C. Sørensen","doi":"10.1080/19336950.2016.1273997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19336950.2016.1273997","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels are considered to be the primary source of calcium influx during the myogenic response. However, many vascular beds also express T-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels. Recent studies suggest that these channels may also play a role in autoregulation. At low pressures (40–80 mmHg) T-type channels affect myogenic responses in cerebral and mesenteric vascular beds. T-type channels also seem to be involved in skeletal muscle autoregulation. This review discusses the expression and role of T-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels in the autoregulation of several different vascular beds. Lack of specific pharmacological inhibitors has been a huge challenge in the field. Now the research has been strengthened by genetically modified models such as mice lacking expression of T-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels (CaV3.1 and CaV3.2). Hopefully, these new tools will help further elucidate the role of voltage gated T-type Ca2+ channels in autoregulation and vascular function.","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76962013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-03DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2016.1263136
T. Giraldez
Large conductance Ca2C-activated KC channels (slo, MaxiK or BK channels) play fundamental physiological roles in a large variety of tissues including nerve, muscle and endocrine cells. BK open probability is controlled synergistically by transmembrane voltage and concentration of intracellular Ca2C. This intrinsic property enables them to act as couplers of Ca2C and membrane voltage signaling, providing a negative feedback mechanism controlling Ca2C influx to the cell. Consequently, BK channels are key regulators of neuronal action potential firing, neurotransmitter release or smooth muscle contractile tone. Inherited defects in BK channels function lead to disease including seizure and epilepsy, urinary incontinence or high blood pressure. Many years of research have contributed significantly to our understanding of the molecular basis of BK channels gating and ion conduction, as well as the regulation of channel function in different cell types and tissues. These advances were paralleled by a growing interest in developing BK channel openers due to their therapeutic potential in disorders characterized by hyperexcitability and smooth muscle dysfunction. The therapeutic interest of several natural and synthetic compounds has been amply described in the literature as the basis of potential treatment strategies for epilepsy, ischemic heart disease, pulmonary disease, erectile dysfunction and bladder instability. Among them is a series of anilinoanthraquinone analogs (the GoSlo-SR family), described as potent activators of BK channels in bladder smooth muscle cells, now further characterized by Kshatri et al. Despite the large number of pre-clinical and basic research studies, the clinical relevance of BK channel activators remains unclear. This lack of success relays partly in the poor selectivity of the compounds to target channels at specific tissues in vivo, which may ultimately be due to their ubiquitous expression and functional diversity. The tissue-specific functional diversity of BK channels arises from different mechanisms, including alternative splicing, post-translational modifications or metabolic regulation. Furthermore, association of the pore-forming a subunits with tissue-specific regulatory subunits affects Ca2Cand voltage-sensitivity of the channels, and their pharmacology. Coexpression of one of 4 different b subunits with BKa explains to a large extent the characteristics of the BK currents observed in the specific tissues where b subunits are expressed (e.g. b1 is mainly found in muscle and b4 in brain). Only a few years ago, a novel family of regulatory subunits (g) was reported, with a predicted topology of a single transmembrane domain and a characteristic leucine-rich repeat (LRR) extracellular domain. All four members of the g-subunit family induce shifts in BK channel’s voltage dependence of activation to different extents, resulting in large channel open probabilities even at resting potential and physiological intracel
{"title":"The GoSlo family of BK channel activators: A no-go for γ subunits?","authors":"T. Giraldez","doi":"10.1080/19336950.2016.1263136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19336950.2016.1263136","url":null,"abstract":"Large conductance Ca2C-activated KC channels (slo, MaxiK or BK channels) play fundamental physiological roles in a large variety of tissues including nerve, muscle and endocrine cells. BK open probability is controlled synergistically by transmembrane voltage and concentration of intracellular Ca2C. This intrinsic property enables them to act as couplers of Ca2C and membrane voltage signaling, providing a negative feedback mechanism controlling Ca2C influx to the cell. Consequently, BK channels are key regulators of neuronal action potential firing, neurotransmitter release or smooth muscle contractile tone. Inherited defects in BK channels function lead to disease including seizure and epilepsy, urinary incontinence or high blood pressure. Many years of research have contributed significantly to our understanding of the molecular basis of BK channels gating and ion conduction, as well as the regulation of channel function in different cell types and tissues. These advances were paralleled by a growing interest in developing BK channel openers due to their therapeutic potential in disorders characterized by hyperexcitability and smooth muscle dysfunction. The therapeutic interest of several natural and synthetic compounds has been amply described in the literature as the basis of potential treatment strategies for epilepsy, ischemic heart disease, pulmonary disease, erectile dysfunction and bladder instability. Among them is a series of anilinoanthraquinone analogs (the GoSlo-SR family), described as potent activators of BK channels in bladder smooth muscle cells, now further characterized by Kshatri et al. Despite the large number of pre-clinical and basic research studies, the clinical relevance of BK channel activators remains unclear. This lack of success relays partly in the poor selectivity of the compounds to target channels at specific tissues in vivo, which may ultimately be due to their ubiquitous expression and functional diversity. The tissue-specific functional diversity of BK channels arises from different mechanisms, including alternative splicing, post-translational modifications or metabolic regulation. Furthermore, association of the pore-forming a subunits with tissue-specific regulatory subunits affects Ca2Cand voltage-sensitivity of the channels, and their pharmacology. Coexpression of one of 4 different b subunits with BKa explains to a large extent the characteristics of the BK currents observed in the specific tissues where b subunits are expressed (e.g. b1 is mainly found in muscle and b4 in brain). Only a few years ago, a novel family of regulatory subunits (g) was reported, with a predicted topology of a single transmembrane domain and a characteristic leucine-rich repeat (LRR) extracellular domain. All four members of the g-subunit family induce shifts in BK channel’s voltage dependence of activation to different extents, resulting in large channel open probabilities even at resting potential and physiological intracel","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75314644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2016.1242289
M. Iftinca, C. Altier
T-type or low voltage-activated calcium channels are highly expressed in the peripheral and central nervous system where they fine-tune neuronal excitability, tonic firing and neurotransmitter rele...
{"title":"Stacking up Cav3.2 channels","authors":"M. Iftinca, C. Altier","doi":"10.1080/19336950.2016.1242289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19336950.2016.1242289","url":null,"abstract":"T-type or low voltage-activated calcium channels are highly expressed in the peripheral and central nervous system where they fine-tune neuronal excitability, tonic firing and neurotransmitter rele...","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89068057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the relationship between linguistic self-awareness and poetry preference in college students who don’t regularly read poetry. It addresses whether or not there are consistent phonological and semantic features that influence preference, and it observes whether or not students recognize linguistic factors as part of their preference. It also touches on syntactic play and the degree to which amateur readers understand that professional poets deliberately subvert linguistic tendencies.
{"title":"Linguistic Self-Awareness and Poetry Preference","authors":"Brice J. Montgomery","doi":"10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the relationship between linguistic self-awareness and poetry preference in college students who don’t regularly read poetry. It addresses whether or not there are consistent phonological and semantic features that influence preference, and it observes whether or not students recognize linguistic factors as part of their preference. It also touches on syntactic play and the degree to which amateur readers understand that professional poets deliberately subvert linguistic tendencies.","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89474255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Technical communicators tend to overlook or avoid using color in their work. However, color theory is a powerful tool that can greatly affect how information is presented in print or on the web. By using color, technical communicators can help users respond to information in a positive manner and increase reading comprehension, usability, and organization. This paper will provide a framework and examination of the theoretical side of color theory as well as applications for using color in the workplace.
{"title":"Color Theory in Technical Communication","authors":"Kelly J Conley","doi":"10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Technical communicators tend to overlook or avoid using color in their work. However, color theory is a powerful tool that can greatly affect how information is presented in print or on the web. By using color, technical communicators can help users respond to information in a positive manner and increase reading comprehension, usability, and organization. This paper will provide a framework and examination of the theoretical side of color theory as well as applications for using color in the workplace.","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87728508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The L1 Context Embedding Method that has been proposed and tested by Zi-Gang (2015), consists of inserting target L2 vocabulary, with translations in brackets, into an L1 story text. It has been demonstrated by Zi-Gang (2015) to be more effective than rote memorization. This current study tested the L1 Context Embedding Method against the Keyword Method (Atkinson, 1975) to see if the two methods are comparable. Sixteen university students from an Elementary Spanish class were taught 10 novel Spanish words using each method in a counterbalanced presentation order. They were administered an immediate posttest for each set of 10 words according to each method, then a combined delayed posttest a week later. The test scores showed that the two methods are comparable, since outside factors affected the scores more than the methods themselves. The results also indicated that the L1 Context Embedding Method was slightly more effective in the immediate posttest, but the Keyword Method was moderately more effective in the delayed posttest.
{"title":"The L1 Context Embedding Method in Foreign Language Vocabulary Instruction: A Comparative Study with the Keyword Method","authors":"Jordan Nanda","doi":"10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The L1 Context Embedding Method that has been proposed and tested by Zi-Gang (2015), consists of inserting target L2 vocabulary, with translations in brackets, into an L1 story text. It has been demonstrated by Zi-Gang (2015) to be more effective than rote memorization. This current study tested the L1 Context Embedding Method against the Keyword Method (Atkinson, 1975) to see if the two methods are comparable. Sixteen university students from an Elementary Spanish class were taught 10 novel Spanish words using each method in a counterbalanced presentation order. They were administered an immediate posttest for each set of 10 words according to each method, then a combined delayed posttest a week later. The test scores showed that the two methods are comparable, since outside factors affected the scores more than the methods themselves. The results also indicated that the L1 Context Embedding Method was slightly more effective in the immediate posttest, but the Keyword Method was moderately more effective in the delayed posttest.","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83858492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amy C. Searl, Stanley G. Schwartz, E. Beck, Unix Diza, Jana Minich
In late January of 2017, President Trump signed an executive order banning non-American citizens traveling into the United States from seven different countries. The title of the order was, “Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the United States.” As implied, the stated purpose was to limit the number of immigrants in order to avoid future attacks. President Trump claims that the executive order is necessary to ensure the effectiveness of the United States’ immigrant vetting procedures and thus, protect the nation from terrorist incursion. For the order to serve a purpose, immigration must play a role in terrorism. Thus, the essential point of disagreement is whether a connection exists between the influx of migrants—especially those from terror-prone nations—and the occurrence of terrorist activity in the receiving nation. In this study, we attempt to discover if a link exists between immigration from terrorprone nations and terrorism by examining the current literature and using data to analyze the levels of immigration as well as the incidents of terrorism in six countries. The hypothesis of this research project is that as countries receive increased levels of asylum seekers from terror-prone nations they will experience a corresponding increase in the numbers of terror attacks within the nation. Our basic premise is that immigrant flows form a social bridge, transplanting cultures, ideologies, as well as individuals between the sending and receiving nations. Thus, we are seeking to find out if there is a strong correlation between immigration and terrorism. The null hypothesis, then, is that there is no correlation between immigration from terror-prone nations and the occurrence of terror attacks within a particular nation. Our research shows that, as predicted in our hypothesis, increased terrorism is linked to increased migration from terror-prone nations and regions. The data from Germany and Turkey display a strong positive correlation between asylum-seeker migration and incidents of terrorism. It is worth noting that immigration alone is not enough to predict a rise in terrorist attacks. Rather, immigration is only one of many factors that may lead to increased terrorism. However, it is our contention that immigration from terror-producing regions is a significant predictor of increased terrorist activity.
{"title":"Bridges and Bandits on the Road to the New Jerusalem: A Study of the Correlation Between Immigration and Terrorism","authors":"Amy C. Searl, Stanley G. Schwartz, E. Beck, Unix Diza, Jana Minich","doi":"10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"In late January of 2017, President Trump signed an executive order banning non-American citizens traveling into the United States from seven different countries. The title of the order was, “Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the United States.” As implied, the stated purpose was to limit the number of immigrants in order to avoid future attacks. President Trump claims that the executive order is necessary to ensure the effectiveness of the United States’ immigrant vetting procedures and thus, protect the nation from terrorist incursion. For the order to serve a purpose, immigration must play a role in terrorism. Thus, the essential point of disagreement is whether a connection exists between the influx of migrants—especially those from terror-prone nations—and the occurrence of terrorist activity in the receiving nation. In this study, we attempt to discover if a link exists between immigration from terrorprone nations and terrorism by examining the current literature and using data to analyze the levels of immigration as well as the incidents of terrorism in six countries. The hypothesis of this research project is that as countries receive increased levels of asylum seekers from terror-prone nations they will experience a corresponding increase in the numbers of terror attacks within the nation. Our basic premise is that immigrant flows form a social bridge, transplanting cultures, ideologies, as well as individuals between the sending and receiving nations. Thus, we are seeking to find out if there is a strong correlation between immigration and terrorism. The null hypothesis, then, is that there is no correlation between immigration from terror-prone nations and the occurrence of terror attacks within a particular nation. Our research shows that, as predicted in our hypothesis, increased terrorism is linked to increased migration from terror-prone nations and regions. The data from Germany and Turkey display a strong positive correlation between asylum-seeker migration and incidents of terrorism. It is worth noting that immigration alone is not enough to predict a rise in terrorist attacks. Rather, immigration is only one of many factors that may lead to increased terrorism. However, it is our contention that immigration from terror-producing regions is a significant predictor of increased terrorist activity.","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73069194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Often referred to as “the Father of Modern Fantasy,” J.R.R. Tolkien wrote the Lord of the Rings trilogy between 1937 and 1949. Selling millions of copies each year, the Lord of the Rings is one of the bestselling books to date, and between the four books, six movies have been produced in an effort to relay the story of Middle Earth. However, movies do not stand alone as the only other art based off the trilogy. Throughout the novels, Tolkien includes poems that his characters sing, and in 1967, Donald Swann, after collaborating with the author, published a song cycle called The Road Goes Ever On. Based on the songs within the Lord of the Rings trilogy, this song cycle provides what could be considered the “official” music behind the words. The Road Goes Ever On provides a deeper look into the musical culture of Tolkien’s world through connections between the literature and the music as well as connections to “real-world” music, all while recombining the poetry of the novels to narrate the story of a traveler.
{"title":"J.R.R. Tolkien and the Music of Middle Earth","authors":"Emily Sulka","doi":"10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Often referred to as “the Father of Modern Fantasy,” J.R.R. Tolkien wrote the Lord of the Rings trilogy between 1937 and 1949. Selling millions of copies each year, the Lord of the Rings is one of the bestselling books to date, and between the four books, six movies have been produced in an effort to relay the story of Middle Earth. However, movies do not stand alone as the only other art based off the trilogy. Throughout the novels, Tolkien includes poems that his characters sing, and in 1967, Donald Swann, after collaborating with the author, published a song cycle called The Road Goes Ever On. Based on the songs within the Lord of the Rings trilogy, this song cycle provides what could be considered the “official” music behind the words. The Road Goes Ever On provides a deeper look into the musical culture of Tolkien’s world through connections between the literature and the music as well as connections to “real-world” music, all while recombining the poetry of the novels to narrate the story of a traveler.","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84341972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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