Pub Date : 2026-02-02DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2026.104581
Adam C. Simon , Lawrence M. Cathles , Dan Wood , Morgan Bazilian
Copper is essential for modern economies including: energy systems, data centers, defense applications, space cooling and heating, heavy industry, smart agriculture, transportation, and consumer goods. The presumption persists that the copper needed for all these purposes will be readily available. However, we show that copper is unlikely to be mined fast enough to meet all these needs in the short to medium term. Despite the recent and rapid copper price rise, we suggest that it will have to continue to rise significantly and provide robust price signals for a significant number of known copper deposits to be developed into mines. This price signal will need to be associated with permitting reforms to be successful in several cases. The widening gap should be a matter of political prioritization both in the USA and globally.
{"title":"The widening gap between copper supply and demand will have an impact on economic development and energy futures","authors":"Adam C. Simon , Lawrence M. Cathles , Dan Wood , Morgan Bazilian","doi":"10.1016/j.erss.2026.104581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.erss.2026.104581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Copper is essential for modern economies including: energy systems, data centers, defense applications, space cooling and heating, heavy industry, smart agriculture, transportation, and consumer goods. The presumption persists that the copper needed for all these purposes will be readily available. However, we show that copper is unlikely to be mined fast enough to meet all these needs in the short to medium term. Despite the recent and rapid copper price rise, we suggest that it will have to continue to rise significantly and provide robust price signals for a significant number of known copper deposits to be developed into mines. This price signal will need to be associated with permitting reforms to be successful in several cases. The widening gap should be a matter of political prioritization both in the USA and globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48384,"journal":{"name":"Energy Research & Social Science","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 104581"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-02DOI: 10.1186/s13561-026-00724-0
Sara Pedron, Xiao Tan, Juliane Maushagen, Anna-Janina Stephan, Jacob Burns, Eleanor Sanderson, Kaitlin Wade, Michael Laxy
Background: Cardiometabolic risk factors and conditions are the leading contributors to morbidity and mortality, yet quantifying their causal effects on socioeconomic outcomes using observational data is challenging due to endogeneity. Using genetic variants as instrumental variables, Mendelian randomization (MR) offers a unique approach to strengthen causal inference in this context and has also gained popularity in health economic literature.
Aims: This study aimed to: i) map the current landscape of MR studies evaluating the impact of cardiometabolic exposures on healthcare and socioeconomic outcomes; ii) describe how core MR assumptions were tested and reported; iii) summarize how additional assumptions underlying causal interpretation were discussed.
Methods: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies applying MR to examine the impact of cardiometabolic risk factors or conditions (e.g., obesity, blood pressure, cholesterol, coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes) on socioeconomic and healthcare outcomes (e.g., education, income, occupational status, social deprivation, healthcare use and costs, health-related quality of life). Study characteristics, MR design choices, and reporting of assumption testing and causal interpretation were extracted and narratively summarized.
Results: Sixteen studies were included, covering 79 exposure-outcome pairs. Most studies examined the effects of body mass index on employment or healthcare costs. Only one study assessed home ownership, social income transfers, resource utilization, and quality-adjusted life years as outcomes, respectively. Effects of childhood cardiometabolic exposures were rarely examined beyond educational outcomes. UK Biobank was the predominant data source. None of the core MR assumptions were mentioned across all studies. While weak instrument bias was frequently tested, less than 40% of studies assessed associations between instruments and observable confounders as falsification tests. Only few studies discussed monotonicity or homogeneity assumptions.
Conclusions: Although MR is a promising identification strategy for assessing causal effects of cardiometabolic risk on healthcare and socioeconomic outcomes, reporting practices for assumption testing and causal interpretation vary widely. This review highlights opportunities to strengthen transparency and coherence in future MR applications. With increasing data availability and clearer methodological guidance, MR could complement conventional observational approaches in supporting policy decisions.
{"title":"Estimating the causal effect of cardiometabolic conditions on socioeconomic and healthcare outcomes: a scoping review of Mendelian randomization studies.","authors":"Sara Pedron, Xiao Tan, Juliane Maushagen, Anna-Janina Stephan, Jacob Burns, Eleanor Sanderson, Kaitlin Wade, Michael Laxy","doi":"10.1186/s13561-026-00724-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00724-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cardiometabolic risk factors and conditions are the leading contributors to morbidity and mortality, yet quantifying their causal effects on socioeconomic outcomes using observational data is challenging due to endogeneity. Using genetic variants as instrumental variables, Mendelian randomization (MR) offers a unique approach to strengthen causal inference in this context and has also gained popularity in health economic literature.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aimed to: i) map the current landscape of MR studies evaluating the impact of cardiometabolic exposures on healthcare and socioeconomic outcomes; ii) describe how core MR assumptions were tested and reported; iii) summarize how additional assumptions underlying causal interpretation were discussed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies applying MR to examine the impact of cardiometabolic risk factors or conditions (e.g., obesity, blood pressure, cholesterol, coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes) on socioeconomic and healthcare outcomes (e.g., education, income, occupational status, social deprivation, healthcare use and costs, health-related quality of life). Study characteristics, MR design choices, and reporting of assumption testing and causal interpretation were extracted and narratively summarized.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixteen studies were included, covering 79 exposure-outcome pairs. Most studies examined the effects of body mass index on employment or healthcare costs. Only one study assessed home ownership, social income transfers, resource utilization, and quality-adjusted life years as outcomes, respectively. Effects of childhood cardiometabolic exposures were rarely examined beyond educational outcomes. UK Biobank was the predominant data source. None of the core MR assumptions were mentioned across all studies. While weak instrument bias was frequently tested, less than 40% of studies assessed associations between instruments and observable confounders as falsification tests. Only few studies discussed monotonicity or homogeneity assumptions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although MR is a promising identification strategy for assessing causal effects of cardiometabolic risk on healthcare and socioeconomic outcomes, reporting practices for assumption testing and causal interpretation vary widely. This review highlights opportunities to strengthen transparency and coherence in future MR applications. With increasing data availability and clearer methodological guidance, MR could complement conventional observational approaches in supporting policy decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":46936,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146107900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-02DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2026.108937
Tuija Lankia, Eija Pouta, Janne Artell
In Finland, where only few major river systems run free without hydropower production or other artificial constructions, the demand for river restoration efforts is increasing. In a choice experiment for river restoration measures using a latent class model, we identified five distinct preference classes. Classes ranged from cost-conscious supporters of nationwide restoration to respondents favoring measures regardless of costs, as well as those emphasizing new trout and salmon waters or preferring the status quo. The main differences across classes concerned sensitivity to costs, the relative importance of restoring free-flowing river sections versus creating new fish waters, and whether restoration should be geographically restricted. To gain insight into the underlying values and attitudes guiding respondents' choices, we employed constructs of cognitive hierarchy model. Our analysis revealed that individuals favoring new restoration measures without concern for costs exhibited the strongest values and attitudes associated with environmental protection. Conversely, the class preferring the status quo displayed the weakest values and attitudes related to environmental protection. We provide insights into respondents who do not respond to the cost attribute as expected and for whom it is not meaningful to calculate willingness-to-pay estimates.
{"title":"Willingness to pay, values, and attitudes: Exploring preferences for river restoration measures in Finland","authors":"Tuija Lankia, Eija Pouta, Janne Artell","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2026.108937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2026.108937","url":null,"abstract":"In Finland, where only few major river systems run free without hydropower production or other artificial constructions, the demand for river restoration efforts is increasing. In a choice experiment for river restoration measures using a latent class model, we identified five distinct preference classes. Classes ranged from cost-conscious supporters of nationwide restoration to respondents favoring measures regardless of costs, as well as those emphasizing new trout and salmon waters or preferring the status quo. The main differences across classes concerned sensitivity to costs, the relative importance of restoring free-flowing river sections versus creating new fish waters, and whether restoration should be geographically restricted. To gain insight into the underlying values and attitudes guiding respondents' choices, we employed constructs of cognitive hierarchy model. Our analysis revealed that individuals favoring new restoration measures without concern for costs exhibited the strongest values and attitudes associated with environmental protection. Conversely, the class preferring the status quo displayed the weakest values and attitudes related to environmental protection. We provide insights into respondents who do not respond to the cost attribute as expected and for whom it is not meaningful to calculate willingness-to-pay estimates.","PeriodicalId":51021,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Economics","volume":"292 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-02DOI: 10.1016/j.frl.2026.109601
Daqian Huang, Kwo Ping Tam, Bo Chen
{"title":"Does Exercise Keep Your Wallet Healthy? An Empirical Study between Physical Activity and Household Financial Vulnerability","authors":"Daqian Huang, Kwo Ping Tam, Bo Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.frl.2026.109601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2026.109601","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12167,"journal":{"name":"Finance Research Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":"109601"},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146111036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-02DOI: 10.1016/j.frl.2026.109598
Sarela Enriquez-Perales, Conrado Diego García-Gómez, José María Díez-Esteban
{"title":"Climate vulnerability and market volatility: evidence from European firms","authors":"Sarela Enriquez-Perales, Conrado Diego García-Gómez, José María Díez-Esteban","doi":"10.1016/j.frl.2026.109598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2026.109598","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12167,"journal":{"name":"Finance Research Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":"109598"},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146111035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-02DOI: 10.1016/j.frl.2026.109596
Xinwei Guo, Zhongguo Li
{"title":"Impacts of Governments’ Education Investment on Firms’ Social Responsibility Behavior","authors":"Xinwei Guo, Zhongguo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.frl.2026.109596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2026.109596","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12167,"journal":{"name":"Finance Research Letters","volume":"3 1","pages":"109596"},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146111034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-02DOI: 10.1016/j.frl.2026.109599
Jing Xu, Yanfang Liu, Chaoxia Yao
{"title":"Can the Construction of Confucian Academies Reduce the Moral Risk of Executives? An Analysis Based on the Intermediary Effect of Violations by Listed Companies","authors":"Jing Xu, Yanfang Liu, Chaoxia Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.frl.2026.109599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2026.109599","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12167,"journal":{"name":"Finance Research Letters","volume":"10 1","pages":"109599"},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146111038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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