Journal of Environmental Economics and Management最新文献

英文中文

Unintended environmental consequences of anti-corruption strategies 反腐败战略的意外环境后果

IF 5.5 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103073

Elías Cisneros , Krisztina Kis-Katos

High agricultural profits motivate politicians to collude with local elites and ignore illegal conversion of natural forests. Fighting corruption through fiscal audits can improve local governance in general but may also unintentionally intensify such collusion and rent extraction activities within the less scrutinized forestry sector. This paper highlights such unintended consequences of a federal anti-corruption strategy in Brazil by documenting the causal effects of randomized fiscal audits on deforestation dynamics, a non-targeted outcome. Between 2003 and 2011, public audits of federal funds increased deforestation by about 10% in municipalities of the Brazilian Amazon within the first three years after the audit. The audits triggered forest loss, especially during election years, in municipalities governed by first-term mayors who managed to win re-elections afterwards, and in places with a high share of cattle ranching, indicating potential collusion between local politicians and the agricultural sector.

高额的农业利润促使政客与地方精英勾结，无视天然林的非法转换。通过财政审计打击腐败可以从总体上改善地方治理，但也可能无意中加剧林业部门中的这种勾结和租金榨取活动。本文通过记录随机财政审计对森林砍伐动态（一种非目标结果）的因果效应，强调了巴西联邦反腐战略的这种意外后果。2003 年至 2011 年间，对联邦资金的公开审计使巴西亚马逊地区各市在审计后的头三年内森林砍伐量增加了约 10%。审计引发了森林损失，尤其是在选举年，在由首任市长治理的城市，这些市长在选举后设法赢得连任，在牧牛比例较高的地方，这表明当地政客和农业部门之间可能存在勾结。

引用次数: 0

Blowin’ in the wind: Long-term downwind exposure to air pollution from power plants and adult mortality 随风飘荡长期顺风接触发电厂空气污染与成人死亡率

IF 5.5 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103072

Shinsuke Tanaka

We estimate the causal effects of long-term exposure to air pollution emitted from fossil fuel power plants on adult mortality. We leverage quasi-experimental variation in daily wind patterns, which is further instrumented by the county orientation from the nearest power plant. We find that the county’s fraction of days spent downwind of plants within 20 miles in the last 10 years is associated with increased mortality from COVID-19 through the third peak in mortality in January 2021. This effect is more pronounced in fenceline communities with high poverty rates, low health insurance coverage, and low educational attainment.

我们估算了长期暴露于化石燃料发电厂排放的空气污染对成人死亡率的因果效应。我们利用每日风向模式的准实验性变化，并通过县城与最近发电厂的距离来进一步确定风向模式。我们发现，从 COVID-19 到 2021 年 1 月的第三个死亡率高峰期，过去 10 年中该县在 20 英里范围内的发电厂下风处度过的天数比例与死亡率的增加有关。这种效应在贫困率高、医疗保险覆盖率低和教育程度低的边缘社区更为明显。

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Clean innovation, heterogeneous financing costs, and the optimal climate policy mix 清洁创新、异质融资成本和最佳气候政策组合

IF 5.5 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103071

Emanuele Campiglio , Alessandro Spiganti , Anthony Wiskich

Access to finance is a major barrier to clean innovation. We incorporate a financial sector in a directed technological change model, where research firms working on different technologies raise funding from financial intermediaries at potentially different costs. We show that, in addition to a rising carbon tax and a generous but short-lived clean research subsidy, optimal climate policies include a clean finance subsidy directly aimed at reducing the financing cost differential across technologies. The presence of an endogenous financing experience effect induces stronger mitigation efforts in the short-term to accelerate the convergence of heterogeneous financing costs. This is achieved primarily through a carbon price premium of 39% in 2025, relative to a case with no financing costs.

获得资金是清洁创新的一大障碍。我们在定向技术变革模型中加入了金融部门，研究不同技术的研究公司以潜在的不同成本从金融中介机构筹集资金。我们的研究表明，除了不断提高的碳税和慷慨但短期的清洁研究补贴外，最佳气候政策还包括直接旨在减少不同技术间融资成本差异的清洁融资补贴。内生融资经验效应的存在会在短期内加大减排力度，以加速不同融资成本的趋同。这主要是通过 2025 年相对于无融资成本情况下 39% 的碳价格溢价来实现的。

引用次数: 0

Labor market impacts of eco-development initiatives in protected areas 保护区生态发展举措对劳动力市场的影响

IF 5.5 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103070

Anca Balietti , Sreeja Jaiswal , Daniel Schäffer

Eco-development seeks to balance economic development with biodiversity conservation, enhancing the effectiveness of protected area management. This paper examines the labor market impacts of eco-development initiatives implemented in the protected areas of the Western Ghats, India, a significant biodiversity hotspot facing intense socio-economic pressures. Our findings show that eco-development has substantially altered labor market outcomes in villages within and surrounding protected areas, resulting in a higher share of non-farm employment. This shift is marked by a reduction in year-round work and an increase in seasonal employment. These effects appear to stem from the specific types of jobs created by eco-development and the changes in land use patterns it promotes, such as a higher proportion of forested land and increased reliance on rainfed agriculture over irrigated farming. Descriptive evidence also suggests that, despite improvements in literacy, the affected villages experience lower consumption levels and higher poverty rates.

生态发展旨在平衡经济发展与生物多样性保护之间的关系，提高保护区管理的有效性。本文研究了在印度西高止山脉保护区实施的生态发展计划对劳动力市场的影响，该保护区是生物多样性的重要热点地区，面临着巨大的社会经济压力。我们的研究结果表明，生态发展极大地改变了保护区内及周边村庄的劳动力市场结果，导致非农就业比例上升。这种变化的特点是全年工作的减少和季节性就业的增加。这些影响似乎源于生态发展所创造的特定类型的工作及其所促进的土地利用模式的变化，例如林地比例的增加以及对雨水灌溉农业的依赖程度高于灌溉农业。描述性证据还表明，尽管识字率有所提高，但受影响村庄的消费水平较低，贫困率较高。

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Combining private and common property management: The impact of a hybrid ownership structure on grassland conservation 将私有财产和共有财产管理相结合：混合所有权结构对草原保护的影响

IF 5.5 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103069

Min Liu , Pengfei Liu , Kaixing Huang

This study finds that a hybrid property structure, where private ownership and communal ownership coexist, outperforms pure private or pure public ownership in terms of grassland conservation after a grassland tenure reform in China. The tenure reform of privatization replaced public ownership gradually and led to a significant 5.4% increase in grassland quality on average. The grassland quality increase is twice as large for private grassland with additional access to public grassland compared to those without such access. Interestingly, public grassland quality did not decline, indicating sustainable utilization by herders. These findings are consistent with the literature which suggests that a properly structured hybrid ownership arrangement could benefit from the positive effects of grassland privatization while mitigating the negative impacts of natural disasters. We further provide empirical support and show that the gains from public grassland access are substantially larger when there are adverse climatic shocks. Our study provides important policy implications for property rights and sustainable grassland management under more frequent climate events.

本研究发现，在中国进行草原权属改革后，私有制与公有制并存的混合产权结构在草原保护方面优于纯私有制或纯公有制。私有化的权属改革逐步取代了公有制，使草原质量平均显著提高了 5.4%。与未进入公共草地的私有草地相比，可进入公共草地的私有草地的草地质量提高了一倍。有趣的是，公共草场的质量并没有下降，这表明牧民对草场的利用是可持续的。这些研究结果与相关文献一致，表明结构合理的混合所有制安排可以从草原私有化的积极效应中获益，同时减轻自然灾害的负面影响。我们进一步提供了经验支持，并表明当出现不利的气候冲击时，从公共草场使用权中获得的收益要大得多。我们的研究为更频繁气候事件下的产权和可持续草原管理提供了重要的政策启示。

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引用次数: 0

Turn off the faucet: Can individual meters reduce water consumption? 关闭水龙头：个人水表能减少用水量吗？

IF 5.5 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103065

Paul E. Carrillo , Ivette Contreras , Carlos Scartascini

When consumption of water and other utilities is measured collectively for many households and the payment of such services is equally shared among members of the group, individuals may use more than what is socially optimal. In this paper, we evaluate how the installation of individual meters affects water consumption. Using administrative data from the public water utility company in Quito, Ecuador, and an event study approach, it is estimated that water consumption decreases by about 20% as a result of the introduction of individual metering. The effect is large and economically significant: in order to obtain the same effect using the price mechanism in Quito, prices would have to increase by at least 66%. Individual water metering could be a useful tool to curve down consumption in both developing and developed countries.

当许多家庭的用水量和其他公用设施的消耗量被集体计量，并且这些服务的费用由群体成员平均分摊时，个人的用水量可能会超过社会最优水平。在本文中，我们将评估安装个人水表对用水量的影响。利用厄瓜多尔基多市公共供水公司的行政数据和事件研究方法，我们估算出在引入个人水表后，用水量减少了约 20%。这种效果很大，经济意义也很大：在基多，要想通过价格机制获得同样的效果，价格至少要上涨 66%。无论是在发展中国家还是发达国家，个人用水计量都可以成为降低用水量的有用工具。

引用次数: 0

Information, incentives, and environmental governance: Evidence from China’s ambient air quality standards 信息、激励和环境治理：中国环境空气质量标准的证据

IF 5.5 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103066

Pei Li , Yi Lu , Lu Peng , Jin Wang

Information and incentives are pillars of political accountability. We examine their effectiveness in achieving governance under China’s new ambient air quality standards. By exploiting the sequential introduction of pollution information disclosure and environmental performance evaluation, we show that transparency alone is insufficient to induce public monitoring or government responsiveness. But when information provision is combined with performance incentives, local bureaucrats take actions to reduce pollution. The findings suggest that in a top-down hierarchy, when superiors receive accurate environmental information and administer rewards or sanctions based on that information, local governments face greater accountability pressure and respond by improving environmental performance.

信息和激励机制是政治问责的支柱。我们研究了它们在中国新环境空气质量标准下的治理效果。通过依次引入污染信息披露和环境绩效评估，我们发现，仅靠透明度不足以引起公众监督或政府响应。但当信息提供与绩效激励相结合时，地方官员就会采取行动减少污染。研究结果表明，在自上而下的等级制度中，当上级领导获得准确的环境信息并根据这些信息实施奖惩时，地方政府就会面临更大的问责压力，并通过改善环境绩效来做出回应。

引用次数: 0

Too hot to sleep 热得睡不着

IF 5.5 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103063

Patrick Bigler , Benedikt Janzen

Adequate sleep is important for a variety of economic outcomes. We study the relationship between ambient temperatures and human sleep using daily district-level data on sleep duration collected by nearly half a million individual consumer wearable sensors in Germany from 2020 to 2022. Our results illustrate a nonlinear relationship between temperature and sleep duration. Average sleep duration decreases at high temperatures and is unaffected by low temperatures. For instance, we find a small but statistically significant reduction in average sleep duration of 2.8% (12 min and 8 s) on a tropical night (when daily minimum temperature exceeds 20 °C) compared to a mid-temperature night. We document corresponding changes in physical activity (number of daily steps) and vital signs (resting heart rate) at high minimum temperatures, which could represent potential mechanisms for the link between temperature and sleep.

充足的睡眠对各种经济成果都很重要。我们利用 2020 年至 2022 年期间德国近 50 万个个人消费者可穿戴传感器收集的睡眠时间的每日地区级数据，研究了环境温度与人类睡眠之间的关系。我们的研究结果表明，温度与睡眠时间之间存在非线性关系。平均睡眠时间在高温下会缩短，而在低温下则不受影响。例如，我们发现在热带地区的夜晚（日最低气温超过 20 °C），平均睡眠时间与中温夜晚相比减少了 2.8%（12 分 8 秒），虽然幅度不大，但在统计学上却有显著意义。我们记录了高最低气温下身体活动（每日步数）和生命体征（静息心率）的相应变化，这可能是气温与睡眠之间联系的潜在机制。

引用次数: 0

Focusing the view: Improved methods for assessing viewshed impacts of onshore wind turbines 聚焦视野：陆上风力涡轮机对景观影响的改进评估方法

IF 5.5 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103068

Luran Dong , Corey Lang , Jason Parent

Onshore wind turbine capacity continues to grow and will only accelerate, though siting can be challenging given community opposition. We apply the hedonic valuation method with residential property sales data to assess nearby residents’ willingness to pay to avoid having views of turbines from their property. In doing so, we aim to improve methods of assessing viewshed impacts for turbines and other amenities and disamenities that have a visual component. Our recommended viewshed approach uses a Digital Surface Model (DSM), which accounts for trees and buildings that obstruct views. For comparison, we also create viewsheds based on bare-earth Digital Elevation Model (DEM), which has been more typically used other studies. Using data from New England, USA, we use a difference-in-differences identification strategy with treatment defined by the visibility of a wind turbine, while also controlling for proximity-based treatment effects. The results suggest that property values decline by 2.2%–2.5% when a wind turbine is visible, with larger impacts in urban and coastal areas. DEM methods misclassify viewshed for about 75% of properties, when compared to the DSM-based viewshed, and the resulting DEM-based valuation estimates are attenuated.

陆上风力涡轮机发电量持续增长，而且只会加速增长，但由于社区的反对，选址可能具有挑战性。我们将保值估值法与住宅物业销售数据相结合，评估附近居民为避免从其物业看到涡轮机而付费的意愿。这样做的目的是改进涡轮机和其他具有视觉效果的便利设施和不便利设施的景观影响评估方法。我们推荐的视角方法使用数字地表模型 (DSM)，该模型考虑了阻碍视线的树木和建筑物。为了进行比较，我们还根据裸地数字高程模型（DEM）创建了景观区，这种方法在其他研究中更为常用。利用美国新英格兰地区的数据，我们采用了差分识别策略，以风力涡轮机的可见度来定义处理，同时还控制了基于邻近性的处理效应。结果表明，当风力涡轮机可见时，房产价值会下降 2.2%-2.5%，对城市和沿海地区的影响更大。与基于 DSM 的视角相比，DEM 方法对约 75% 的房产进行了错误的视角分类，由此得出的基于 DEM 的估价也有所减弱。

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引用次数: 0

Equity weighting increases valuations when using real-world data 使用真实世界数据时，股票加权可提高估值

IF 5.5 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103067

Austin Burlile, Peter Maniloff

Environmental economists have long debated whether and how to appropriately integrate distributional concerns into cost benefit analysis. Recent White House guidance instructs U.S. government analysts to weight different groups’ costs and benefits according to their incomes. Groups with incomes below the median would have weights above one, while groups with incomes above the median would have weights below one. We explore the impact of this method. We find that the average weight is above one in a policy-relevant setting. In this example, weighting increases the magnitude of monetized costs and benefits. The average weight varies with the unit of analysis and the choice of unit of analysis can change the sign of the net benefits.

长期以来，环境经济学家一直在争论是否以及如何将分配问题恰当地纳入成本效益分析。白宫最近的指导意见指示美国政府分析师根据不同群体的收入情况对其成本和收益进行加权。收入低于中位数的群体的权重将高于 1，而收入高于中位数的群体的权重将低于 1。我们探讨了这种方法的影响。我们发现，在与政策相关的情况下，平均权重高于 1。在这个例子中，权重增加了货币化成本和收益的幅度。平均权重随分析单位的变化而变化，分析单位的选择也会改变净效益的符号。

引用次数: 0

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