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You are only as strong as your weakest link: Founder and community social capital and start-up survival 只有最薄弱的环节才是最强大的环节：创始人和社区社会资本与初创企业的生存

IF 6.4 1区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Small Business Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1007/s11187-024-00977-1

Christopher J. Boudreaux, Steven W. Bradley, Anand Jha, Joao F. Mazzoni

Social capital is important for organizational performance, but it can be a challenge for new firms to establish exchange relationships. While studies have focused on founder-level social ties and network effects on firm survival or performance, less attention has been given to the role of social capital within the community. We theorize that founder social ties are related to community social capital, which fosters varying levels of business opportunities. These relationships and business opportunities influence start-up survival. We test our hypotheses for a longitudinal cohort of new start-ups using Kauffman Firm Survey data merged with community social capital data. Our baseline model finds that a founder’s weak tie relationships—not strong ties—are associated with higher odds of start-up survival. Furthermore, we find that community-level social capital increases survival odds, particularly for founders who receive funding from weak-tie networks. Our study furthers our understanding of how community-level social engagement shapes founders’ social networks and firm survival odds through increased possibilities for exchange relationships.

社会资本对组织绩效非常重要，但对于新公司来说，建立交流关系可能是一项挑战。研究主要集中于创始人层面的社会关系以及网络对企业生存或绩效的影响，但对社区内社会资本的作用关注较少。我们的理论认为，创始人的社会关系与社区社会资本相关，而社区社会资本又促进了不同程度的商业机会。这些关系和商业机会会影响初创企业的生存。我们利用考夫曼企业调查数据和社区社会资本数据，对新创企业的纵向队列进行了假设检验。我们的基线模型发现，创始人的弱关系--而非强关系--与更高的初创企业存活几率相关。此外，我们还发现，社区层面的社会资本会增加企业的存活几率，尤其是那些从弱关系网络获得资金的创始人。我们的研究进一步加深了我们对社区层面的社会参与如何通过增加交换关系的可能性来塑造创始人的社会网络和公司存活几率的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Impacts of population, affluence and urbanization on local air pollution and land transformation – A regional STIRPAT analysis for German districts 人口、富裕程度和城市化对当地空气污染和土地变化的影响--对德国各地区的 STIRPAT 分析

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108416

Anthropogenic environmental impacts substantially threaten the sustainable development of cities and counties. This paper offers an original assessment of the role played by population, economic growth and technology change in the evolution of local air pollution and soil sealing, using the STIRPAT approach. The analysis covers the development of 367 German counties and autonomous cities (NUTS 3 level) between 1990 and 2020. Results indicate that the development of NO_x emissions and soil sealing is clearly related to car ownership, number of houses and regional population for all counties. In contrast to, environmental impacts related to GDP per capita, share of industrial manufacturing and urban density depend on the types of regions. Finally, results show non-linear (EKC) dynamics regarding the impacts of population and GDP per capita on NO_x emissions. Environmental policies need to take care about the settlement structures and the level of relevant variables.

人为环境影响严重威胁着城市和县城的可持续发展。本文采用 STIRPAT 方法，对人口、经济增长和技术变革在当地空气污染和土壤密封演变中所起的作用进行了原创性评估。分析涵盖 1990 年至 2020 年期间德国 367 个县和自治市（NUTS 3 级别）的发展情况。结果表明，所有县的氮氧化物排放和土壤封闭的发展都与汽车保有量、房屋数量和地区人口数量明显相关。与此相反，与人均国内生产总值、工业制造业比重和城市密度相关的环境影响则取决于地区类型。最后，在人口和人均 GDP 对氮氧化物排放的影响方面，结果显示出非线性（EKC）动态。环境政策需要关注居住结构和相关变量的水平。

引用次数: 0

Market segments and pricing of fine wines over their lifecycle 葡萄酒生命周期内的市场细分和定价

IF 4.2 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Economic Modelling

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2024.106915

Is the fine wine market segmented? The literature shows that this is the case for ordinary wines, and this has significant implications for hedonic analysis. We apply a finite mixture model to a 20-year dataset of auction prices. Our results reveal the existence of five segments in the fine wine market that differ in both their composition and the effects of scores, age, and market conditions on prices. This segmentation helps reconcile the divergent findings in existing research: some wines are highly sensitive to market conditions and have yielded significant returns (investment wines), while prices of other wines are primarily influenced by age (collectible wines) or quality (drinking wines). Our findings enhance the understanding of fine wine pricing and offer new insights into the age-price relationship, which is generally linear but varies by segment and vintage quality.

高端葡萄酒市场是否细分？文献显示，普通葡萄酒的情况也是如此，这对享乐主义分析有重大影响。我们将有限混合模型应用于 20 年的拍卖价格数据集。我们的研究结果表明，高端葡萄酒市场存在五个细分市场，其构成以及评分、酒龄和市场条件对价格的影响各不相同。这种细分有助于协调现有研究中的不同发现：一些葡萄酒对市场条件高度敏感，并产生了可观的回报（投资葡萄酒），而其他葡萄酒的价格则主要受年龄（收藏葡萄酒）或质量（饮用葡萄酒）的影响。我们的研究结果加深了人们对高品质葡萄酒定价的理解，并对酒龄与价格的关系提出了新的见解，这种关系一般呈线性，但也因细分市场和年份质量而异。

引用次数: 0

Does local government debt promote firm green innovation? Evidence from the Chinese local government debt governance reform 地方政府债务能否促进企业绿色创新？来自中国地方政府债务治理改革的证据

IF 7.9 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Economic Analysis and Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.eap.2024.10.010

Green innovation is a crucial strategy for fostering a green economy and achieving sustainable development. This paper focuses on the role of government debt in the sustainability of firm green innovation, particularly in the context of Chinese local government debt governance reform in 2014 (CLGDGR2014). By analyzing annual data of Chinese publicly listed firms from 2011 to 2018, the study explores the impact of CLGDGR2014 on firm green innovation and the underlying driving mechanisms. The findings suggest that CLGDGR2014 improves the firm green innovation, by alleviating firms' financing constraints and underscoring the productive function of local government debt in advancing new infrastructure development. The further analysis explores the impact of various types of debt on green innovation after CLGDGR2014 and indicates that explicit local government debt has a promoting effect while implicit local government debt is not obvious. In conclusion, this research offers new insights into leveraging and managing local government debt to stimulate green innovation.

绿色创新是促进绿色经济和实现可持续发展的重要战略。本文重点研究政府债务在企业绿色创新可持续性中的作用，尤其是在2014年中国地方政府债务治理改革（CLGDGR2014）的背景下。本研究通过分析 2011 年至 2018 年中国上市公司的年度数据，探讨了 CLGDGR2014 对企业绿色创新的影响及其内在驱动机制。研究结果表明，CLGDGR2014缓解了企业的融资约束，凸显了地方政府债务在推进新型基础设施建设中的生产性功能，从而提高了企业的绿色创新能力。进一步分析探讨了 CLGDGR2014 后各类债务对绿色创新的影响，结果表明显性地方政府债务具有促进作用，而隐性地方政府债务的促进作用并不明显。总之，本研究为利用和管理地方政府债务以刺激绿色创新提供了新的见解。

引用次数: 0

Grid expectations: How service design and business model innovation can support mini-grid development in Kenya 电网期望：服务设计和商业模式创新如何支持肯尼亚微型电网发展

IF 6.9 2区经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Energy Research & Social Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2024.103788

Achieving universal access to electricity is central to the Agenda for Sustainable Development. However, over half a billion people in Sub-Saharan Africa are currently at risk of being left without electricity access by 2030. A rapid scale up of off-grid renewable electrification is needed to close the energy access gap, requiring innovation and new collaborations between private actors, the public sector, and service users. Several critical challenges to scaling access to mini-grids remain, most notably a lack of investment, and the uncertain regulatory environment in many sub-Saharan African countries. This study aimed to provide evidence about how external risks affect mini-grid business models and the strategies that developers apply to manage challenges. We compared two case studies of private sector-led mini-grids in Kenya interviewing a range of key stakeholders for each case. The data were analysed using a framework informed by business model innovation, frugal innovation, and the service design concept of value co-creation. We found that value co-creation is influenced by factors including political interference, regulatory uncertainty and customers' previous experiences with other energy services and their expectations of the new service. The strategies that developers use to address these challenges can have both positive and negative consequences for value co-creation. The ability to maintain focus on delivering a service that incorporates the core frugal aspects of reliability, affordability, simplicity and adaptability appears to be a key factor determining how well a firm navigates external pressures, influencing the overall viability of the business model.

实现电力普及是可持续发展议程的核心。然而，目前撒哈拉以南非洲地区有超过 5 亿人面临到 2030 年无法用上电的风险。需要迅速扩大离网可再生能源电气化的规模，以缩小能源获取方面的差距，这需要创新以及私营企业、公共部门和服务用户之间的新合作。要扩大微型电网的使用范围，仍面临一些关键挑战，其中最突出的是投资不足，以及许多撒哈拉以南非洲国家的监管环境不确定。本研究旨在提供证据，说明外部风险如何影响微型电网的商业模式，以及开发商应对挑战的策略。我们对肯尼亚私营部门主导的两个微型电网案例进行了比较研究，并就每个案例采访了一系列主要利益相关者。我们利用商业模式创新、节俭创新和价值共创的服务设计概念所提供的框架对数据进行了分析。我们发现，价值共创受到各种因素的影响，包括政治干预、监管的不确定性、客户以前使用其他能源服务的经验以及他们对新服务的期望。开发商应对这些挑战的策略会对价值共创产生积极和消极的影响。能否继续专注于提供包含可靠性、可负担性、简单性和适应性等核心节俭要素的服务，似乎是决定企业能否很好地应对外部压力、影响商业模式整体可行性的关键因素。

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引用次数: 0

Slum upgrading and participation: Insights from a marginalized neighbourhood in Buenos Aires 贫民窟改造与参与：布宜诺斯艾利斯一个边缘化社区的启示

IF 6.5 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

Habitat International

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2024.103196

This paper rethinks participation in slum upgrading beyond a well-established dichotomy of “top-down” and “bottom-up” processes and instead proposes a relational and strategic approach to urban transformation. Based on qualitative research with a small informal settlement, Barrio Saldías, in Buenos Aires, that fell off the city government's agenda, this paper explores the role of participation in promoting upgrading from the margins. It argues that Saldías differs from instances of community-led upgrading due to the central role of party brokers and political representatives (especially from the local state) alongside residents, all of whom participate together in a political climate dominated by the discourses of citizen participation and slum upgrading. Rather than collapsing these experiences into the logic of clientelism, participation is centred as the articulatory logic based on a shared desire and commitment to transforming urban space, towards multiple political ends. Participatory upgrading in Saldías exceeds the narrow focus of project-centric approaches and draws on a wider trajectory of participation in Buenos Aires. It demonstrates this through an analysis of three moments of participatory upgrading in Saldías.

本文重新思考了贫民窟改造中的参与问题，超越了 "自上而下 "和 "自下而上 "的既定二分法，而是提出了一种城市改造的关系和战略方法。布宜诺斯艾利斯的萨尔迪亚斯区（Barrio Saldías）是一个小型非正规居住区，没有列入市政府的议事日程，本文基于对该居住区的定性研究，探讨了参与在促进边缘地区改造中的作用。本文认为，萨尔迪亚斯不同于社区主导的改造，因为政党经纪人和政治代表（尤其是地方政府）与居民一起发挥了核心作用，他们共同参与了以公民参与和贫民窟改造论述为主导的政治氛围。参与并不是将这些经验归结为 "裙带关系 "的逻辑，而是以共同的愿望和对改造城市空间的承诺为基础，以多种政治目的为目标，将参与作为一种衔接逻辑。萨尔迪亚斯的参与式改造超越了以项目为中心的狭隘视角，借鉴了布宜诺斯艾利斯更广泛的参与轨迹。本报告通过分析萨尔迪亚斯参与式改造的三个时刻来说明这一点。

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引用次数: 0

Response to shrinking cities: Cultural urban regeneration 应对城市萎缩：城市文化复兴

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105447

This study aims to delve into the effectiveness of cultural urban regeneration projects in mitigating the challenges associated with Shrinking Cities. Busan City, South Korea's second most populous metropolitan area, has encountered a recent population decline, driven by factors like an aging demographic, youth outmigration, and plummeting birth rates. These trends have exacerbated the phenomenon of urban emptiness, particularly in the old downtown area of Busan. To counteract this trend, an urban regeneration initiative was launched near Busan Station, strategically positioned at the heart of the old downtown. The primary objective of this project was to reimagine Busan Station as more than just a public service facility but as a bustling center for commerce, culture, and information exchange. Against this background, this study sets out to evaluate the impact of the urban regeneration project at Busan Station through the lens of DID analysis. The empirical findings validate the research hypotheses, suggesting that cultural urban regeneration positively influences both the vibrancy of the local community and the revitalization of commercial districts. Since the inception of the urban regeneration efforts, there has been a discernible uptick in the vitality of the local community. While the DID coefficient for the number of businesses did not yield statistically significant results, the Parallel-trend test uncovered significant differences after the establishment of the creative knowledge platform in 2019. This underscores the potential role of physical infrastructure development and external factors like tourism in shaping the surrounding commercial landscape.

本研究旨在深入探讨城市文化复兴项目在缓解与 "城市萎缩 "相关的挑战方面的有效性。釜山市是韩国人口第二多的大都会区，受人口老龄化、青年外流和出生率急剧下降等因素的影响，近期人口数量有所下降。这些趋势加剧了城市空虚现象，尤其是在釜山老城区。为了应对这一趋势，釜山站附近启动了一项城市更新计划，该站位于老城区的中心，地理位置十分优越。该项目的主要目标是重新规划釜山站，使其不仅仅是一个公共服务设施，而是一个繁华的商业、文化和信息交流中心。在此背景下，本研究旨在通过 DID 分析，评估釜山站城市改造项目的影响。实证研究结果验证了研究假设，表明城市文化复兴对当地社区的活力和商业区的振兴都有积极影响。自城市更新工作启动以来，当地社区的活力明显增强。虽然企业数量的 DID 系数在统计上没有显著结果，但平行趋势检验发现，在 2019 年建立创意知识平台后，两者之间存在显著差异。这凸显了有形基础设施发展和旅游业等外部因素在塑造周边商业景观方面的潜在作用。

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引用次数: 0

Leveraging Local Digital Twins for planning age-friendly urban environments 利用本地数字双胞胎规划老年友好型城市环境

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105458

In an era of rapid urbanisation and an ageing population, innovative urban planning paradigms and tools are essential for creating inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities. Moreover, in the digital age, untapped potential exists for using disruptive technologies in urban planning to enhance evidence-based decision-making.

This study explored the promotion of age-friendly environments through the transformative potential of Local Digital Twins (LDTs) by integrating geographic information system (GIS) data, data analytics, and artificial intelligence. Tested in the European Commission-funded URBANAGE project, this study presents a digital twin-based Long-Term Urban Planner tool with simulation capabilities that allow for a comprehensive analysis and modelling of the effects of urban interventions. Two use cases are showcased: one suggesting public space intervention and the other tackling future demographic trends.

The main contribution of this study is the definition and development of an LDT using a modular-component-based approach that facilitates reuse and adaptation. Unlike isolated approaches, it provides a holistic solution that integrates social and technological domains. This study advances the understanding of the use of LDTs to create inclusive neighbourhoods by assessing neighbourhood age-friendliness and proposing informed urban interventions while underscoring the importance of robust data governance and capacity building among civil servants.

在快速城市化和人口老龄化的时代，创新的城市规划范式和工具对于创建包容、安全、有弹性和可持续发展的城市至关重要。本研究通过整合地理信息系统（GIS）数据、数据分析和人工智能，探索地方数字双胞胎（LDTs）的变革潜力，从而促进老年友好型环境的发展。通过在欧盟委员会资助的URBANAGE项目中进行测试，本研究介绍了一种基于数字孪生的长期城市规划设计工具，该工具具有模拟功能，可对城市干预措施的效果进行综合分析和建模。本研究的主要贡献在于使用模块化组件方法定义和开发了长期城市规划设计工具，这种方法便于重复使用和调整。与孤立的方法不同，它提供了一个整合社会和技术领域的整体解决方案。这项研究通过评估邻里年龄友好度和提出明智的城市干预措施，加深了人们对使用 LDTs 创建包容性邻里的理解，同时强调了健全的数据管理和公务员能力建设的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Do non-farmers pay more for land than farmers? 非农民是否比农民支付更多的土地费用？

IF 3.4 2区经济学 Q2 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY

European Review of Agricultural Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1093/erae/jbae023

Lorenz Schmidt, Martin Odening, Matthias Ritter

The increase in farmland prices in many parts of the world over the past decade has sparked discussions about whether non-farmers pay higher prices for farmland. This study uses a causal machine learning approach with a rich data set of land transactions in Germany to quantify the potential price premium paid by non-farmers. By applying the causal forest method, we uncover the heterogeneity of price premiums and reveal moderating effects of covariates. We find that the average positive price premium by non-farmers decreases with parcel size and distance to a highway exit.

过去十年间，世界上许多地方的农田价格上涨，引发了关于非农人口是否为农田支付了更高价格的讨论。本研究利用因果机器学习方法和德国丰富的土地交易数据集，量化了非农者支付的潜在溢价。通过应用因果森林方法，我们发现了价格溢价的异质性，并揭示了协变量的调节作用。我们发现，非农者的平均正溢价随着地块大小和距离高速公路出口的远近而减少。

引用次数: 0

Never stop or never start? Optimal stopping under a mixture of CPT and EUT preferences 永不停止还是永不启动？在 CPT 和 EUT 混合偏好下的最佳停机方案

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q3 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Theory

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jet.2024.105925

We consider the problem of finding the best time to stop a diffusion process for an agent with a preference model that is a mixture of expected utility theory (EUT) and cumulative prospect theory (CPT). In view of time-inconsistency, we consider two types of agents: a naive agent, who is not aware of the time-inconsistency and thus re-plans at every instant, and a sophisticated agent, who is aware of the time-inconsistency and takes a so-called intra-personal equilibrium strategy by correctly anticipating her actions in the future. We show that under a wide range of the CPT preference parameter values, the naive agent will never stop. For a sophisticated agent, we use a different notion of intra-personal equilibrium from the one employed by Ebert and Strack (2018). We show that any two-threshold strategy, which is to stop when the diffusion process reaches either an upper threshold or a lower threshold, cannot be an intra-personal equilibrium if the agent overweights worst, unlikely outcomes disproportionally. We derive a sufficient and necessary condition for the strategy of stopping everywhere to be an intra-personal equilibrium and show that this condition does not hold and thus the sophisticated agent may choose to start the diffusion process for some commonly used probability weighting functions.

我们考虑的问题是，如何为具有预期效用理论（EUT）和累积前景理论（CPT）混合偏好模型的代理找到停止扩散过程的最佳时机。鉴于时间不一致，我们考虑了两类代理人：一类是天真的代理人，他们没有意识到时间不一致，因此每时每刻都在重新计划；另一类是成熟的代理人，他们意识到时间不一致，并通过正确预测未来的行动来采取所谓的个人内部均衡策略。我们证明，在广泛的 CPT 偏好参数值范围内，天真的代理人永远不会停止。对于老练的代理人，我们采用了与 Ebert 和 Strack（2018）不同的人内均衡概念。我们证明，如果代理人过多地权衡最坏的、不可能的结果，那么任何双阈值策略（即在扩散过程达到上阈值或下阈值时停止）都不可能是人内均衡。我们推导出一个充分必要条件，即在任何地方停止的策略都是个人内部均衡，并证明这个条件并不成立，因此对于一些常用的概率加权函数，老练的代理人可以选择启动扩散过程。

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