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Transformation of N, P and organic matter during paddy straw decomposition with and without rock phosphate 添加和不添加磷矿时水稻秸秆分解过程中N、P和有机质的转化
Pub Date : 1986-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0141-4607(86)90118-6
R.D. Singh, D.V. Yadav
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引用次数: 7
Review of full-scale anaerobic digestion in China 中国全面厌氧消化研究进展
Pub Date : 1986-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0141-4607(86)90113-7
D. Hawkes
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引用次数: 5
A method for the production of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina leach, in a manure-based system 一种在粪肥系统中生产盐渍虾的方法
Pub Date : 1986-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0141-4607(86)90039-9
Matthew Landau , Christine Bolis, Garret Miyamoto

A two-step method is described in which cattle manure is added to seawater and the resulting elutriate is used for the mass culture of two species of algae—Tetraselmis sp. and Chaetoceros gracilis—and the algae are then fed to the brine shrimp, Artemia salina. An initial biomass of 190 g of brine shrimp increased to 2500 g in 14 days. The system is simple to construct and manage, and may serve as a model for other systems used to support aquaculture facilities or may stand by itself if devoted to the tropical fish hobbyist market.

本文描述了一种两步的方法,将牛粪加入海水中,所得的沥洗液用于两种藻类的大规模培养——四鳃藻和细毛藻——然后将藻类喂给咸水虾——阿耳特米亚。初始生物量为190 g, 14 d后增加到2500 g。该系统易于建造和管理,可作为用于支持水产养殖设施的其他系统的样板,如果专门用于热带鱼爱好者市场,也可单独使用。
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引用次数: 3
A nutritional evaluation of farm waste grown and axenically cultured algal biomass 农场废弃物生长和体外培养藻类生物量的营养评价
Pub Date : 1986-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0141-4607(86)90022-3
J.J. Strain , H.J. Fallowfield , T.W. Fraser, M.K. Garrett

Algal biomass produced in an outdoor pilot plant facility for the treatment of the liquid phase of pig slurry was nutritionally evaluated together with Chlorella vulgaris 211/le produced axenically in defined media in laboratory chemostats. Data from amino acid analyses showed that the sulphur-containing amino acids were limiting. Digestibility, net protein utilisation and biological values of the algal products were assayed. In vivo and in vitro enzymic digestions were monitored by transmission electron microscopy. Although the cell wall was only partially digested, the cell contents, and especially the pyrenoid, were extensively digested in several treatments. The most indigestible components of the cell may be the membranes of the chloroplast. It is suggested that the absence of sporopollenin from the cell wall of this alga may be responsible for the high nitrogen digestibility of the laboratory-produced material. The waste-grown algal biomass contained appreciable amounts of algal species other than C. vulgaris 211/le which may have contributed to the lower digestibility of this material.

在室外试验装置中生产的用于处理猪浆液相的藻类生物量与在实验室化学调节器中在特定培养基中生产的普通小球藻211/le一起进行营养评估。氨基酸分析数据表明,含硫氨基酸是有限的。测定了藻产品的消化率、净蛋白质利用率和生物学价值。通过透射电镜观察体内和体外酶消化情况。虽然细胞壁只被部分消化,但细胞内容物,特别是类pyrenoid,在几个处理中被广泛消化。细胞中最难以消化的成分可能是叶绿体的膜。这表明,这种藻类细胞壁中缺乏孢粉素可能是实验室生产的材料氮消化率高的原因。除C. vulgaris 211/le外,废物生长的藻类生物量含有相当数量的藻类物种,这可能导致该物质的消化率较低。
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引用次数: 3
Rice husk biodegradation by Pleurotus ostreatus to produce a ruminant feed 利用平菇降解稻壳生产反刍动物饲料
Pub Date : 1986-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0141-4607(86)90145-9
Shahjahan Beg, Saeed Iqbal Zafar, F.H. Shah

Pleurotus ostreatus possesses an efficient ligninolytic system. Rice husk fermented in solid-state conditions, using this white rot fungus, had enhanced nutritive value. The protein content increased by 332% whereas the crude fiber, cellulose and lignin decreased by 35·4%, 19·7% and 40·9%, respectively. The vivo (reticulo rumen) digestibility of the fermented rice husk was 79·4% more than the non-fermented substrate.

平菇具有高效的木质素分解系统。利用该白腐菌在固态条件下发酵稻壳,提高了稻壳的营养价值。蛋白质含量提高了332%,而粗纤维、纤维素和木质素含量分别降低了35.4%、19.7%和40.9%。发酵后稻壳的体内(网状瘤胃)消化率比未发酵的底物高79.4%。
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引用次数: 21
Laminar tube flow of sieved beef-cattle manure slurries 经过筛分的牛粪浆料的层流管流动
Pub Date : 1986-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0141-4607(86)90124-1
Y.R. Chen

The rheological properties of beef-cattle manure slurries were studied using a tube viscometer. The previously proposed rheological model (Che, 1986) is used to describe the relationship between the shear stress and shear rate at the tube wall. The results are compared with those obtained with a rotational viscometer. A modified Reynolds number is defined and used to relate to the friction loss of the laminar flow in the tube. The Reynolds numbers where the laminar flow region terminated are also discussed.

用管式粘度计研究了牛粪浆料的流变特性。先前提出的流变模型(Che, 1986)用于描述管壁处的剪切应力和剪切速率之间的关系。结果与旋转粘度计的结果进行了比较。定义了一个修正雷诺数,并将其用于描述管内层流的摩擦损失。文中还讨论了层流区域终止处的雷诺数。
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引用次数: 5
Influence of gaseous phase, light and substrate pretreatment on fruit-body formation, lignin degradation and in vitro digestibility of wheat straw fermented with Pleurotus spp. 气相、光照和底物预处理对杏鲍菇发酵小麦秸秆子实体形成、木质素降解和体外消化率的影响
Pub Date : 1986-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0141-4607(86)90103-4
D.N. Kamra , F. Zadražil

Wheat straw was fermented in the solid state with Pleurotus sajor-caju and P. eryngii at 25°C under different concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Lower than 20% oxygen in the gaseous phase adversely affected the loss of organic matter, the lignin degradation and the change in straw digestibility with both species of Pleurotus. Higher concentrations (10%–30%) of carbon dioxide, with 20% oxygen in the atmosphere, slightly decreased the loss of lignin and organic matter when compared with the losses under oxygen or air. In spite of better lignin degradation by P. sajor-caju, the process efficiency with P. eryngii was higher, because of lower loss of organic matter during the fermentation. Fruit-bodies were not formed by P. eryngii during the period of experiment in any of the treatments.

In P. sajor-caju, fruit-bodies were only formed either in flasks closed with cotton plugs or supplied with continuous flow of sterile air. Carbon dioxide inhibited the process of primordia initiation and fruit-body development. A short exposure (20 min day−1) to light was essential for primordia and fruit-body formation. The substrate changes and process efficiency with respect to increase in digestibility were much higher in darkness than in light. Light leads to intensive fruit-body production and a different pattern of substrate degradation. The indigenous microflora of wheat straw inhibited fruit-body formation and caused a higher organic matter loss, accompanied by a decrease in digestibility of the fermented wheat straw.

在不同浓度的氧气和二氧化碳的条件下,在25℃的条件下,用杏鲍菇(Pleurotus sajor-caju)和P. eryngii对小麦秸秆进行固态发酵。气相氧气低于20%对两种侧耳菌的有机质损失、木质素降解和秸秆消化率变化均有不利影响。较高浓度的二氧化碳(10%-30%)和大气中20%的氧气,与氧气或空气下的损失相比,木质素和有机物的损失略有减少。尽管P. sajori -caju对木质素的降解效果更好,但P. yyngii的发酵效率更高,因为发酵过程中有机物损失更少。在试验期间,所有处理均未形成果体。在p.s ajor-caju中,子实体只能在用棉塞封闭的烧瓶中形成,或者在连续流动的无菌空气中形成。二氧化碳抑制了原基起始和子实体发育的过程。短时间光照(20分钟)对原基和子实体的形成至关重要。在黑暗条件下,底物变化和消化率提高的过程效率远高于光照条件。光导致密集的子实体生产和不同的底物降解模式。麦秸的本地菌群抑制了子实体的形成,造成了更高的有机质损失,同时发酵麦秸的消化率降低。
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引用次数: 74
Effect of aeration and soil inoculum on the composition of palm oil mill effluent (POME) 曝气和土壤接种量对棕榈油厂废水组成的影响
Pub Date : 1986-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0141-4607(86)90043-0
P. Agamuthu, E.L. Tan, A.A.A. Shaiful

Aerobic pretreatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) greatly reduces the C, NO3N and NH4N content of POME but increases the organic N and pH. Results obtained indicated that pretreatment of POME before land application would reduce the risk of waterway pollution from runoff. The aerobic pretreatment would also make more organic N available to plants. Application of pretreated POME, which was alkaline in nature, to acidic soil would be an added advantage. The changes in the composition of the POME occurred faster at 37°C than at 25°C or 4°C.

棕榈油厂废水(POME)的好氧预处理大大降低了POME中的C、NO3N和NH4N含量,但增加了有机N和ph。结果表明,在土地施用前对POME进行预处理可以降低径流污染河道的风险。好氧预处理还可以使植物获得更多的有机氮。在酸性土壤中应用经预处理的POME是一个额外的优势,POME的性质是碱性的。在37°C时,POME的组成变化比在25°C或4°C时发生得更快。
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引用次数: 19
Anaerobic digestion of farm waste 农业废弃物的厌氧消化
Pub Date : 1986-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0141-4607(86)90028-4
P.N. Hobson
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引用次数: 0
Publisher's announcement 发行人的声明
Pub Date : 1986-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0141-4607(86)90132-0
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引用次数: 0
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Agricultural Wastes
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