Agriculture and Environment最新文献

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Food, climate and man 食物，气候和人类

Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 1980-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(80)90007-7

Earl O. Heady

引用次数: 0

Egyptian cotton leafworm: Integrated control and the agricultural production system 埃及棉叶虫:综合防治与农业生产系统

Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 1980-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(80)90001-6

W.B. Clapham Jr.

Many problems of agricultural production can be understood and solved only by understanding the overall production systems of which they are parts. An example is the Egyptian cotton leafworm, which is one of the main pests on the cotton crop in the Arab Republic of Egypt. The main control methods now used against this insect are hand-picking of egg-masses and aerial spraying of pesticides. Both are intensive, and little increase in their efficiency is possible. The structure of the cropping system is such that relatively minor alterations in the crop rotation may have a marked impact on leafworm population dynamics at relatively low cost. The technical issues involved in these alterations are well within the realms of possibility. But to implement them would require the development of a comprehensive view of the agricultural production system as a whole, a high sensitivity to the needs and decision-making frameworks of the Egyptian fellah, and an understanding of the biology of the cotton leafworm.

农业生产中的许多问题，只有通过了解作为其组成部分的整个生产系统，才能理解和解决。埃及棉花叶虫就是一个例子，它是阿拉伯埃及共和国棉花作物的主要害虫之一。目前主要的防治方法是手采虫卵和空中喷洒农药。两者都是集约化的，效率几乎不可能提高。种植制度的结构是这样的，轮作中相对较小的改变可能以相对较低的成本对叶虫种群动态产生显著影响。这些改动所涉及的技术问题完全在可能的范围内。但是，要实施这些措施，就需要对整个农业生产系统有一个全面的认识，需要对埃及农民的需要和决策框架有高度的敏感性，需要对棉叶虫的生物学有了解。

引用次数: 2

Fertilizer industry — processes, pollution control and energy conservation 肥料工业。过程、污染控制和节能

Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 1980-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(80)90011-9

J.W. Gilliam

引用次数: 0

Sewage may help beat food and water scarcity 污水可能有助于解决食物和水资源短缺问题

Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 1980-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(80)90012-0

引用次数: 0

Origin of objectionable odorous components in piggery wastes and the possibility of applying indicator components for studying odour development 猪舍废物中恶臭成分的来源及应用指示成分研究气味发展的可能性

Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 1980-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(80)90004-1

S.F. Spoelstra

Many problems are associated with the measurement of objectionable odours from livestock confinement buildings. In principle, odours can be measured only by using techniques which include the human nose. But sensorial techniques have many disadvantages for routine purposes. As an alternative approach many authors have tried to determine odour intensity by measuring the concentration of one or more of the volatile constituents of odorous air. The choice of the compounds to be measured in such an approach is very important. In piggery wastes about 150 volatile compounds have been identified. Most of these compounds are presumed to be products of anaerobic microbial degradation of the waste constituents. The microbial pathways leading to the formation of the various volatile compounds in the wastes are indicated in this paper. In addition, the overall process of the conversion of high molecular waste constituents to low molecular weight compounds is discussed.

Finally, it is suggested that certain volatile waste constituents, which are strongly related to the degradation of protein and/or plant fibre residues, are suitable for monitoring instrumentally. It is concluded that p-cresol and volatile fatty acids to a large extent meet the requirements for such indicator compounds.

许多问题都与测量畜舍的难闻气味有关。原则上，气味只能通过使用包括人类鼻子在内的技术来测量。但是对于常规用途来说，感觉技术有很多缺点。作为一种替代方法，许多作者试图通过测量气味空气中一种或多种挥发性成分的浓度来确定气味强度。在这种方法中要测量的化合物的选择是非常重要的。在养猪场废物中，已鉴定出约150种挥发性化合物。大多数这些化合物被认为是厌氧微生物降解废物成分的产物。本文指出了导致废物中各种挥发性化合物形成的微生物途径。此外，还讨论了高分子废物组分转化为低分子量化合物的整个过程。最后，建议某些挥发性废物成分，它们与蛋白质和/或植物纤维残留物的降解密切相关，适合进行仪器监测。结果表明，对甲酚和挥发性脂肪酸在很大程度上满足指示化合物的要求。

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引用次数: 205

Small-scale farming and the environment 小规模农业与环境

Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 1980-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(80)90005-3

C.R.W. Spedding

引用次数: 0

Seasonal changes in the lead content of pasture grass growing near a motorway 高速公路附近牧草中铅含量的季节性变化

Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 1980-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(80)90002-8

D.R. Crump , P.J. Barlow , D.J. Van Rest

The above-ground portion of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), in fields both bordering and distant from the M6 motorway in Cheshire (Great Britain), was sampled monthly during the period October 1977–October 1978.

A 10-fold seasonal variation in lead level was found at all sites. The maximum level near the motorway (285 μg/g) was found during the ‘winter’ months, whilst the lowest level (15 μg/g) was found from May to August. It was concluded that the seasonal variation was a result of changes in the growth form of the plant. Other factors such as seasonal changes in atmospheric lead concentration and lead uptake from the soil may be of minor significance.

It is believed that present levels of lead in pasture grass, both close to and distant from the motorway, present no toxic hazard to grazing animals, but it may be advisable to restrict the use of pasture bordering major roads during the period December–April.

在1977年10月至1978年10月期间，对英国柴郡M6高速公路附近和远离高速公路的多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)的地上部分进行了逐月取样。所有地点的铅水平季节性变化均为10倍。高速公路附近的最高水平(285 μg/g)出现在“冬季”月份，最低水平(15 μg/g)出现在5 - 8月。结果表明，季节变化是植物生长形态变化的结果。其他因素，如大气铅浓度的季节变化和土壤中铅的吸收可能意义不大。据信，在靠近和远离高速公路的牧场草地中，目前的铅含量对放牧动物没有毒性危害，但在12月至4月期间，限制使用与主要道路接壤的牧场可能是可取的。

引用次数: 17

Small-scale farming and the environment 小规模农业与环境

Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 1980-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(80)90005-3

C. Spedding

引用次数: 0

Food and agricultura policy: Conference Proceedings, with a Foreword by Don Paarlberg. American Enterprise Institute. 250 pp., US $ 35.00, ISBN 0-844-72109-3 粮食与农业政策:会议论文集，唐·帕尔伯格作序。美国企业研究所，250页，35美元，ISBN 0-844- 73109 -3

Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 1980-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(80)90009-0

R. Ayres

引用次数: 0

Recommended tests for assessing the side-effects of pesticides on soil microflora 评估农药对土壤微生物群副作用的推荐试验

Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 1980-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(80)90006-5

M.P. Greaves

引用次数: 30

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