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Information for Contributors 供参与者使用的信息
Pub Date : 2002-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4157(02)00017-5
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引用次数: 0
Author Index 1972–2000 作者索引1972-2000
Pub Date : 2002-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4157(02)00019-9
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引用次数: 0
Subject Index 1972–2000 主题索引1972-2000
Pub Date : 2002-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4157(02)00021-7
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引用次数: 0
Maturation of HIV envelope glycoprotein precursors by cellular endoproteases 细胞内蛋白酶对HIV包膜糖蛋白前体的成熟作用
Pub Date : 2000-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4157(00)00014-9
Maxime Moulard , Etienne Decroly

The entry of enveloped viruses into its host cells is a crucial step for the propagation of viral infection. The envelope glycoprotein complex controls viral tropism and promotes the membrane fusion process. The surface glycoproteins of enveloped viruses are synthesized as inactive precursors and sorted through the constitutive secretory pathway of the infected cells. To be infectious, most of the viruses require viral envelope glycoprotein maturation by host cell endoproteases. In spite of the strong variability of primary sequences observed within different viral envelope glycoproteins, the endoproteolytical cleavage occurs mainly in a highly conserved domain at the carboxy terminus of the basic consensus sequence (Arg-X-Lys/Arg-Arg↓). The same consensus sequence is recognized by the kexin/subtilisin-like serine proteinases (so called convertases) in many cellular substrates such as prohormones, proprotein of receptors, plasma proteins, growth factors and bacterial toxins. Therefore, several groups of investigators have evaluated the implication of convertases in viral envelope glycoprotein cleavage. Using the vaccinia virus overexpression system, furin was first shown to mediate the proteolytic maturation of both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and influenza virus envelope glycoproteins. In vitro studies demonstrated that purified convertases directly and specifically cleave viral envelope glycoproteins. Although these studies suggested the participation of several enzymes belonging to the convertases family, recent data suggest that other protease families may also participate in the HIV envelope glycoprotein processing. Their role in the physiological maturation process is still hypothetical and the molecular mechanism of the cleavage is not well documented. Crystallization of the hemagglutinin precursor (HA0) of influenza virus allowed further understanding of the molecular interaction between viral precursors and the cellular endoproteases. Furthermore, relationships between differential pathogenicity of influenza strains and their susceptibility to cleavage are molecularly funded. Here we review the most recent data and recent insights demonstrating the crucial role played by this activation step in virus infectivity. We discuss the cellular endoproteases that are implicated in HIV gp160 endoproteolytical maturation into gp120 and gp41.

包膜病毒进入宿主细胞是病毒感染传播的关键步骤。包膜糖蛋白复合物控制病毒的趋向性并促进膜融合过程。包膜病毒的表面糖蛋白作为无活性前体合成,并通过感染细胞的组成分泌途径进行分类。为了具有传染性,大多数病毒需要宿主细胞内蛋白酶使病毒包膜糖蛋白成熟。尽管在不同的病毒包膜糖蛋白中观察到的初级序列具有很强的变异性,但蛋白内溶裂解主要发生在基本一致序列(Arg-X-Lys/Arg-Arg↓)的羧基端高度保守的结构域。在许多细胞底物中,如激素原、受体蛋白原、血浆蛋白、生长因子和细菌毒素,都能识别相同的一致序列。因此,几组研究人员已经评估了转化酶在病毒包膜糖蛋白切割中的意义。利用牛痘病毒过表达系统,furin首次被证明介导人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1)和流感病毒包膜糖蛋白的蛋白水解成熟。体外研究表明,纯化的转化酶直接和特异性地切割病毒包膜糖蛋白。虽然这些研究表明有几种属于转化酶家族的酶参与,但最近的数据表明,其他蛋白酶家族也可能参与HIV包膜糖蛋白的加工。它们在生理成熟过程中的作用仍然是假设的,卵裂的分子机制也没有很好的文献记载。流感病毒血凝素前体(HA0)的结晶可以进一步了解病毒前体与细胞内蛋白酶之间的分子相互作用。此外,流感毒株的不同致病性与其对裂解的易感性之间的关系是分子资助的。在这里,我们回顾了最新的数据和最新的见解,证明了这一激活步骤在病毒感染性中所起的关键作用。我们讨论了参与HIV gp160内化成熟为gp120和gp41的细胞内化蛋白酶。
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引用次数: 172
Structure of lipid bilayers 脂质双层结构
Pub Date : 2000-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4157(00)00016-2
John F. Nagle , Stephanie Tristram-Nagle

The quantitative experimental uncertainty in the structure of fully hydrated, biologically relevant, fluid (Lα) phase lipid bilayers has been too large to provide a firm base for applications or for comparison with simulations. Many structural methods are reviewed including modern liquid crystallography of lipid bilayers that deals with the fully developed undulation fluctuations that occur in the Lα phase. These fluctuations degrade the higher order diffraction data in a way that, if unrecognized, leads to erroneous conclusions regarding bilayer structure. Diffraction measurements at high instrumental resolution provide a measure of these fluctuations. In addition to providing better structural determination, this opens a new window on interactions between bilayers, so the experimental determination of interbilayer interaction parameters is reviewed briefly. We introduce a new structural correction based on fluctuations that has not been included in any previous studies. Updated measurements, such as for the area compressibility modulus, are used to provide adjustments to many of the literature values of structural quantities. Since the gel (Lβ′) phase is valuable as a stepping stone for obtaining fluid phase results, a brief review is given of the lower temperature phases. The uncertainty in structural results for lipid bilayers is being reduced and best current values are provided for bilayers of five lipids.

完全水合的、生物相关的流体(Lα)相脂质双层结构的定量实验不确定性太大,无法为应用或与模拟比较提供坚实的基础。本文回顾了许多结构方法,包括处理在Lα相中发生的充分发展的波动的脂质双层的现代液晶学。这些波动在某种程度上降低了高阶衍射数据,如果不被识别,就会导致有关双层结构的错误结论。高仪器分辨率的衍射测量提供了对这些波动的测量。除了提供更好的结构测定外,这为双层相互作用的研究打开了一个新的窗口,因此对双层相互作用参数的实验测定进行了简要的回顾。我们引入了一种新的基于波动的结构修正,这在以前的任何研究中都没有包括在内。更新的测量,如面积压缩模量,用于对许多结构量的文献值进行调整。由于凝胶(Lβ′)相是获得流体相结果的有价值的垫脚石,因此简要回顾了低温相。脂质双分子层结构结果的不确定性正在降低,并为五种脂质双分子层提供了最佳电流值。
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引用次数: 2199
Mutagenic study of the structure, function and biogenesis of the yeast plasma membrane H+-ATPase 酵母质膜H+- atp酶的结构、功能及生物发生的致突变性研究
Pub Date : 2000-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4157(00)00015-0
Pierre Morsomme , Carolyn W Slayman , André Goffeau
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引用次数: 133
Dynamics of the mammalian sperm plasma membrane in the process of fertilization 哺乳动物受精过程中精子质膜的动力学
Pub Date : 2000-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4157(00)00018-6
Frits M Flesch, Barend M Gadella

Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of sperm cell and oocyte during fertilization to produce the diploid zygote. In mammals complex changes in the plasma membrane of the sperm cell are involved in this process. Sperm cells have unusual membranes compared to those of somatic cells. After leaving the testes, sperm cells cease plasma membrane lipid and protein synthesis, and vesicle mediated transport. Biophysical studies reveal that lipids and proteins are organized into lateral regions of the sperm head surface. A delicate reorientation and modification of plasma membrane molecules take place in the female tract when sperm cells are activated by so-called capacitation factors. These surface changes enable the sperm cell to bind to the extra cellular matrix of the egg (zona pellucida, ZP). The ZP primes the sperm cell to initiate the acrosome reaction, which is an exocytotic process that makes available the enzymatic machinery required for sperm penetration through the ZP. After complete penetration the sperm cell meets the plasma membrane of the egg cell (oolemma). A specific set of molecules is involved in a disintegrin–integrin type of anchoring of the two gametes which is completed by fusion of the two gamete plasma membranes. The fertilized egg is activated and zygote formation preludes the development of a new living organism. In this review we focus on the involvement of processes that occur at the sperm plasma membrane in the sequence of events that lead to successful fertilization. For this purpose, dynamics in adhesive and fusion properties, molecular composition and architecture of the sperm plasma membrane, as well as membrane derived signalling are reviewed.

有性生殖需要精子细胞和卵母细胞在受精过程中融合以产生二倍体受精卵。在哺乳动物中,精子细胞质膜的复杂变化参与了这一过程。与体细胞相比,精细胞有不同寻常的细胞膜。精子细胞离开睾丸后,停止质膜脂和蛋白的合成以及囊泡介导的转运。生物物理学研究表明,脂质和蛋白质被组织在精子头部表面的外侧区域。当精子细胞被所谓的获能因子激活时,在雌性生殖道内,质膜分子发生了微妙的重新定位和修饰。这些表面变化使精子细胞能够与卵子的细胞外基质结合(透明带,ZP)。ZP使精子细胞启动顶体反应,顶体反应是一个胞吐过程,使精子穿透ZP所需的酶机制可用。精细胞完全穿透后,与卵细胞的质膜相遇。一组特定的分子参与了崩解素-整合素类型的两个配子的锚定,这是通过两个配子质膜的融合完成的。受精卵被激活,受精卵的形成预示着新的生物体的发育。在这篇综述中,我们将重点讨论发生在精子质膜上的过程在导致成功受精的事件序列中的参与。为此,本文综述了精子质膜的粘附和融合特性、分子组成和结构以及膜源性信号传导的动力学研究进展。
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引用次数: 603
The amoebapore superfamily 阿米巴虫超家族
Pub Date : 2000-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4157(00)00003-4
Yufeng Zhai, Milton H Saier Jr.

Amoebapores, synthesized by human protozoan parasites, form ion channels in target cells and artificial lipid membranes. The major pathogenic effect of these proteins is due to their cytolytic capability which results in target cell death. They comprise a coherent family and are homologous to other proteins and protein domains found in eight families. These families include in addition to the amoebapores (1) the saposins, (2) the NK-lysins and granulysins, (3) the pulmonary surfactant proteins B, (4) the acid sphingomyelinases, (5) acyloxyacyl hydrolases and (6) the aspartic proteases. These amoebapore homologues have many properties in common including membrane binding and stability. We note for the first time that a new protein, countin, from the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum, comprises the eighth family within this superfamily. All currently sequenced members of these eight families are identified, and the structural, functional and phylogenetic properties of these proteins are discussed.

变形虫是由人类原生动物寄生虫合成的,在靶细胞和人工脂膜中形成离子通道。这些蛋白的主要致病作用是由于它们的细胞溶解能力,导致靶细胞死亡。它们组成了一个连贯的家族,与八个家族中发现的其他蛋白质和蛋白质结构域同源。除了变形虫外,这些家族还包括(1)皂苷,(2)nk -溶酶和颗粒溶酶,(3)肺表面活性剂蛋白B,(4)酸性鞘磷脂酶,(5)酰基酰水解酶和(6)天冬氨酸蛋白酶。这些阿米巴虫同源物有许多共同的性质,包括膜结合和稳定性。我们第一次注意到,一个新的蛋白质,计数,从细胞黏菌,盘状盘霉,包括第八家族在这个超家族。鉴定了这8个家族的所有已测序成员,并讨论了这些蛋白质的结构、功能和系统发育特性。
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引用次数: 63
Intracellular lipid particles of eukaryotic cells 真核细胞的胞内脂质颗粒
Pub Date : 2000-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/S0005-2736(00)00294-7
Dagmar Zweytick, Karin Athenstaedt, Günther Daum

In this review article we describe characterization of intracellular lipid particles of three different eukaryotic species, namely mammalian cells, plants and yeast. Lipid particles of all types of cells share a general structure. A hydrophobic core of neutral lipids is surrounded by a membrane monolayer of phospholipids which contains a minor amount of proteins. Whereas lipid particles from mammalian cells and plants harbor specific classes of polypeptides, mainly perilipins and oleosins, respectively, yeast lipid particles contain a more complex set of enzymes which are involved in lipid biosynthesis. Function of lipid particles as storage compartment and metabolic organelle, and their interaction with other subcellular fractions are discussed. Furthermore, models for the biogenesis of lipid particles are presented and compared among the different species.

在这篇综述文章中,我们描述了三种不同的真核物种,即哺乳动物细胞,植物和酵母细胞内脂质颗粒的特性。所有类型细胞的脂质颗粒都有一个共同的结构。中性脂的疏水性核心被含有少量蛋白质的磷脂膜单层所包围。哺乳动物细胞和植物的脂质颗粒含有特定种类的多肽,主要是脂磷脂和油蛋白,而酵母脂质颗粒含有一组更复杂的酶,这些酶参与脂质生物合成。讨论了脂质颗粒作为储存室和代谢细胞器的功能及其与其他亚细胞组分的相互作用。此外,提出了脂质颗粒的生物发生模型,并在不同物种之间进行了比较。
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引用次数: 321
Hydrophobins, the fungal coat unravelled 疏水酶,真菌的外壳被解开了
Pub Date : 2000-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4157(00)00002-2
Han A.B. Wösten , Marcel L. de Vocht

Hydrophobins are among the most surface active molecules and self-assemble at any hydrophilic–hydrophobic interface into an amphipathic film. These small secreted proteins of about 100 amino acids can be used to make hydrophilic surfaces hydrophobic and hydrophobic surfaces hydrophilic. Although differences in the biophysical properties of hydrophobins have not yet been related to differences in primary structure it has been established that the N-terminal part, at least partly, determines wettability of the hydrophilic side of the assemblage, while the eight conserved cysteine residues that form four disulphide bridges prevent self-assembly of the hydrophobin in the absence of a hydrophilic–hydrophobic interface. Three conformations of class I hydrophobins have been identified: the monomeric state, which is soluble in water, the α-helical state, which is the result of self-assembly at a hydrophobic solid, and the β-sheet state, which is formed during self-assembly at the water–air interface. Experimental evidence strongly indicates that the α-helical state is an intermediate and that the β-sheet state is the end form of assembly. The latter state has a typical ultrastructure of a mosaic of 10 nm wide rodlets, which have been shown to resemble the amyloid fibrils.

疏水分子是最具表面活性的分子之一,在任何亲疏水界面上自组装成两亲膜。这些由大约100个氨基酸组成的小分泌蛋白可以使亲水表面疏水,疏水表面亲水。虽然疏水蛋白生物物理性质的差异尚未与一级结构的差异相关,但已经确定n端部分(至少部分地)决定了组合中亲水性一侧的润湿性,而形成四个二硫桥的八个保守半胱氨酸残基在没有亲疏水界面的情况下阻止了疏水蛋白的自组装。ⅰ类疏水分子有三种构象:可溶于水的单体构象、在疏水固体上自组装形成的α-螺旋构象和在水-空气界面自组装形成的β-片状构象。实验证据有力地表明α-螺旋态是中间态,β-片态是组装的最终形式。后一种状态具有典型的10纳米宽小棒镶嵌的超微结构,已被证明类似于淀粉样蛋白原纤维。
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引用次数: 336
期刊
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes
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