Pub Date : 1998-06-01DOI: 10.1002/1361-6374(199806)6:2<63::AID-BIO1>3.0.CO;2-O
D. S. Hubbard, M. Houlne, G. Kiefer, K. Mcmillan, D. Bornhop
Endoscopic probes have been incorporated into a fluorescent imaging system for the remote quantitation of tissue selective markers. Resolution at the level of 114 line pairs/mm allows visualization of regions that are approximately 6 mm wide. Tissue selective markers, based on polyazamacrocyclic chelates of terbium increase contrast and can be quantified in tissues at the sub-picomole level. Minimally invasive in vivo fluorescence imaging is demonstrated. The potential for application of the system to disease diagnosis and bone graft morphology quantitation is discussed.
{"title":"Endoscopic fluorescence imaging of tissue selective lanthanide chelates","authors":"D. S. Hubbard, M. Houlne, G. Kiefer, K. Mcmillan, D. Bornhop","doi":"10.1002/1361-6374(199806)6:2<63::AID-BIO1>3.0.CO;2-O","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1361-6374(199806)6:2<63::AID-BIO1>3.0.CO;2-O","url":null,"abstract":"Endoscopic probes have been incorporated into a fluorescent imaging system for the remote quantitation of tissue selective markers. Resolution at the level of 114 line pairs/mm allows visualization of regions that are approximately 6 mm wide. Tissue selective markers, based on polyazamacrocyclic chelates of terbium increase contrast and can be quantified in tissues at the sub-picomole level. Minimally invasive in vivo fluorescence imaging is demonstrated. The potential for application of the system to disease diagnosis and bone graft morphology quantitation is discussed.","PeriodicalId":100176,"journal":{"name":"Bioimaging","volume":"20 1","pages":"63-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86031960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-06-01DOI: 10.1002/1361-6374(199806)6:2<98::AID-BIO5>3.0.CO;2-V
M. Sharma, C. Sheppard
The axial resolution in a confocal microscope of high aperture using a single-mode optical fibre for illumination and collection is investigated. This information, together with results previously published regarding signal levels, allows the characterization of the instrument and adjustment of the system parameters to achieve desired imaging properties.
{"title":"Axial resolution in the fibre-optical confocal microscope","authors":"M. Sharma, C. Sheppard","doi":"10.1002/1361-6374(199806)6:2<98::AID-BIO5>3.0.CO;2-V","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1361-6374(199806)6:2<98::AID-BIO5>3.0.CO;2-V","url":null,"abstract":"The axial resolution in a confocal microscope of high aperture using a single-mode optical fibre for illumination and collection is investigated. This information, together with results previously published regarding signal levels, allows the characterization of the instrument and adjustment of the system parameters to achieve desired imaging properties.","PeriodicalId":100176,"journal":{"name":"Bioimaging","volume":"39 1","pages":"98-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78103849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-06-01DOI: 10.1002/1361-6374(199806)6:2<104::AID-BIO6>3.0.CO;2-T
K. Kneipp, H. Kneipp, R. Manoharan, I. Itzkan, R. Dasari, M. Feld
This report describes surface-enhanced Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering of molecules in aqueous colloidal silver solution using non-resonant near-infrared excitation. We demonstrate that extremely large surface-enhanced Raman cross sections of the order of 10−16 cm2 per molecule can be combined with favorable conditions for excitation and collection of Raman scattered light provided by a Raman microscope to achieve single molecule sensitivity. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy will be compared with fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool for single molecule detection.
{"title":"Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)—a new tool for single molecule detection and identification","authors":"K. Kneipp, H. Kneipp, R. Manoharan, I. Itzkan, R. Dasari, M. Feld","doi":"10.1002/1361-6374(199806)6:2<104::AID-BIO6>3.0.CO;2-T","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1361-6374(199806)6:2<104::AID-BIO6>3.0.CO;2-T","url":null,"abstract":"This report describes surface-enhanced Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering of molecules in aqueous colloidal silver solution using non-resonant near-infrared excitation. We demonstrate that extremely large surface-enhanced Raman cross sections of the order of 10−16 cm2 per molecule can be combined with favorable conditions for excitation and collection of Raman scattered light provided by a Raman microscope to achieve single molecule sensitivity. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy will be compared with fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool for single molecule detection.","PeriodicalId":100176,"journal":{"name":"Bioimaging","volume":"3 1 1","pages":"104-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78411315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-06-01DOI: 10.1002/1361-6374(199806)6:2<71::AID-BIO2>3.0.CO;2-Q
R. Valdés-Pérez, Christopher A. Stone
A recent article introduced a method for detecting subtle spatio-temporal patterns within a dataset of mitotic processes. The method is based on permutation tests, and involves (1) permuting process parameters (e.g., division angle in the earlier case of mitosis), (2) calculating the effects, and (3) checking for distributional changes in a set of measures based on simple considerations of geometry. This paper examines the method’s application to a more common dataset: particles that undergo migration in three or fewer dimensions. The method is further extended in another direction: multiple types of particle are allowed. Exploiting these distinct types significantly enlarges the set of detectable patterns. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to illustrate the new capabilities. The resulting contribution is an increasingly systematic basis for the inference of patterned behavior from imaging datasets.
{"title":"Systematic detection of subtle spatio‐temporal patterns in time‐lapse imaging: II. Particle migrations","authors":"R. Valdés-Pérez, Christopher A. Stone","doi":"10.1002/1361-6374(199806)6:2<71::AID-BIO2>3.0.CO;2-Q","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1361-6374(199806)6:2<71::AID-BIO2>3.0.CO;2-Q","url":null,"abstract":"A recent article introduced a method for detecting subtle spatio-temporal patterns within a dataset of mitotic processes. The method is based on permutation tests, and involves (1) permuting process parameters (e.g., division angle in the earlier case of mitosis), (2) calculating the effects, and (3) checking for distributional changes in a set of measures based on simple considerations of geometry. This paper examines the method’s application to a more common dataset: particles that undergo migration in three or fewer dimensions. The method is further extended in another direction: multiple types of particle are allowed. Exploiting these distinct types significantly enlarges the set of detectable patterns. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to illustrate the new capabilities. The resulting contribution is an increasingly systematic basis for the inference of patterned behavior from imaging datasets.","PeriodicalId":100176,"journal":{"name":"Bioimaging","volume":"70 1","pages":"71-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79471534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-01DOI: 10.1002/1361-6374(199712)5:4<205::AID-BIO4>3.3.CO;2-V
C. Sheppard, P. Török
{"title":"An electromagnetic theory of imaging in fluorescence microscopy, and imaging in polarization fluorescence microscopy","authors":"C. Sheppard, P. Török","doi":"10.1002/1361-6374(199712)5:4<205::AID-BIO4>3.3.CO;2-V","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1361-6374(199712)5:4<205::AID-BIO4>3.3.CO;2-V","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100176,"journal":{"name":"Bioimaging","volume":"251 1","pages":"205-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77664842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-01DOI: 10.1002/1361-6374(199712)5:4<183::AID-BIO2>3.3.CO;2-1
Y. Hiraoka, D. Agard, J. Sedat
Using a computer-controlled fluorescence microscope system, spatial arrangement of homologous chromosomes was analyzed in fixed and living embryos of Drosophila melanogaster at the syncytial blastoderm stage. In fixed embryos, chromosomes were stained with a DNA-specific fluorescent dye, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; the arrangement of anaphase chromosomes was determined with their identification by high-resolution analysis. In living embryos, the behavior of chromosomes during anaphase was examined by the use of a strain carrying a long translocated chromosome as a cytological marker to identify the chromosome while the chromosomes were stained by microinjection of rhodamine-conjugated histones into the embryos. Chromosome arrangement was also examined in nuclei that had swollen artificially under anoxic conditions for better spatial separation of individual chromosomes in such nuclei. All these experiments consistently showed that homologous chromosomes were not associated with each other in syncytial blastoderm embryos of Drosophila melanogaster. Our studies also demonstrated that cytological tools greatly facilitate the dissection of nuclear structures when used in combination with imaging technology.
{"title":"Spatial arrangement of homologous chromosomes during anaphase in early embryos of Drosophila melanogaster studied by three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy","authors":"Y. Hiraoka, D. Agard, J. Sedat","doi":"10.1002/1361-6374(199712)5:4<183::AID-BIO2>3.3.CO;2-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1361-6374(199712)5:4<183::AID-BIO2>3.3.CO;2-1","url":null,"abstract":"Using a computer-controlled fluorescence microscope system, spatial arrangement of homologous chromosomes was analyzed in fixed and living embryos of Drosophila melanogaster at the syncytial blastoderm stage. In fixed embryos, chromosomes were stained with a DNA-specific fluorescent dye, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; the arrangement of anaphase chromosomes was determined with their identification by high-resolution analysis. In living embryos, the behavior of chromosomes during anaphase was examined by the use of a strain carrying a long translocated chromosome as a cytological marker to identify the chromosome while the chromosomes were stained by microinjection of rhodamine-conjugated histones into the embryos. Chromosome arrangement was also examined in nuclei that had swollen artificially under anoxic conditions for better spatial separation of individual chromosomes in such nuclei. All these experiments consistently showed that homologous chromosomes were not associated with each other in syncytial blastoderm embryos of Drosophila melanogaster. Our studies also demonstrated that cytological tools greatly facilitate the dissection of nuclear structures when used in combination with imaging technology.","PeriodicalId":100176,"journal":{"name":"Bioimaging","volume":"118 1","pages":"183-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80311477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-09-01DOI: 10.1002/1361-6374(199709)5:3<159::AID-BIO10>3.3.CO;2-X
D. Demandolx, J. Davoust
Multifluorescence labeling is routinely performed to detect the spatial coincidence between several markers within biological specimens. We have recently developed image correlation methods to identify double fluorescent structures by virtue of local similarities between fluorescence distributions. We extend this approach here to analyze statistically the fluorescence distribution of structures of interest on micrographs. This digital cytometry relies mainly on the segmentation of multifluorescence images. Once identified, all objects are analyzed through a range of attributes estimating size, morphology, fluorescence content and mean colocalization level between fluorescence channels. The data sets which are saved in flow cytometry standard (FCS) files, allow multiparameter classification of objects and subpopulation counting. The combination of fluorescence, morphometric and local image correlation attributes has been applied here to compare the frequency of single- and multiple-labeled structures at the subcellular level.
{"title":"Multiparameter image cytometry: From confocal micrographs to subcellular fluorograms","authors":"D. Demandolx, J. Davoust","doi":"10.1002/1361-6374(199709)5:3<159::AID-BIO10>3.3.CO;2-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1361-6374(199709)5:3<159::AID-BIO10>3.3.CO;2-X","url":null,"abstract":"Multifluorescence labeling is routinely performed to detect the spatial coincidence between several markers within biological specimens. We have recently developed image correlation methods to identify double fluorescent structures by virtue of local similarities between fluorescence distributions. We extend this approach here to analyze statistically the fluorescence distribution of structures of interest on micrographs. This digital cytometry relies mainly on the segmentation of multifluorescence images. Once identified, all objects are analyzed through a range of attributes estimating size, morphology, fluorescence content and mean colocalization level between fluorescence channels. The data sets which are saved in flow cytometry standard (FCS) files, allow multiparameter classification of objects and subpopulation counting. The combination of fluorescence, morphometric and local image correlation attributes has been applied here to compare the frequency of single- and multiple-labeled structures at the subcellular level.","PeriodicalId":100176,"journal":{"name":"Bioimaging","volume":"3 1","pages":"159-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83703208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-09-01DOI: 10.1002/1361-6374(199709)5:3<116::AID-BIO5>3.3.CO;2-A
H. Mathis, G. Kalusche, B. Wagner, J. McCaskill
Spatially resolved single molecule detection in solution is a prerequisite for molecule tracking and provides new opportunities in single molecule manipulation, for example in a sample flow. A detector with fast timing properties and high spatial resolution is required for these purposes. We introduce a concept for spatially resolved optical single molecule detection in an epi-illuminated microscope using a novel kind of detector and a new algorithm in configurable hardware for intelligent data processing. The analysis is performed on a parallel hardware interface and includes burst detection. It can be extended to on-line spatial and temporal data analysis. This detector will be used in combination with a molecular sorter where molecules are sorted in a microstructured flow device made of silicon. In a first step towards such sorting in these microstructures, we show that a reliable detection of single molecules in silicon microstructures is possible in zero-dimensional detection volumes. The noise structure of the data is analysed in terms of Poissonian statistics and it is shown that in the smallest structure used (depth 20 μm) a signal-to-noise ratio of 40 is achieved.
{"title":"Steps towards spatially resolved single molecule detection in solution","authors":"H. Mathis, G. Kalusche, B. Wagner, J. McCaskill","doi":"10.1002/1361-6374(199709)5:3<116::AID-BIO5>3.3.CO;2-A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1361-6374(199709)5:3<116::AID-BIO5>3.3.CO;2-A","url":null,"abstract":"Spatially resolved single molecule detection in solution is a prerequisite for molecule tracking and provides new opportunities in single molecule manipulation, for example in a sample flow. A detector with fast timing properties and high spatial resolution is required for these purposes. We introduce a concept for spatially resolved optical single molecule detection in an epi-illuminated microscope using a novel kind of detector and a new algorithm in configurable hardware for intelligent data processing. The analysis is performed on a parallel hardware interface and includes burst detection. It can be extended to on-line spatial and temporal data analysis. This detector will be used in combination with a molecular sorter where molecules are sorted in a microstructured flow device made of silicon. In a first step towards such sorting in these microstructures, we show that a reliable detection of single molecules in silicon microstructures is possible in zero-dimensional detection volumes. The noise structure of the data is analysed in terms of Poissonian statistics and it is shown that in the smallest structure used (depth 20 μm) a signal-to-noise ratio of 40 is achieved.","PeriodicalId":100176,"journal":{"name":"Bioimaging","volume":"28 1","pages":"116-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72882377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-09-01DOI: 10.1002/1361-6374(199709)5:3<99::AID-BIO3>3.3.CO;2-N
T. Ha, D. Chemla, T. Enderle, S. Weiss
Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) from single molecules at room temperature displays rich dynamics of reversible and irreversible transitions within the photodestruction lifetime of the molecule. In contrast to ensemble studies, these transitions are directly resolved when the fluorescence signal is monitored in time. We present a strategy and describe the instrumentation needed for spectroscopic studies on a large number of individual molecules. It is based on a computer controlled optical system which automatically and rapidly positions single molecules in the excitation volume of a confocal microscope and subsequently performs spectroscopic measurements. Examples for such spectroscopies are presented.
{"title":"Strategy for room temperature spectroscopy of single molecules","authors":"T. Ha, D. Chemla, T. Enderle, S. Weiss","doi":"10.1002/1361-6374(199709)5:3<99::AID-BIO3>3.3.CO;2-N","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1361-6374(199709)5:3<99::AID-BIO3>3.3.CO;2-N","url":null,"abstract":"Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) from single molecules at room temperature displays rich dynamics of reversible and irreversible transitions within the photodestruction lifetime of the molecule. In contrast to ensemble studies, these transitions are directly resolved when the fluorescence signal is monitored in time. We present a strategy and describe the instrumentation needed for spectroscopic studies on a large number of individual molecules. It is based on a computer controlled optical system which automatically and rapidly positions single molecules in the excitation volume of a confocal microscope and subsequently performs spectroscopic measurements. Examples for such spectroscopies are presented.","PeriodicalId":100176,"journal":{"name":"Bioimaging","volume":"15 1","pages":"99-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85694011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-09-01DOI: 10.1002/1361-6374(199709)5:3<139::AID-BIO8>3.3.CO;2-R
K. Dörre, S. Brakmann, M. Brinkmeier, Kyung-Tae Han, K. Riebeseel, P. Schwille, J. Stephan, T. Wetzel, M. Lapczyna, M. Stuke, R. Bader, M. Hinz, H. Seliger, J. Holm, M. Eigen, R. Rigler
A method is described that demonstrates a new technique for rapid and high-throughput single molecule sequencing. This sequencing technique is based on the successive enzymatic degradation of fluorescently labeled single DNA molecules, and the detection and identification of the released monomer molecules according to their sequential order in a microstructured channel. The detection technique is evolved from confocal fluorescence microscopy, with two different laser sources to excite the individual mononucleotides that are either labeled with tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) or Cyanine5 (Cy5). The handling of DNA which is immobilized on carrier beads, and the detection of the cleaved monomers is performed in optically transparent and biochemically inert microstructures (glass or PMMA) with detection channels of 7 μ × 10 μm. The projected rate of sequencing is ≈100 bases min−1, dependent solely on the rate of the enzymatic DNA cleavage.
{"title":"Techniques for single molecule sequencing","authors":"K. Dörre, S. Brakmann, M. Brinkmeier, Kyung-Tae Han, K. Riebeseel, P. Schwille, J. Stephan, T. Wetzel, M. Lapczyna, M. Stuke, R. Bader, M. Hinz, H. Seliger, J. Holm, M. Eigen, R. Rigler","doi":"10.1002/1361-6374(199709)5:3<139::AID-BIO8>3.3.CO;2-R","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1361-6374(199709)5:3<139::AID-BIO8>3.3.CO;2-R","url":null,"abstract":"A method is described that demonstrates a new technique for rapid and high-throughput single molecule sequencing. This sequencing technique is based on the successive enzymatic degradation of fluorescently labeled single DNA molecules, and the detection and identification of the released monomer molecules according to their sequential order in a microstructured channel. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The detection technique is evolved from confocal fluorescence microscopy, with two different laser sources to excite the individual mononucleotides that are either labeled with tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) or Cyanine5 (Cy5). The handling of DNA which is immobilized on carrier beads, and the detection of the cleaved monomers is performed in optically transparent and biochemically inert microstructures (glass or PMMA) with detection channels of 7 μ × 10 μm. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The projected rate of sequencing is ≈100 bases min−1, dependent solely on the rate of the enzymatic DNA cleavage.","PeriodicalId":100176,"journal":{"name":"Bioimaging","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83293599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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