China Particuology最新文献

Hydrodynamics of 3-phase inverse fluidized bed is studied experimentally using low density particles for different liquid and gas velocities. The hydrodynamic characteristics studied include pressure drop, minimum liquid and gas fluidization velocities and phase holdups. The minimum liquid fluidization velocity determined using the bed pressure gradient, decreases with increase in gas velocity. The axial profiles of phase holdups shows that the liquid holdup increases along the bed height, whereas the solid holdup decreases down the bed. However, the gas holdup is almost uniform in the bed.

Many attempts have been made to find various relationships for different parameters and some kinds of constitutive models for studying the behavior of particulate media. All these models are based on concepts of continuous media. Using a numerical method such as discrete element method, one can figure out what is happening through a discontinuous media where soil particles play the main role in introducing the shear strength and deformation characteristics. The behavior of the media with breakable particles is studied in this paper and compared with that of the assembly with non-breakable particles. In this paper, the hyperbolic elastic model is investigated for the assembly of polygon shaped particles in two different test series. In addition, evolution of different macro parameters of the assembly such as volume strain, angle of friction, angle of dilatancy and elastic modulus is studied during the simulation tests both for non-breakable and breakable soil particles. At the end, a parametric study is performed on the effect of strength of particle breakage on the assembly behavior.

In this paper theoretical approaches and experimental findings relative to the hydrodynamics of liquid suspensions of solid particles by liquids are reported and discussed. For the single particle specie systems, advantages and possible faults of well known empirical correlations are discussed. For binary-solid mixture suspensions, experimental evidence are reviewed and approaches capable of successfully describing observed behaviour are reported.

Magnetron sputtering was used to coat various metals on micropowder surfaces. By using this method, the fine particles are better dispersed and can therefore be coated more homogeneously. The micro-powders used include cenospheres from fly ash of coal-burning electric power plants (diameter 40–200 μm and particle density 0.7 ± 0.1 g/cm³), as well as carborundum particles of different sizes. Aluminum, silver, copper, cobalt and nickel were used as the coating metals. Tests showed that the coated metal film was compact adhering tightly on the base powders, and the coated powders possess adequate flow properties.

The combustion of coal and/or biomass (sludge, wood waste, RDF, etc.) in a circulating fluidized bed has been a commercial topper for over 20 years, and references to principles and applications are numerous and widespread although few data are presented concerning the operation of large scale CFB-units. The authors studied the CFB-combustion at UPM-Kymmene (Ayr), a major paper mill relying for its steam production upon the combustion of coal (80–85%), wood bark (5–10%) and wastewater treatment sludge (5–10%). The maximum capacity of the CFB is 58 MW_th.

A complete diagnostic of the operation was made, and additional tests were performed to assess the operating mode. The plant schematics, relevant dimensions and process data are given. To assess the operation of the UPM-CFB, it is important to review essential design parameters and principles of CFB combustors, which will be discussed in detail to include required data, heat balance and flowrates, operating versus transport velocity, kinetics and conversion (including the possible effect of the Bouduard reaction if carbon is present).

Since the residence time in the riser and the cyclone efficiency determine the burnout of circulating fuel-particles, the UPM-CFB was subjected to a stimulus response technique using nickel oxide as tracer. Results illustrate the efficiency of the cyclone separation and the number of recycle loops for particles of a given size. Results will also be used to assess the cyclone operation and efficiency and to comment upon expected and measured carbon conversion.

This paper derives alternative analytical expressions for classifier product distributions in terms of Gauss hypergeometric function, ₂F₁, by considering feed distribution defined in terms of Gates–Gaudin–Schumann function and efficiency curve defined in terms of a logistic function. It is shown that classifier distributions under dispersed conditions of classification pivot at a common size and the distributions are difference similar. The paper also addresses an inverse problem of classifier distributions wherein the feed distribution and efficiency curve are identified from the measured product distributions without needing to know the solid flow split of particles to any of the product streams.

The dynamic characteristics of a gas–solid fluidized bed with different rod promoters have been investigated in terms of bed expansion and fluctuation, minimum fluidization velocity and distributor-to-bed pressure drop ratio at minimum fluidization velocity. Experimentation based on statistical design has been carried out and model equations using factorial design of experiments have been developed for the above mentioned quantities for a promoted gas–solid fluidized bed. The model equations have been tested with additional experimental data. The system variables include four types of rod promoters of varying blockage volume, bed particles of four sizes and four initial static bed heights. A comparison between the predicted values of the output variables using the proposed model equation with their corresponding experimental ones shows fairly good agreement.

In particle sizing by light extinction method, the regularization parameter plays an important role in applying regularization to find the solution to ill-posed inverse problems. We combine the generalized cross-validation (GCV) and L-curve criteria with the Twomey–NNLS algorithm in parameter optimization. Numerical simulation and experimental validation show that the resistance of the newly developed algorithms to measurement errors can be improved leading to stable inversion results for unimodal particle size distribution.