Five pilot-plant dewatering units were designed and tested. Two devices were based on surface contact with adsorption surfaces: either PVC rollers or a sponge roller-brush combination. Other units utilized aerodynamic forces to remove surface water from fruit conveyed on rod-type belting. Parameters used to evaluate whole fruit dewatering were water removal effectiveness (H2O removed/H2O input) and unit energy consumption (kJ/kg H2O removed).
Tests were run on a HANDER Oil Expeller processing oil-type sunflower seed. Statistical comparisons were made. Tests compared different lots of sunflower seed. Lot I had 11% (w.b.) moisture content and 39.7% oil content and Lot II had 6% (w.b.) moisture content and 42.6% oil content. Greater expeller capacity and oil output were observed with Lot I. Extraction efficiency was better with Lot II. Tests also involved preheating the sunflower seeds of Lot II to 50, 60, and 75 °C before extraction. There was a large improvement in expeller capacity and oil output compared to seeds processed at room temperature. There was a significant difference in the oil output and efficiency between the three preheat temperatures.
A one-phase and a two-phase anaerobic digestion system was studied using screened dairy manure as feed material. The methane production capability of laboratory-scale anaerobic fixed-film reactors operated at a hydraulic retention time of 1 day and 55°C in both one- and two-phase systems was compared. The results indicated that the methane production rate and yield for the two-phase system were similar to those of the one-phase digestion system.
Analysis of the effects of insulation in hen-roost structures indicates that adding the equivalent of even 1 cm polystyrene to the walls of a structure with an insulated roof can be highly cost-effective under the conditions of an arid highland winter in Israel.
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