European Journal of Political Research Political Data Yearbook最新文献

The year 2022 marked the year of yet another parliamentary election, the fifth in three years, resulting, after just one and a half years, in the return of Benjamin Netanyahu as Prime Minister and the formation of a right-wing government. All along 2022, the centre-left coalition government was struggling to hold its narrow majority in the Knesset, and in June, it had lost its majority completely, having only 59 members. This forced the Prime Minister, Bennet, together with Lapid, the alternate Prime Minister, to call for a new election, which was held on 1 November. The results of the election were decisive and an all-right-wing coalition was formed with a majority of 64 seats in the Knesset. The coalition members included the leading party, Likud, along with the orthodox religious parties and the ultra-right-wing religious parties. On the left wing, two of the parties, Meretz and Balad, did not pass the electoral threshold.

In 2022, Finland applied for NATO membership as a reaction to Russia's attack on Ukraine with full parliamentary support. The Marin government pushed through reforms, which in the autumn got contested. Frictions emerged within the government in anticipation of the general election in 2023. In January 2022, the first regional elections were held, with victory to the opposition party National Coalition. One of the traditional ruling parties, Centre, demonstrated its appeal, despite falling support nationwide. PM Sanna Marin's Social Democrats became second. Finland received much attention abroad due to the war and NATO membership application, but PM Marin's party videos also made headlines worldwide. In Finnish politics and society, attention was shifted overnight from the COVID-19 pandemic to the war in Ukraine and what the effects of the drastically changing relations to the neighbouring Russia would be.

Luxembourg politics in 2022 was marked by the economic consequences of Russia's war against Ukraine. The government responded through policy packages negotiated with social partners. The decade-long process of revamping the Constitution finally came to an end, and new measures were taken to allow for greater participation of foreign residents in local politics. The year 2022 was indeed a pre-electoral year, as both local and national elections are scheduled for 2023. Parties started to prepare for these important deadlines through personnel movements.

Following the 2021 parliamentary election, which was a big win for the centre-left, Norway has a governing coalition of the Centre Party and the Labor Party, led by Prime minister (PM) Støre of the Labor Party. The government faced various challenges in 2022 and fell dramatically in public standing, according to public opinion polls. The main difficulties concerned both the government's policy, for instance on COVID-19, on inflation and energy policy, and also some political scandals that led to high-profile resignations. The main opposition Conservative Party, led by former PM Solberg, rose in the polls throughout the year. The leaders of the Green and Socialist Left parties resigned in 2022.

This report on Hungarian politics in 2022 aims at explaining how the incumbent Fidesz-KDNP (Fidesz-Keresztény Demokrata Néppárt) government managed to uphold its dominance in Hungarian politics. Through nominating and electing the new president of Hungary, winning the parliamentary elections along with presenting a referendum reflecting the Fidesz political agenda, the government successfully maintained its public support in 2022 despite external challenges such as the war on Ukraine or the ongoing fraud feud with the European Union (EU) and internal conflicts resulting from economic pressures.

COVID-19 restrictions were lifted on 1 February but new challenges arose with the Russian invasion of Ukraine later that month, which resulted in a referendum on 1 June on the abolition of Denmark's EU defence opt-out. The report from the Mink Commission resulted in a general election on 1 November. Two new parties, created by former prominent Liberals, made it into the top 5 at the 2022 election. One of these, the Moderates, even made it into government together with the Social Democrats and Liberals, forming a truly new type of coalition government in Denmark.

In 2022, attempts to overcome the division of the island remained dormant. Domestically, in the Greek Cypriot-dominated Republic of Cyprus, the year was marked by the electoral campaign for the presidential elections scheduled for February 2023. In the northern part of the island, the de-facto state Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus experienced multiple government formations and breakdowns in the wake of increasing interventions in domestic affairs by the Turkish government.

Politics in Aotearoa New Zealand continued to be dominated by COVID-19 and its consequences in 2022. In the first quarter, the Omicron variant spread throughout the country. As community transmission of COVID-19 became a part of regular life and the response framework was gradually dismantled, political attention shifted to emerging issues in crime and the cost of living. Pursuing at the same time several ambitious policy programmes, the government struggled to control the narrative and lost ground to the opposition in opinion polls. Popular support for government pandemic management, which had led it to the first single-party majority government of the mixed-member proportional system era in 2020, dissipated throughout 2022. The increasing divide in Aotearoa New Zealand was clearly demonstrated by the 23-day occupation of the Parliament grounds, involving anti-government, anti-vaccine and anti-mandate groups, as well as numerous conspiracy and fringe movements.

In this article, the main events of political life in Portugal are discussed. It includes a report on general elections in 2022, the formation of a new Socialist absolute majority government led by Prime Minister Antonio Costa, and major parliamentary decisions and debates. The year 2022 started with early general elections, strengthening the ruling Socialist Party, which won a majority of seats in the national Parliament. However, it took some time for the new government to learn to govern in the new context.

The year was marked by a general election that gave the Labour Party a third consecutive victory over its rival Nationalist Party as usual with no other parties gaining seats. Following insistent pressure from financial monitoring agencies, the government received a clean bill of health after being ‘grey-listed’ by the Financial Action Task Force. Issues concerning women included the increase in women's representation in Parliament, femicide and abortion. The economy continued to show growth, but so did the deficit, inflation, population size and pressure on amenities and the environment.