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ASCO conference report ASCO会议报告
Pub Date : 2008-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/fps.32
Rhonda Siddall
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引用次数: 0
Gliptins: DPP-4 inhibitors to treat type 2 diabetes 格列汀:DPP-4抑制剂治疗2型糖尿病
Pub Date : 2008-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/fps.33
Brian Green BSc (Hons), PhD, CBiol MIBiol, Peter Flatt BSc (Hons), PhD, FRSC, FBiol, Clifford Bailey BSc (Hons), PhD, FRCP, FRCPath

Gliptins represent an emerging new class of oral agents to treat type 2 diabetes. They act by inhibiting the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). This enzyme inactivates the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). These hormones are released from the intestine during a meal and act on the pancreas to increase nutrient-stimulated insulin secretion. Thus DPP-4 inhibitors serve as incretin enhancers; they delay inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP, increasing the insulin response to a meal, which improves glycaemic control. This therapeutic approach carries a low risk of interprandial hypoglycaemia and does not cause weight gain. The first gliptin, sitagliptin (Januvia), was introduced in the UK in April 2007 as ‘add-on’ therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin or a thiazolidinedione. Other gliptins, notably vildagliptin (Galvus), saxagliptin and alogliptin are advanced in clinical development. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

格列汀类药物是治疗2型糖尿病的一种新型口服药物。它们通过抑制二肽基肽酶-4 (DPP-4)起作用。这种酶能使胰高血糖素样肽-1 (GLP-1)和葡萄糖依赖性胰岛素多肽(GIP)失活。这些激素在用餐时从肠道释放出来,作用于胰腺,增加营养刺激的胰岛素分泌。因此,DPP-4抑制剂可作为促肠促素增强剂;它们延缓了GLP-1和GIP的失活,增加了对食物的胰岛素反应,从而改善了血糖控制。这种治疗方法发生餐间低血糖的风险较低,而且不会导致体重增加。第一种格列汀是西格列汀(Januvia),于2007年4月在英国推出,作为对二甲双胍或噻唑烷二酮控制不充分的2型糖尿病患者的“附加”治疗。其他格列汀,特别是维格列汀(Galvus)、沙格列汀和阿格列汀在临床开发中处于领先地位。版权所有©2007 John Wiley &儿子,有限公司
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引用次数: 4
The endocannabinoid system: a therapeutic target in patients with abdominal obesity? 内源性大麻素系统:腹部肥胖患者的治疗靶点?
Pub Date : 2008-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/fps.9
Dr David Haslam MB BS

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a relatively recently discovered endogenous system involved in energy balance and homeostasis. The discovery of the receptors and endogenous agonists for this system in the late 1980s and 1990s prompted intense research into the modulation of this system for therapeutic benefit. This research bore fruition with the characterisation; clinical development programme; and, in 2006, licensing, of the first cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) blocker, rimonabant (Accomplia; sanofiaventis). Rimonabant was licensed in 12 European countries, as well as Argentina, Mexico, Columbia, Chile, the United Arab Emirates and Hong Kong, and is licensed in Europe as an adjunct to diet and exercise for the treatment of obese patients (body mass index [BMI] ≥30kg per m2) or overweight patients (BMI >27kg per m2) with associated risk factors, such as type 2 diabetes or dyslipidaemia. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

内源性大麻素系统(ECS)是最近发现的一个涉及能量平衡和体内平衡的内源性系统。在20世纪80年代末和90年代,该系统的受体和内源性激动剂的发现促进了对该系统的调节以获得治疗益处的深入研究。本研究取得了一定的成果。临床发展计划;2006年,首个大麻素受体1 (CB1)阻滞剂利莫那班(rimonabant;sanofiaventis)。利莫那班已在12个欧洲国家以及阿根廷、墨西哥、哥伦比亚、智利、阿拉伯联合酋长国和香港获得许可,并在欧洲获得许可,作为饮食和运动的辅助药物,用于治疗肥胖患者(体重指数[BMI]≥30kg / m2)或超重患者(体重指数[BMI] 27kg / m2)伴有相关危险因素,如2型糖尿病或血脂异常。版权所有©2008 John Wiley &儿子,有限公司
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引用次数: 0
An overview of the data presented at the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis Congress, where results were reported of three major clinical trials on prevention, management and prophylaxis in patients at risk of venous thromboembolism in the hospital care setting. 在国际血栓形成和止血学会大会上提交的数据概述,其中报告了在医院护理环境中对有静脉血栓栓塞风险的患者进行预防、管理和预防的三个主要临床试验的结果。
Pub Date : 2008-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/fps.34
Rhonda Siddall
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引用次数: 0
The role of interferon beta in multiple sclerosis management 干扰素在多发性硬化治疗中的作用
Pub Date : 2008-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/fps.26
David J Rog MRCP, John P Mottershead MRCP
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引用次数: 1
Methylnaltrexone for opioid induced constipation 甲基纳曲酮治疗阿片类药物引起的便秘
Pub Date : 2008-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/fps.15
Steve Chaplin MSc, MRPharmS

Endogenous opioid peptides are believed to mediate gastrointestinal motor activity and the transport of fluid and electrolytes via μ, kappa and sigma opioid receptors.1 Opioid analgesics have multiple actions on intestinal function, including suppression of neuronal excitability, inhibition of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal inputs to gastrointestinal muscle and mucosa, reduced propulsive peristalsis and increased circular contractions, increased fluid absorption and depression of secretory activity. The net effect is to prolong the oral-caecal transit time. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

内源性阿片肽被认为通过μ、kappa和sigma阿片受体介导胃肠道运动活动和液体和电解质的转运阿片类镇痛药对肠道功能有多种作用,包括抑制神经元兴奋性,抑制兴奋性和抑制性神经元对胃肠道肌肉和粘膜的输入,减少推进性蠕动和增加循环收缩,增加液体吸收和抑制分泌活性。净效果是延长了口腔-盲肠转运时间。版权所有©2008 John Wiley &儿子,有限公司
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引用次数: 0
Tigecycline: a novel broad spectrum antibiotic 替加环素:一种新型广谱抗生素
Pub Date : 2008-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/fps.23
Dilip Nathwani

Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) affect around 2 million people admitted to acute care hospitals in the USA.1 Approximately 9 per cent of patients in UK hospitals suffer from an infection acquired during their hospital stay,2 many of which are due to multi-resistant, Gram-positive and Gram-negative patho-gens. The incidence of colonisation and infection with these pathogens continues to rise due to failures in hospital hygiene, selective pressures created by overuse of antibiotics, and mobile elements that can enc-ode bacterial resistance mechanisms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

保健相关感染(HAIs)影响着美国急症医院收治的约200万人1。英国医院约9%的患者在住院期间感染,2其中许多是由多重耐药、革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性病原体引起的。由于医院卫生条件不佳、过度使用抗生素造成的选择性压力以及可编码细菌耐药机制的移动元件,这些病原体的定植和感染发生率继续上升。版权所有©2006 John Wiley &儿子,有限公司
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引用次数: 0
Alitretinoin in the treatment of hand eczema 阿利维甲酸在治疗手部湿疹中的作用
Pub Date : 2008-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/fps.16
Dr John English

Hand eczema is an umbrella term for dermatoses of different clinical sub-types involving the hands. It varies in severity from mild changes affecting a few fingers to a severe blistering, itchy eruption involving the entire hand.1 Hand eczema has a major impact on earnings and quality of life, often resulting in repeated con-sultations, unemployment, time off work and interference with leisure activities.2,3 Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

手部湿疹是涉及手部的不同临床亚型皮肤病的总称。它的严重程度各不相同,从影响几个手指的轻微变化到涉及整个手的严重起泡,发痒的爆发手部湿疹对收入和生活质量有重大影响,经常导致反复咨询、失业、停工和干扰休闲活动。版权所有©2008 John Wiley &儿子,有限公司
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引用次数: 0
Can NICE do its job? NICE能做好自己的工作吗?
Pub Date : 2008-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/fps.24
Dr Martin Duerden BMedSci, MRCGP, DRCOG, DipTher, DPH
The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) is now in its seventh year. Its main purpose is to ensure equity of access to new treatments and encourage best practice in England and Wales. Yet output on Technology Appraisals and Clinical Guidelines has built up remorselessly so that people responsible for implementing ‘NICE things’ in the NHS struggle to keep up with the volume of work. At the time of writing, 110 Technology Appraisals and 46 sets of Clinical Guidelines have been issued. The sheer volume has also caused problems for NICE itself in deciding priorities, and with capacity and timeliness of its programme; there are complaints that some important new drugs have been licensed and have been available in the NHS for too long prior to guidance being issued on their use. As a result, Primary Care Organisations and Trusts still have to individually assess these drugs, and variations in practice remain commonplace; the very thing that NICE was set up to erradicate. A knock-on effect of this strenuous programme is failure to update guidance in a timely manner. Very few appraisals have been updated within the time stated on the NICE website, and some even argue that the content is outdated at the time of issue because the appraisals’ scope is inflexible and does not incorporate new licence indications. A prime example of this problem is the Technology Appraisal on glitazones in type 2 diabetes (TA63); there are now monotherapy and triple therapy licence indications but an absence of guidance for these uses. A major criticism levelled at NICE is a concern that it is too close to politics and commercial interests. A recent Lancet editorial suggested that the role of NICE in cost-effectiveness decisions is incompatible with the current commitment from Government to respond to patient choice. Incidentally, NICE and the Government still refuse to use the word rationing, rather sticking rigidly to ‘cost-effectiveness’. There are also several examples in which decision-making in NICE has apparently become ‘snarled up’ due to strong representations from patient groups and other interests. The original Technology Appraisal for Osteoporosis, for example, came out in draft format in 2003, and covered primary and secondary prevention. The primary prevention component was withdrawn following very strong lobbying and, three years later, has only just re-emerged, in draft format, for further consultation. How can the NHS be expected to commission and plan bonescanning services in the absence of this detail? Another example of this ‘NICE blight’ concerns drugs for Alzheimer’s disease. The consultation document that suggested the restriction of their use first came out 18 months ago and has only just been formally ratified in November. Again how can the NHS plan these services in the absence of proper guidance? The stalemate caused by restrictive guidance may be an inherent product of the NICE system. NICE itself selects the so-called stakeh
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引用次数: 0
An overview of the clincial trial data report at the 22nd European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) annual congress, held this autumn in Madrid 今年秋天在马德里举行的第22届欧洲多发性硬化症治疗和研究委员会(ECTRIMS)年会上的临床试验数据报告概述
Pub Date : 2008-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/fps.28
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引用次数: 0
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