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Sustainable management of unavoidable biomass wastes 不可避免的生物质废物的可持续管理

Green Energy and Resources

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerr.2023.100005

Kui Wang , Jefferson William Tester

The growing global population is posing severe stress on the earth's carrying capacity in terms of food, water, and energy supply. Biomass is the only renewable alternative that can be used for energy, liquid fuels, and bio-based materials simultaneously, which makes it an indispensable resource in the near and mid-term future as the world is slowly shifting away from fossil fuels. Wood waste (WW), agricultural waste (AW), food waste (FW), municipal solid waste (MSW), and sewage sludge waste (SSW) are identified as unavoidable biomass wastes because they are directly linked to the food-energy-water nexus core that is essential for the existence and development of human society. Proper management of these unavoidable biomass wastes is one of the significant factors that determine a sustainable future. This review provides a holistic view of unavoidable biomass wastes treatment strategies with a focus on hydrothermal processing (HTP) because most of the unavoidable biomass wastes are intrinsically wet biomass wastes. In addition, key properties of different biomass wastes, commonly used pretreatment methods, and major best available conversion technologies are evaluated for converting biomass wastes into energy, fuels, and products. Finally, options for integrating multiple technologies for the sustainable management of biomass wastes are highlighted, providing a promising road map for future development. The current review suggests that multiple technologies integrated energy systems are the key to sustainable management of unavoidable biomass wastes.

不断增长的全球人口对地球在食物、水和能源供应方面的承载能力构成了严重的压力。生物质能是唯一一种可以同时用于能源、液体燃料和生物基材料的可再生替代能源，这使它成为近期和中期未来不可缺少的资源，因为世界正在慢慢摆脱化石燃料。木材废物(WW)、农业废物(AW)、食物废物(FW)、城市固体废物(MSW)和污水污泥废物(SSW)被确定为不可避免的生物质废物，因为它们直接与人类社会生存和发展所必需的食物-能源-水关系核心相关。妥善管理这些不可避免的生物质废物是决定可持续未来的重要因素之一。本文综述了不可避免的生物质废物处理策略，重点介绍了水热处理(HTP)，因为大多数不可避免的生物质废物本质上是湿生物质废物。此外，还评估了不同生物质废弃物的关键特性、常用的预处理方法以及将生物质废弃物转化为能源、燃料和产品的主要最佳转化技术。最后，强调了整合多种技术以实现生物质废物可持续管理的选择，为未来的发展提供了一个有希望的路线图。目前的审查表明，多种技术综合能源系统是可持续管理不可避免的生物质废物的关键。

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引用次数: 8

Pollution-free recycling of lead and sulfur from spent lead-acid batteries via a facile vacuum roasting route 简易真空焙烧法无公害回收废铅酸电池中的铅和硫

Green Energy and Resources

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerr.2022.100002

Mengmeng Wang , Quanyin Tan , Jiadong Yu , Dong Xia , Wei Zhang , Cong-Cong Zhang , Zhiyuan Zhang , Junxiong Wang , Kang Liu , Jinhui Li

Traditional pyrometallurgical recovery of spent lead-acid batteries (LABs) requires a temperature higher than 1000 °C, with accompanying hard-to-collect wastes such as lead dust and sulfur oxides. Against this background, sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) was proposed as a low-cost, safe, and non-toxic reagent for recycling the high-risk environmental elements lead (Pb) and sulfur (S), in spent LAB lead paste, enabling the one-step conservation of multi-component Pb species, including lead sulfate (PbSO₄), metallic lead (Pb), and lead dioxide (PbO₂), to lead oxide (PbO) and sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄). The possible reaction pathways of Pb and S species in vacuum roasting was confirmed by Gibbs free energy reaction with an estimated average activation energy of 272.5 kJ/mol. The insoluble PbO in the reaction product (PbO/Na₂SO₄/Na₂CO₃) can be recycled by vacuum filtration, while Na₂CO₃ and Na₂SO₄ were separated using a carbonation method. Life cycle assessment revealed that for recycling 1.0 t of spent LABs, the vacuum roasting can reduce the carbon footprint −2.1 × 10³ kg CO₂ eq, promoting global decarbonization. The designed route is highlighted with waste-free production and is outlined by the twelve principles of green chemistry, showing its great engineering application potential for spent LAB recycling.

传统的废铅酸电池(实验室)的火法回收需要高于1000℃的温度，并伴随铅尘和硫氧化物等难以收集的废物。在此背景下，碳酸钠(Na2CO3)被提出作为一种低成本、安全、无毒的试剂，用于回收废旧LAB铅膏中的高危环境元素铅(Pb)和硫(S)，可将多组分铅(包括硫酸铅(PbSO4)、金属铅(Pb)和二氧化铅(PbO2))一步保存为氧化铅(PbO)和硫酸钠(Na2SO4)。利用Gibbs自由能反应确定了Pb和S在真空焙烧过程中可能的反应途径，估计平均活化能为272.5 kJ/mol。反应产物(PbO/Na2SO4/Na2CO3)中的不溶性PbO可通过真空过滤回收，Na2CO3和Na2SO4采用碳化法分离。生命周期评价表明，每回收1.0 t废实验室，真空焙烧可减少碳足迹−2.1 × 103 kg CO2当量，促进全球脱碳。设计的路线以无废物生产为重点，并根据绿色化学的十二原则概述，显示了其在废LAB回收方面的巨大工程应用潜力。

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引用次数: 3

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