Hybrid Advances最新文献

{"title":"The modelling and design optimisation of sawdust, garnet waste, and palm oil fuel ash-based hybrid asphalt binders using response surface methodology","authors":"Wan Noor Hin Mior Sani ,&nbsp;Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya ,&nbsp;Indra Mawardi ,&nbsp;Zaid Hazim Al-Saffar ,&nbsp;Haryati Yaacob","doi":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the rheological characteristics of a hybrid asphalt binder integrating sawdust, garnet waste, and palm oil fuel ash (POFA). Approximately 0 %, 3 %, 6 %, and 9 % of hybrid materials were incorporated into the unaged and rolling thin film oven (RTFO) hybrid asphalt binders were assessed. Furthermore, the central composite design (CCD) in the response surface methodology (RSM) were utilised to evaluate the effects of hybrid asphalt binder content and temperature on the rheological behaviour of the hybrid asphalt binders. Consequently, the hybrid asphalt binders showed dosage-dependent rheological behaviour, with the 6 % formulation exhibiting notably lower phase angle (δ) and complex shear modulus (G∗) than the control binder, particularly in the unaged state, while other dosages displayed more variable responses across the tested temperatures. The RTFO hybrid asphalt binders also revealed reduced stiffness across all temperatures compared to the control asphalt. Given that high correlation coefficients (R²) were demonstrated by the G∗ (&lt;0.97) and δ (&lt;0.93), a substantial relationship between the model values and the experimental data was identified. The optimal parameters (temperature and percentage) for the hybrid materials were also discovered to be 62.9 °C and 5.78 % using the numerical optimisation and the quadratic model. Considering that each response possessed a percentage error below 5 %, the effectiveness and the validation of the model were successfully verified in this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100614,"journal":{"name":"Hybrid Advances","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100595"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-apatite phosphate compound: High-Performance corrosion inhibition in highly aggressive HCl solution (1.0 M and 5.0 M) and biological assessment","authors":"Nouhaila Ferraa ,&nbsp;Moussa Ouakki ,&nbsp;Mariam Barrahi ,&nbsp;Mohammed Cherkaoui ,&nbsp;Mounia Bennani Ziatni","doi":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a novel inorganic Co-Apatite Phosphate substituted with cobalt ions (named CCP) of formula Co₂Ca₆(HPO₄)(PO₄)₅(OH) was synthesized and evaluated for its multifunctional properties, encompassing corrosion inhibition, as well as antibacterial and antifungal activities. The synthesis process was conducted following a green chemistry approach and the phosphate compound was thoroughly analyzed using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical techniques were employed to investigate the corrosion prevention performance against carbon steel in two different hydrogen chloride acidic medium concentrations (5.0 M and 1.0 M HCl). The inhibitor demonstrates excellent performance in both mildly and highly acidic environments. In less corrosive environment of 1.0 M HCl, the inhibition efficiency is estimated to be 96.4 %, while under more corrosive 5.0 M HCl, the efficiency remains high at 90 %. In addition, biological assays revealed that the material exhibited notable antibacterial activity and antifungal effectiveness against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive. These results confirm the potentiality of CCP as a green multifunctional inhibitor effective in both harsh and microbially active environments (antimicrobial and antifungal).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100614,"journal":{"name":"Hybrid Advances","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100593"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Buoyancy-driven magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow and heat transfer in a porous cavity with an exothermic reaction governed by Arrhenius kinetics","authors":"M.J. Uddin ,&nbsp;M.M. Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The enhancement of heat transport in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) nanofluid systems with exothermic chemical reactions is a growing area of interest for applications such as geothermal recovery, nuclear reactor thermal regulation, and advanced energy technologies. Despite extensive research, the complex roles of magnetic forces, nanoparticle suspensions, and chemical activity remain insufficiently clarified. This study presents a novel and comprehensive numerical analysis of buoyancy-induced magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) convection within a porous cavity filled with a CuO–water nanofluid, considering the combined influence of an external magnetic field and heat generation due to an exothermic chemical reaction. The findings offer new insights into coupled magneto-thermo-chemical transport phenomena in nanofluid-saturated porous media. The nanofluid and porous structure are modeled under the postulations of local thermal equilibrium. The derived principal transport equations are discretized and solved through a Galerkin extension of the finite element framework, which is validated against benchmark data. The simulations reveal several physical trends: thermal and velocity intensities increase significantly with higher Rayleigh numbers, resulting in larger Nusselt numbers. Quantitatively, the average Nusselt number (<span><math><mrow><mi>N</mi><msub><mrow><mi>u</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) rises by 117% with increasing Rayleigh and Peclet numbers and by 15% for nanoparticle loading <span><math><mrow><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>05</mn></mrow></math></span>. In contrast, a strong magnetic field (<span><math><mrow><mi>H</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>80</mn></mrow></math></span>), higher porosity, and <span><math><mrow><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span> reduce <span><math><mrow><mi>N</mi><msub><mrow><mi>u</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> by 52%, 42%, and 26%, respectively, highlighting the competing influences of buoyancy, magnetic damping, porous resistance, and nanoparticle loading on heat transfer. Enhanced nanoparticle loading strengthens heat transport while reducing shear stresses and overall circulation strength. A stronger magnetic field suppresses both temperature and velocity gradients, limiting flow intensity, whereas its orientation plays a negligible role in frictional effects. Reaction-driven heating, characterized by the Frank–Kamenetskii parameter, substantially amplifies both velocity and heat transfer rates. At higher Péclet numbers, convective transport dominates over diffusive contributions. Furthermore, the porosity of the medium is shown to influence momentum and thermal transport, providing additional avenues for controlling flow resistance and enhancing thermal performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100614,"journal":{"name":"Hybrid Advances","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100594"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear strengthening and rehabilitation of high-strength continuous RC beams with BFRP: A combined experimental and numerical study","authors":"Mu'tasim Abdel-Jaber ,&nbsp;Reem AlKhawaldeh ,&nbsp;Rawand Al-Nsour ,&nbsp;Nasim Shatarat ,&nbsp;Ahmed Ashteyat","doi":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the use of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) as a retrofit and strengthening solution to improve the shear performance and durability of high-strength reinforced concrete (RC) beams. In total, seven full-scale RC beams with two-span layouts, each measuring 2 m in length, were evaluated under different test setups. One beam was left unstrengthened to act as a control, while the remaining specimens were either retrofitted or upgraded using a variety of BFRP configurations, including sheets and ropes of varying densities. Before the BFRP application, three specimens were preloaded to 70 % of their ultimate strength to mimic pre-existing structural deterioration. Post-strengthening, the beams demonstrated significant improvements in shear capacity. Specifically, externally strengthened beams showed load capacity increases ranging between 17 % and 37.4 %, whereas those that underwent rehabilitation experienced gains between 5.7 % and 19.4 %. The findings confirm the effectiveness of BFRP for both structural repair and enhancement, highlighting its role in restoring or boosting the load-bearing ability of RC members. Furthermore, the outcomes were consistent with finite element analysis and closely followed the ACI 440.2R-08 guidelines, validating the experimental results. Overall, the research identifies BFRP materials as a sustainable and efficient method for structural strengthening and rehabilitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100614,"journal":{"name":"Hybrid Advances","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100592"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking new catalytic pathways with phosphate-zirconia hybrid prepared via the sol-gel method","authors":"Salma Dehhaoui ,&nbsp;Fatima El Hajri ,&nbsp;Driss Rair ,&nbsp;Driss El Mekkaoui ,&nbsp;Youssef Lemallam ,&nbsp;Said Boukhris ,&nbsp;Touriya Jermoumi ,&nbsp;Abdelillah Shaim ,&nbsp;Rui Galhano dos Santos ,&nbsp;Abdelkrim Chahine","doi":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on synthesising a ZrO₂–P₂O₅ xerogel by the sol–gel process and evaluating it as a heterogeneous catalyst for the efficient and environmentally friendly synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one (DHQs), a class of compounds with significant pharmacological relevance. While both oxide materials and their catalytic applications are well established, the originality of our work lies in the rational design of a ZrO₂–P₂O₅ catalyst via a sol–gel co-condensation route. This method enables precise control over the distribution and balance of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites, a level of regulation rarely achieved in conventional oxide systems. Such fine structural control fosters an optimised acid–base synergy that directly enhances catalytic efficiency. Consequently, the material achieves a 93 % yield in only 8 min with minimal catalyst loading and exhibits excellent recyclability, demonstrating both the scientific novelty and practical significance of this approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100614,"journal":{"name":"Hybrid Advances","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100590"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From waste to value: A review of emerging plastic valorization technologies","authors":"Godwin A. Udourioh ,&nbsp;Samuel Ojo ,&nbsp;Chisom Cynthia Ezeh ,&nbsp;Kingsley Igenepo John ,&nbsp;Wilfred Emori ,&nbsp;Alexander I. Ikeuba","doi":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Each year, over 4.9 trillion kg of plastic waste are generated worldwide, yet only 9 % of this waste is recycled at present. In this study, we review cutting-edge valorization techniques across chemical, thermal, and biological platforms. Recent breakthroughs in advanced depolymerization, biocatalytic degradation, and hybrid catalytic systems are assessed for their efficiency, selectivity, and readiness for implementation. Additionally, we explore new applications, including the conversion of plastic into high-value monomers, liquid fuels, 3D-printing filaments, and sustainable construction materials, while evaluating the economic viability, energy consumption, and policy frameworks essential for large-scale deployment. We propose a strategy for integrating valorization technology into circular economy models by incorporating lifecycle assessment metrics. This roadmap underscores key research goals aimed at overcoming adoption barriers and maximizing environmental advantages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100614,"journal":{"name":"Hybrid Advances","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100591"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of foam pore size, density and the use of MXene on the thermal conductivity and flexural strength of PU-foam roofing panel samples","authors":"Ronald Allan S. delos Reyes ,&nbsp;Saidur Rahman ,&nbsp;Tan Kim Han ,&nbsp;John Ryan Dave M. Arillas ,&nbsp;Aizheen Ricky G. De Chavez ,&nbsp;John Russell F. Gelera","doi":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the effect of polyurethane (PU) foam pore size and density and the application of MXene nanoplates to enhance heat insulation and flexural strength. Results show that the thermal conductivity decreases at an average rate of 0.01803 W/m-K per unit increase in pore density (No. of pores/mm2) while it is enhanced with pore size increase at a rate of 0.0168 (W/m-K)/mm. Mechanical characterization has revealed that an improvement in flexural strength corresponds to the decrease in pore size and increase in density with values of 0.776 MPa/mm and 0.445 MPa/(No. of pores/mm²) respectively. Adding a layer of adhesive with MXene is also reported to have a beneficial effect vis a vis reduction in thermal conductivity and elevating flexural strength. On a per gram basis, the effectivity factor of MXene has been determined to be in the order of 10³ validating these materials exceptional capabilities to transform material properties. The work also derived empirical mathematical expressions for the thermal conductivity, flexural strength, and the effect of MXene as a function of pores size and density which can be used for PU foam/roof panel design and fabrication, and building energy modeling. Error analysis indicates that these equations have an average normality plot correlation score of 0.9036 at the 95 % confidence level verifying their accuracy and applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100614,"journal":{"name":"Hybrid Advances","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100587"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From surface chemistry to nuclear targeting: The multifaceted challenge of genetic delivery via inorganic nanoparticles","authors":"Cecilia Vasti ,&nbsp;Ludmila D'Alessandro ,&nbsp;Dariana Aristizabal Bedoya ,&nbsp;Laura E. Valenti ,&nbsp;Carla E. Giacomelli","doi":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The delivery of therapeutic genes represents a transformative strategy for the treatment of genetic and complex diseases. Despite the clinical success of viral vectors, their high cost, immunogenicity, and limited cargo capacity underscore the need for safer and more versatile alternatives. Nonviral delivery systems, particularly inorganic nanoparticles, have emerged as promising carriers owing to their structural stability, tunable surface chemistry, and ability to accommodate diverse genetic cargos. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted biological barriers that limit the efficacy of inorganic delivery systems, from extracellular stability and protein corona formation to cell internalization, endosomal escape, and nuclear translocation. We highlight recent advances in the rational design of inorganic nanoparticles (including gold, iron oxide, mesoporous silica, layered double hydroxides, and calcium phosphate) that address these challenges through tailored physicochemical properties, functional coatings, and stimuli-responsive behaviors. Particular attention is given to their applications in gene silencing, genome editing, and nucleic acid–based vaccines, where they act as multifunctional platforms integrating therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities. Although significant progress has been achieved, critical translational hurdles remain, including large-scale reproducibility, long-term safety, and standardized characterization of nanoparticle–biological interactions. Inorganic nanoparticles provide modular, stable, and tunable carriers for nucleic acid delivery, yet their transfection efficiencies typically remain below 10 %, substantially lower than viral or lipid delivery systems. Despite significant advances in design and mechanistic understanding, clinical translation has not yet been achieved. Current efforts prioritize niche applications where inorganic systems complement lipid nanoparticles, especially in targeted or multifunctional (theranostic) gene therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100614,"journal":{"name":"Hybrid Advances","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100586"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colloidal stability and in-vitro and in-vivo biocompatibility of Gd-doped BaTiO3 nanoparticles coated with poly(ethylene glycol)","authors":"Sandra Fuentes ,&nbsp;Marcelo Rojas ,&nbsp;Francisca Carmona ,&nbsp;Camila Torres ,&nbsp;Julio Valenzuela ,&nbsp;Hector Pizarro ,&nbsp;Jennifer León ,&nbsp;Martín Vargas-Fernández ,&nbsp;Rafaella V. Zárate ,&nbsp;Duxan Arancibia","doi":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanoparticle-based technologies in biomedicine require the precise design of hybrid systems to enhance stability, safety, and diagnostic performance. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents often face limitations such as metal ion release, tissue accumulation, and magnetic field distortions that compromise image quality and biosafety. In this study, we synthesized gadolinium-doped barium titanate (BTO:Gd) nanoparticles that integrate the ferroelectric characteristics of BTO with the paramagnetic properties of Gd³⁺, providing a multifunctional platform for biomedical imaging and a potential alternative to conventional MRI contrast agents. BTO nanoparticles were doped with Gd (1–5 mol%), via a sol–gel–hydrothermal method and subsequently coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to improve biocompatibility and colloidal stability. Structural and surface characteristics (XRD, SEM, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and zeta potential) confirmed the formation of a cubic perovskite structure, particle sizes below 60 nm, and enhanced colloidal stability (ζ = −27 to −33 mV, pH 6–8), supporting stable dispersion. Moreover, Gd doping increased the ferrimagnetic and paramagnetic responses of the BTO nanoparticles while reducing diamagnetism, thereby rendering them suitable for MRI contrast enhancement. In vitro assays using HEK293 cells exposed to BTO:Gd and (BTO:Gd)–PEG nanoparticles indicated no significant cytotoxicity or elevated ROS and NO generation. In vivo studies with <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> further demonstrated that PEGylation effectively mitigated developmental toxicity, improving viability from 60.45 % (uncoated) to 97.24 % (PEG-coated). Overall, PEGylated BTO:Gd nanoparticles exhibited superior stability, magnetic responsiveness, and biocompatibility, underscoring their potential as safe and effective candidates for biomedical imaging applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100614,"journal":{"name":"Hybrid Advances","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100585"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical and volumetric expansion of expandable polystyrene subjected to fuel material for self-sealing composite coating applications","authors":"Md Shaheen Mahmood ,&nbsp;Sabrina Islam ,&nbsp;Vamshi M. Korivi ,&nbsp;Kumar B. Kulkarni ,&nbsp;Z. Shaghayegh Bagheri ,&nbsp;Ali Beheshti","doi":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Expandable polystyrene is widely used in several industries as a sealing medium due to its desirable mechanical properties, durability, and high-volume expansion. In particular, it has been employed as embedded beads in emerging composite self-sealing coatings for fuel tank applications. To optimize the performance of these composite coatings and support modeling and simulation (M&amp;S) efforts, fundamental mechanical data of the expandable beads is essential. Yet, such data is currently lacking in the literature. This experimental study investigates the volumetric expansion, surface morphology, and mechanical properties of polystyrene beads before and after exposure to Jet-A fuel. The volumetric expansion of beads was measured using an optical microscope, where their surface behavior was assessed before and after fuel exposure to evaluate changes in morphology. Results showcase a considerable mean swelling ratio of approximately 12. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed an adhesiveness effect among the beads following fuel exposure, contributing to their sealing behavior. In addition, to investigate the mechanical properties of the beads before and after exposure, a flat-tip micro-indentation technique was employed. The results showed that the expanded beads underwent significantly greater deformation and a drop in stiffness (more than 16-fold) compared to their dry counterparts. Both dry and expanded beads exhibited creep behavior, with the expanded beads demonstrating a higher degree of creep (approximately 12 times higher). These findings provide both qualitative and quantitative insights into the volumetric and mechanical changes of the expandable beads at room temperature subjected to fuel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100614,"journal":{"name":"Hybrid Advances","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100583"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}