Pub Date : 1999-01-07DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:4<133::AID-INBI3>3.0.CO;2-U
Richard B. Keigley, Frederic H. Wagner
Ecology analyzes the structure and function of ecosystems at all points along the continuum of human disturbance, from so-called pristine forests to urban backyards. Undisturbed systems provide reference points at one end of the spectrum, and nature reserves and parks are highly valued because they can provide unique examples of such ecosystems. Unfortunately the concept of “natural” or pristine is not that easy to define. Indeed, although ecologists have considered pre-Columbian, western-hemisphere ecosystems to have been largely unaltered by human action, and have termed their state “natural” or “pristine,” evidence from archaeology challenges this view. U.S. and Canadian national parks are charged with preserving the “natural,” and thus need to be able to understand and manage for the “natural.” A pivotal “natural” question in Yellowstone National Park management is the size of the northern-range, wintering elk population at Park establishment in 1872, argued both to have been small and large. Integrating and quantifying several sources of evidence provides a consistent picture of a low population (ca. 5,000–6,000), largely migrating out of the northern range in winter, with little vegetation impact. If we accept this conclusion about what is natural for the Yellowstone ecosystem, then it dramatically alters how we view management alternatives for the Park, which currently supports a northern wintering herd of up to ˜ 25,000 elk.
{"title":"What is “natural”? : Yellowstone elk population—A case study","authors":"Richard B. Keigley, Frederic H. Wagner","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:4<133::AID-INBI3>3.0.CO;2-U","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:4<133::AID-INBI3>3.0.CO;2-U","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ecology analyzes the structure and function of ecosystems at all points along the continuum of human disturbance, from so-called pristine forests to urban backyards. Undisturbed systems provide reference points at one end of the spectrum, and nature reserves and parks are highly valued because they can provide unique examples of such ecosystems. Unfortunately the concept of “natural” or pristine is not that easy to define. Indeed, although ecologists have considered pre-Columbian, western-hemisphere ecosystems to have been largely unaltered by human action, and have termed their state “natural” or “pristine,” evidence from archaeology challenges this view. U.S. and Canadian national parks are charged with preserving the “natural,” and thus need to be able to understand and manage for the “natural.” A pivotal “natural” question in Yellowstone National Park management is the size of the northern-range, wintering elk population at Park establishment in 1872, argued both to have been small and large. Integrating and quantifying several sources of evidence provides a consistent picture of a low population (ca. 5,000–6,000), largely migrating out of the northern range in winter, with little vegetation impact. If we accept this conclusion about what is natural for the Yellowstone ecosystem, then it dramatically alters how we view management alternatives for the Park, which currently supports a northern wintering herd of up to ˜ 25,000 elk.</p>","PeriodicalId":100679,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Biology: Issues, News, and Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:4<133::AID-INBI3>3.0.CO;2-U","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90800382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-01-07DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:4<113::AID-INBI1>3.0.CO;2-5
Peter Kareiva
{"title":"What was the natural condition of North America's first national park?","authors":"Peter Kareiva","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:4<113::AID-INBI1>3.0.CO;2-5","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:4<113::AID-INBI1>3.0.CO;2-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100679,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Biology: Issues, News, and Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:4<113::AID-INBI1>3.0.CO;2-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80516891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-01-07DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:2<76::AID-INBI7>3.0.CO;2-H
Stevan J. Arnold
{"title":"Snakes, the evolution of mystery in nature","authors":"Stevan J. Arnold","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:2<76::AID-INBI7>3.0.CO;2-H","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:2<76::AID-INBI7>3.0.CO;2-H","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100679,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Biology: Issues, News, and Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:2<76::AID-INBI7>3.0.CO;2-H","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82603704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-01-07DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:2<43::AID-INBI1>3.0.CO;2-A
Peter Kareiva
{"title":"What gene action does not explain about development?","authors":"Peter Kareiva","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:2<43::AID-INBI1>3.0.CO;2-A","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:2<43::AID-INBI1>3.0.CO;2-A","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100679,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Biology: Issues, News, and Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:2<43::AID-INBI1>3.0.CO;2-A","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82607940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-01-07DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:5<187::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-7
L. Michael Polakoff
For 30 years a controversy has raged over whether the honey bee waggle dance communicates the distance, direction, and scent of a food source to other bees, or whether it communicates only the scent. One way or the other the dance functions to recruit other bees to the food source visited by the dancing bee. Both sides of the debate have disputed the interpretation of results presented to date, but more data, rather than more arguing, are required to resolve the controversy. Two experiments are presented that test predictions of the two leading recruitment hypotheses: Karl von Frisch's dance language hypothesis, which suggests the dance is a symbolic language conveying directions to a food source, and Adrian Wenner's odor search hypothesis, which suggests the dance conveys no information other than the scent of a food source. The results indicate that recruits are indeed learning the direction of a food source when they follow dances, as von Frisch asserted 50 years ago.
{"title":"Dancing bees and the language controversy","authors":"L. Michael Polakoff","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:5<187::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-7","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:5<187::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For 30 years a controversy has raged over whether the honey bee waggle dance communicates the distance, direction, and scent of a food source to other bees, or whether it communicates only the scent. One way or the other the dance functions to recruit other bees to the food source visited by the dancing bee. Both sides of the debate have disputed the interpretation of results presented to date, but more data, rather than more arguing, are required to resolve the controversy. Two experiments are presented that test predictions of the two leading recruitment hypotheses: Karl von Frisch's dance language hypothesis, which suggests the dance is a symbolic language conveying directions to a food source, and Adrian Wenner's odor search hypothesis, which suggests the dance conveys no information other than the scent of a food source. The results indicate that recruits are indeed learning the direction of a food source when they follow dances, as von Frisch asserted 50 years ago.</p>","PeriodicalId":100679,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Biology: Issues, News, and Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:5<187::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82341673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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